Explicit Statements Research Articles

(097–100) Proposals to clarify Articles 8.2 and 8.3 and their footnotes with regard to specimens, gatherings and duplicates

(097–100) Proposals to clarify Articles 8.2 and 8.3 and their footnotes with regard to specimens, gatherings and duplicates

선원최저임금 결정절차 개선방안에 관한 연구

Minimum wage is the minimum payment for a worker to lead a decent life. A decent life is about more than being able to pay for basic necessities of food, clothing, and shelter, to include enjoyment of one’s social and cultural life. One’s decent life to this level requires wages at a minimum level, but there are in fact a class of people not ensured of minimum wages due to conflicts among various stakeholders and social inequality. The awareness of the situation has led to a call to make payment of minimum wage legally binding. The Korean Constitution has an explicit statement about enforcement of minimum wage system and requires to determine minimum wage based on the Minimum Wage Act. Accordingly, the minimum wage for a worker is deliberated and decided through the Minimum Wage Commission under the Ministry of Labor and Employment, whose legal ground for establishment is the Minimum Wage Act. However, the Act technically does not cover seafarers and ship owners employing seafarers. The minimum wage of seafarers is announced based on the Seafarers’ Act, but the deliberation process and criteria to determine the minimum wage is not specified. The impact of seafarers’ minimum wage has been growing so much on the shipping industry and the seafarers’ community that the minimum wage-setting procedures should be laid out quickly to ensure objectivity and legitimacy of the wage. In this regard, this study looks into the issues on how to determine the minimum wage for seafarers and proposes a direction for revision of the Seafarers’ Act. To this end, this study conducted comparative analysis of the minimum wage system grounded on the Minimum Wage Act and the minimum wage system based on the Seafarers’ Act, and reviewed critical problems. Improvement ideas for policy and legislation are also presented in this study to better define the minimum wage for seafarers.

A meaningful reminder on sustainability: When explicit and implicit packaging cues meet

Sustainable packaging innovations are becoming increasingly available in the marketplace. However, their communication to consumers remains a challenging task, as neither their distinctiveness nor their higher sustainability level is recognized. Contributing to research in environmental psychology, the current work conceptualized and tested the new concept of Meaningful Reminder as a strategy to communicate such distinctiveness and higher sustainability. To understand how a meaningful reminder can be created and used, this research investigated how eco explicit (logos, labels and statements) and implicit packaging design cues (auditory, tactile and visual elements) combine and interact and how such a combination can be used to the advantage of sustainability, to increase sustainability salience, perception and sustainable disposal behavior of the packaging and its content. Across three lab studies and different measures (lexical decision task, thought listing task, self-reported scales and observations of consumers’ disposal behavior), we identify the conditions under which combining explicit and implicit cues can be counterproductive, not leading to any increase or even a decrease in sustainability salience and perception. However, under different conditions, we show how sustainability salience, perception of packaging sustainability and even consumer sustainable disposal behaviour can be positively affected.

Developing core competencies for clinical nurse educators: An e-Delphi-study

BackgroundClinical nurse educator plays an indispensable role in promoting the development of nursing staff and nursing students in clinical settings. Too few core competencies for clinical nurse educators applicable to a given clinical setting are developed and validated by the research process. A better understanding of the core competencies for clinical nurse educators can inform the selection, training, and evaluation of clinical nurse educator. ObjectiveTo establish the core competencies for clinical nurse educators in China. DesignFocus group interviews and the e-Delphi method were used. SettingsThis study was conducted in five teaching hospitals in China. ParticipantsParticipants (n = 61), including nurse managers, clinical nurse educators, staff nurses, and nursing students were recruited for focus group interviews and 25 experts were selected for the e-Delphi study. MethodsBased on a literature review and the focus group interviews, a preliminary set of clinical nurse educator's core competencies was formed. Subsequently, experts provided supportive and modification advice on core competencies in the two rounds e-Delphi study. The consensus percentage and the weight of each first-level, second-level index and its connotations were calculated. ResultsTwo rounds of online Delphi expert consultation were completed by 25 experts, and the consensus was achieved on four first-level indices, 16 second-level specific competencies, and its 57 connotations. The first-level index included clinical teaching competency, clinical nursing skills, management and leadership competency, and innovation and research competency. Moreover, the consensus level of all indices was >75%, the coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 0.25 (p < 0.05) and the Kendall coefficient (W) was 0.169–0.503 (P < 0.01). ConclusionsThe explicit statements of expected competencies for clinical nurse educators can be applied to diverse clinical scenarios and provide a reference for selection, training, and evaluation of the clinical nurse educators.

How and Why the Chicago Principles Came to Canada: Free Expression on Campus and the Closing of the “Campus Crisis Feedback Loop”

ABSTRACT Like the United States, Canada has experienced heightened concerns related to free expression on university campuses. In response, two Conservative provincial governments issued directives (in Ontario in 2018 and in Alberta in 2019) based on the Chicago Principles, compelling higher-education institutions to create explicit policy statements. Using a comparative and historical approach, I present an analytical framework for understanding the emergence of the directives. I argue that the successful California gubernatorial campaigning of Ronald Reagan created a “campus crisis feedback loop” that includes the mutually reinforcing phenomena of campus unrest, sensationalistic news coverage, overwhelmingly negative public opinion, and partisan opportunities to channel negative public opinion. The feedback loop subsequently became a pillar of conservative discourse and politics. The analysis demonstrates that while both countries experienced campus unrest, Canada has not traditionally responded with government intervention. Thus, the importation of the Chicago Principles led to a final closing of the feedback loop in Canada.

Not whole without us: Including people with disabilities in our understanding of the church, the gospel, and the world

The Lausanne Movement famously organizes Evangelicals around the need for “the whole Church to take the whole gospel to the whole world.” Years of reflection on what this means has led the movement to make more and more explicit statements about who is included in mission, what that mission looks like, and whom that mission is directed toward. In its most recent statement, the Cape Town Commitment expressly calls for us to “think not only of mission among those with a disability but to recognize, affirm and facilitate the missional calling of believers with disabilities themselves as part of the Body of Christ.” This is the first time that people with disabilities are explicitly included in this evangelical conversation and yet, though it has been over 10 years since Cape Town, scholarship on what this means in terms of theology, ecclesiology, and missiology remains underdeveloped. This article explains why disability must be part of our understanding of whole church, whole gospel, and whole world, and will suggest that when it is, we will change the ways in which we talk about and do mission.

Yahoo! Egregious driving on the information superhighway

Theoretical basis This case draws upon the literature on appropriate leadership behaviors that Yahoo’s Founders or CEOs could have adopted. It discusses the process of environmental analysis that would have an impact on Yahoo!’s strategy. It discusses and depicts the levels of environmental analyzes that Yahoo! as a firm ought to have undertaken in mapping its competitive environment. Further, this case discusses transformational leadership factors and those behavioral traits that exemplify each of these factors. Finally, the four elements of aspiration in discussing future firm direction are identified. These include an appropriate vision translated into a clarifying mission reflected in specific objectives grounded in explicit value statements. Research methodology This case is based on secondary data sources that include official company records, online reports and commentary, newspaper reports, public interviews and books. All such information has been appropriately referenced. Case overview/synopsis Yahoo!, in its 22 years of existence, has demonstrated remarkable tumult. It has witnessed a succession of six CEOs, exhibited a roller coaster trajectory in its stock price and, for the most part of its existence, played “catch-up” with its strategic competitors. It has also struggled to define its core purpose, its industry category and its very essence of being. In early 2016, CEO Marissa Mayer announced that Yahoo! would be willing to sell its core internet business and that its board would “engage on qualified strategic proposals.” However, the board also reiterated that turning around Yahoo! to prosperity continued to remain a top priority. What went wrong, so terribly wrong, with Yahoo! in an otherwise lucrative industry? Does Yahoo! suffer from a fundamental, essential malaise which, if addressed, could restore it to wealth and vibrancy? This case focuses on the period 1994, the inception of Yahoo!, to early 2016. The acquisition of Yahoo! by Verizon, completed in 2017, is not to be considered for purposes of this case study. Complexity academic level This case is particularly suited to be taught in a capstone strategic management course for MBA/Master’s level business students, after they have been exposed to core courses in Marketing, Business Law, Accounting, Supply Chain, Corporate Finance. It may also be taught in an advanced strategy course for undergraduate business students, typically in their final year of study. Finally, this case can be used to teach senior management in executive management programs.

Perceptions of African American English by Students in Speech-Language Pathology Programs.

Purpose Despite the increased awareness that all dialects are valid linguistic forms, perceptions of African American English (AAE) use are often negative in the general population. Students training for careers as speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are required to have coursework relating to cultural and linguistic diversity. However, little is known about the perceptions of AAE among students in SLP programs. Method Seventy-three students from 46 randomly selected university programs in the United States completed an online survey including explicit statements regarding the validity of AAE and a matched-guide task assessing participants' implicit perceptions of AAE. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four audio pairings that differed in terms of the dialect spoken and the formality of the conversational context. Participants rated the speaker on 11 attributes (e.g., literate/illiterate, rich/poor) using the Revised Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale. Results Participants indicated positive opinions of statements on the validity of AAE. However, across three categories of personal attributes-sociointellectual, aesthetic, and dynamism-participants who heard the Mainstream American English recordings rated the speaker differently than recordings including AAE. Conclusions Students in SLP programs express positive opinions regarding AAE, and yet, they rate speakers who speak AAE lower in personal attributes. The results highlight the importance of expanding training for future SLPs to include not only explicit statements about the value of AAE but also activities addressing implicit perceptions of dialect use. We provide a brief discussion of how the current data can be implemented for such an activity. Lesson plans and materials are provided as supplemental materials. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15241638.

Industry Funding of Oncology Randomised Controlled Trials: Implications for Design, Results and Interpretation

AimsMost randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in oncology are now funded by the pharmaceutical industry. We explore the extent to which RCT design, results and interpretation differ between industry-funded and non-industry-funded RCTs. Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional analysis, a structured literature search was used to identify all oncology RCTs published globally during 2014–2017. Industry funding was identified based on explicit statements in the publication. Descriptive statistics were used to compare elements of trial methodology and output between industry- and non-industry-funded RCTs. ResultsThe study sample included 694 RCTs; 71% were funded by industry. Industry-funded trials were more likely to test systemic therapy (97% versus 62%; P < 0.001), palliative-intent therapy (71% versus 41%; P < 0.001) and study breast cancer (20% versus 12%; P < 0.001). Industry-funded trials were larger (median sample size 474 versus 375; P < 0.001) and more likely to meet their primary end point (49% versus 41%; P < 0.001). Among positive trials, there were no differences in the magnitude of benefit between industry- and non-industry-funded RCTs. Trials funded by industry were published in journals that had a significantly higher median impact factor (21, interquartile range 7, 28) than non-industry-funded trials (impact factor 12, interquartile range 5, 24; P = 0.005); this persisted when adjusted for whether a trial was positive or negative. ConclusionsThe vast majority of oncology RCTs are now funded by industry. Industry-funded trials are larger, more likely to be positive, predominantly test systemic therapies in the palliative setting and are published in higher impact journals than trials without industry support.

When actions do not match aspirations - comparison of the European Union policy claims against what has been negotiated for health services, trade and investment

BackgroundObligations arising from trade and investment agreements can affect how governments can regulate and organise health systems. The European Union has made explicit statements of safeguarding policy space for health systems. We assessed to what extent health systems were safeguarded in trade negotiations using the European Union (EU) negotiation proposals for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the negotiated agreement for the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA).MethodsWe assessed if and to what extent the European Union policy assurances were upheld in trade negotiations. Our assessment was made using three process tracing informed tests. The tests examined: i) what was covered in negotiation proposals of services and investment chapters, ii) if treatment of health services differed from treatment of another category of services (audiovisual services) with similar EU Treaty considerations, and iii) if other means of general exceptions, declarations or emphases on right to regulate could have resulted in the same outcome.ResultsOur analysis shows that the European Union had sought to secure policy space for publicly funded health services for services chapter, but not for investment and investment protection chapters. In comparison to audiovisual services, exceptions for health services fall short from those on audiovisual services. There is little evidence that the same outcome could have been achieved using other avenues.ConclusionsThe European Union has not achieved its own assurances of protection of regulatory policy space for health services in trade negotiations. The European Union trade negotiation priorities need to change to ensure that its negotiation practices comply with its own assurances for health services and sustainable financing of health systems.

A Simple Semi-Analytic Contact Mechanical Model for Tangential and Torsional Fretting Wear of Axisymmetric Contacts

Fretting wear of axisymmetric contacts is considered within the framework of the Hertz–Mindlin approximation and the Archard law for the linear wear. If the characteristic time scale for the wear is much larger than the duration of a single fretting oscillation, the profile change due to wear during one fretting cycle can be neglected for the contact problem as a zero-order approximation. This allows to give an exact contact solution during each fretting cycle, depending on the current worn profile, and thus for the explicit statement of an ordinary integro-differential equation system for the time-evolution of the fretting profile, which can be easily solved numerically. The proposed method gives the same results as a known, contact mechanically more rigorous simulation procedure that also operates within the framework of the Hertz–Mindlin approximation, but works significantly faster than the latter one. Tangential and torsional fretting wear are considered in detail. A comparison of the numerical prediction for the evolution of the worn profile in partial slip torsional fretting of a rubber ball on abrasive paper shows good agreement with experimental results from the literature.

A Simple Semi-Analytic Contact Mechanical Model for Tangential and Torsional Fretting Wear of Axisymmetric Contacts

Fretting wear of axisymmetric contacts is considered within the framework of the Hertz–Mindlin approximation and the Archard law for the linear wear. If the characteristic time scale for the wear is much larger than the duration of a single fretting oscillation, the profile change due to wear during one fretting cycle can be neglected for the contact problem as a zero-order approximation. This allows to give an exact contact solution during each fretting cycle, depending on the current worn profile, and thus for the explicit statement of an ordinary integro-differential equation system for the time-evolution of the fretting profile, which can be easily solved numerically. The proposed method gives the same results as a known, contact mechanically more rigorous simulation procedure that also operates within the framework of the Hertz–Mindlin approximation, but works significantly faster than the latter one. Tangential and torsional fretting wear are considered in detail. A comparison of the numerical prediction for the evolution of the worn profile in partial slip torsional fretting of a rubber ball on abrasive paper shows good agreement with experimental results from the literature.

Testing Explicit Mediation Models by Set-Theoretic Causal Complexity

Although the linear mediation model developed by Baron and Kenny (1986) has made great contributions to the study of linear mediation mechanism, it has not substantially contributed to complex causality. Especially, when interactions or interdependent effects of multiple variables may occur in mediation mechanism, linear mediation model only considers individual variable’s separate mediation mechanism. Instead of a linear correlation, the explicit statement of necessity and sufficiency is needed for a falsifiable hypothesis in complex causality. In present article, we indicate the deficiencies of symmetry, simplification, and linearity relationship assumption in linear mediation model, and proposes a complex set-theoretic causality which can deal with asymmetry, complexity, and nonlinearity. Through the explicit discussion of various necessary or sufficient relationships of causal chains in complex causal mediation model, as well as the causal complexity characterized by conjunction and disjunction of multiple conditions, equivalent paths, asymmetric paths, the paper contributes to analyze the causal complexity of mediation mechanism. Instructions are provided on how to test complex causal mediation model.

Methods for the Development of Healthcare Practice Recommendations Using Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

Quality of healthcare can be improved when the best external evidence available is integrated in clinical decision-making in a systematic explicit manner. With the rapid expansion of clinical evidence, the opportunities for evidence-based high-quality healthcare increase. Paradoxically, the likelihood of any one person to get a complete and balanced picture of the evidence available decreases. This is especially true for rehabilitation interventions that are complex in nature and where clinical research is rather diverse. Given the complex nature of the evidence, there is a substantial risk of misinterpreting the complex information both at the level of individual sources (e.g., reports of clinical trials) and for aggregated data syntheses (e.g., systematic reviews and meta-analyses). These risks are inherent in these sources themselves and are in addition related to the methodological expertise necessary to make valid use of the evidence for clinical decision-making. Taken together, there is a great demand for systematic structured guidance from evidence to clinical decision. This methodology paper describes a structured process for the development and report of evidence-based clinical practice recommendations that uses systematic reviews and meta-analyses as evidence source. It provides a comprehensive framework with specific requirements for the development group, the formulation of the healthcare question addressed, the systematic search for the evidence, its critical appraisal, the extraction and the outcome-centered presentation of the evidence, the rating of its quality, strengths and weaknesses, any further considerations relevant for decision-making, and an explicit recommendation statement along with its justification, implementation, and resource aspects. The suggested methodology uses international standards in evidence synthesis, critical appraisal of systematic reviews, rating the quality of evidence, characteristics of recommendations, and guideline development as developed by Cochrane, GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation), AMSTAR (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews), and AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch & Evaluation). An added distinctive feature of the methodology is to focus on the most up-to-date, most valid evidence and hence to support the development of valid practice recommendations in an efficient way. Practice recommendations generated by such a valid methodology would be generally applicable and promote evidence-based clinical practice globally.

Knowledge Mobilization by Provincial Politicians: The United Front against Trafficking in Ontario, Canada

ABSTRACT In recent years, some Canadian provinces have followed the federal government’s intensification of anti-trafficking measures. Ontario is perhaps the most significant in this respect, especially with its introduction of the 2017 Anti-Human Trafficking Act. We set out to investigate debates in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario regarding the then proposed law. Our aim was to understand how politicians and others who presented at the debates mobilized knowledge, and to offer opportunities of resistance to discursive injustice for future policymaking. We engaged in a critical discourse analysis approach to examine how different types of knowledge were applied and reproduced, with a particular focus on explicit and implicit knowledge statements. Through analysis of the debate transcripts, we found a near unified front against a perceived humanitarian crisis that required an urgent punitive and securitized response, based largely in individualistic, moralistic, and colonial notions of “risk” and vulnerability. Our findings uncovered a reliance on strong beliefs and willful silences to narrate a trafficking story that displaced social conditions onto a purportedly immoral sex trade. This conceptualization was advanced through repeated invalidation of sexual labor, with invocations of childhood innocence, thereby hindering the promotion of just and inclusive societies.

Manipulating Golden Wombs’

Manipulating Golden Wombs’

Flusser’s radical immanent monism

Starting from Flusser’s most explicit statements about irony, self-irony, and the Devil, I try to make some sense of the relations, in Flusser’s thought, between language, reality and scepticism. And, perhaps most importantly, I try to clarify Flusser’s notion of the role of philosophy proper. This analysis will bring us to a puzzling spectrum I see hovering over Flusser’s ideas: the eradication of boundaries between the ontological and the ethical. That is what I call Flusser’s radical immanent monism.

Radical Nostalgia

Radical Nostalgia

論《赭白馬賦》

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.&#x0D; 蕭統於《文選序》宣稱此書乃“集其清（菁）英”的選集，能入《選》的作品應有其長處。至於長處究竟何在，選編者依循中國文論的傳統，並不明言，而是寄望讀者反覆翫味而自得之。筆者擇取顔延之《赭白馬賦》爲鑽研究對象。第一節説明此馬的顔色、來歷等之後，第二節即藉由此賦涉及的三個主要項目，與其他涉及同樣項目的賦作對照；第三節更以它與六朝前後時期某些現存的其他賦馬之作比較，彰示這篇《赭白馬賦》的特異之處，從而揭露：顔氏乃以此駿馬自喻，表達他仕途上的不得志。最後，先放在《文選·賦庚·鳥獸》這子目中，進而結合顔氏其他幾篇入《選》之作，立即可發現：縱使撇開顔氏的文學成就，單以他建構的六朝士人類型而言，顔氏也有不容忽視的貢獻。&#x0D; Xiao Tong (501 -531) says in his “Preface” to the Selections of Refined Literature that the book is an anthology of the best prose and verse by writers of the period from the late Zhou (770-256 B.C.E.) through the Liang (502-557) dynasties. However, Xiao makes no explicit statement about what great qualities the literary pieces represent and expects the readers to find out themselves. This paper studies one of the selected pieces, the “Rhapsody on the Russet-and-white Horse” by Yan Yanzhi (384 - 456). I compare it with other rhapsodies that involve the same main subjects as Yan’s work — eulogy on the supreme ruler, celebrating things/objects and hunting, as well as other surviving rhapsodies on horses completed at the time around the Six Dynasties (220 - 589). The comparison reveals the distinctive features of Yan’s work and shows that Yan, through describing the marvelous horse as a metaphor for himself, channels frustrations derived from his political career. Lastly, by putting this “Rhapsody on Russet-and-white Horse” under the sub-category of “Rhapsodies on Birds and Animals” and together with Yan’s other works anthologized in the Wenxuan, I show that, leaving aside his literary achievements, Yan’s contributions to the making of the Six Dynasties’ educated elite cannot be ignored.

Extracting knowledge networks from plant scientific literature: potato tuber flesh color as an exemplary trait

BackgroundScientific literature carries a wealth of information crucial for research, but only a fraction of it is present as structured information in databases and therefore can be analyzed using traditional data analysis tools. Natural language processing (NLP) is often and successfully employed to support humans by distilling relevant information from large corpora of free text and structuring it in a way that lends itself to further computational analyses. For this pilot, we developed a pipeline that uses NLP on biological literature to produce knowledge networks. We focused on the flesh color of potato, a well-studied trait with known associations, and we investigated whether these knowledge networks can assist us in formulating new hypotheses on the underlying biological processes.ResultsWe trained an NLP model based on a manually annotated corpus of 34 full-text potato articles, to recognize relevant biological entities and relationships between them in text (genes, proteins, metabolites and traits). This model detected the number of biological entities with a precision of 97.65% and a recall of 88.91% on the training set. We conducted a time series analysis on 4023 PubMed abstract of plant genetics-based articles which focus on 4 major Solanaceous crops (tomato, potato, eggplant and capsicum), to determine that the networks contained both previously known and contemporaneously unknown leads to subsequently discovered biological phenomena relating to flesh color. A novel time-based analysis of these networks indicates a connection between our trait and a candidate gene (zeaxanthin epoxidase) already two years prior to explicit statements of that connection in the literature.ConclusionsOur time-based analysis indicates that network-assisted hypothesis generation shows promise for knowledge discovery, data integration and hypothesis generation in scientific research.