Explicit Scale Research Articles

Judged Effectiveness of Common Rape Prevention and Self-Defense Strategies

All women face the threat of rape, forcing them to (a) decide what to do to reduce their chances of being assaulted (rape prevention) and (b) how to defend themselves if assaulted (self-defense). A principal basis for such decisions should be women's estimates of the effectiveness of possible prevention and self-defense strategies for reducing the risk of rape. This study examined effectiveness judgments, using an explicit quantitative scale for expressing effectiveness. Participants included three diverse groups of women (differing in age, family situation, and socioeconomic status), one group of men, and a group of sexual assault experts. Effectiveness judgments were elicited for 16 prevention strategies and 14 self-defense strategies that were mentioned most frequently in a previous open-ended questionnaire. All five groups judged these prevention strategies to be highly effective, women more so than both men and sexual assault experts. Possible bases for these apparently unrealistically high estimates are discussed. There was much greater variability in judgments for the self-defense strategies, but the respondent groups generally agreed with each other and with available statistical estimates of effectiveness.

New hierarchy in guts based on [formula omitted] sugra

Grand unified theories (GUTs) in the framework of SU(n, 1) SU(n)× U(1) supergravity are discussed which naturally generate a new hierarchy, M P (Planck mass): M X (GUT scale): m 3 2 (gravitino mass): m (explicit supersymmetry breaking scale)=1:ϵ:ϵ 3:ϵ 5α( M X) with M P as the only input mass scale. The SUSY breaking scale m is expected to be fixed radiatively as m ∼ M W, i.e., ϵ ∼ 10 −3. Our method would be applicable to any GUT based on SU(n, 1) SU(n)× U(1) supergravity.

Formula omitted] mixing in the standard model

We present a new calculation of the B parameter which governs the short distance contribution to the K 0- K 0 off-diagonal mass matrix. The calculation combines the information provided by the effective chiral lagrangian realization of QCD at long distances with the perturbative behaviour of QCD at short distances via the local duality approach. The result exhibits an explicit renormalization scale dependence which exactly cancels with the corresponding dependence in the Wilson coefficient.

Left–Right Political Scales: Some ‘Expert’ Judgments

European Journal of Political ResearchVolume 12, Issue 1 p. 73-88 Left–Right Political Scales: Some ‘Expert’ Judgments FRANCIS G. CASTLES, FRANCIS G. CASTLES The Open University, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorPETER MAIR, PETER MAIR European University Institute, Florence, ItalySearch for more papers by this author FRANCIS G. CASTLES, FRANCIS G. CASTLES The Open University, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorPETER MAIR, PETER MAIR European University Institute, Florence, ItalySearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1984 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1984.tb00080.xCitations: 425AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume12, Issue1March 1984Pages 73-88 RelatedInformation

Structure of communication and reports of involuntariness by hypnotic and nonhypnotic subjects.

We hypothesized that phrasing a communication to move the arm as either a suggestion, a directive, or an instruction would differentially affect subjects' interpretations of the movement. 45 hypnotic and 45 nonhypnotic subjects who responded positively to a suggestion tended to describe the movement as involuntary both on open-ended questionnaires and later on an explicit involuntariness scale. Subjects given a directive to move the arm, or an instruction to reach for a pencil, rarely described their experience as involuntary on the open-ended questionnaires but sometimes rated it as involuntary on the scale. The ratings of involuntariness by subjects given suggestions seem likely to reflect interpretations made concurrently with the movement suggested. However, such ratings by subjects given directives or instructions are likely to reflect retrospective interpretations cued by the instrument used to assess subjects' experiences.

PERTURBATION METHODS FOR MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF EXPLOSION PHENOMENA

The ordinary differential equation which describes adiabatic, spatially homogeneous explosions in a chemically reactive mixture of perfect gases is studied by means of perturbation methods. Techniques are developed which permit calculation of solutions uniformly valid in time for the limit of large activation energy. Results which describe the complete solution from initiation to completion are compared with those found from classical ‘ignition’ theory. Explicit time scales are developed for the ‘ignition’, explosion and asymptotic decay phases of the complete reaction. It is shown that the classically defined ‘ignition’ time actually occurs subsequent to most of the reaction process.

Reaction, relaxation and lag in natural sedimentary systems: General principles, examples and lessons

Natural sedimentary systems are process-response systems in which hierarchical configurations on the sedimentary surface are given character, maintained and translated because some of the energy supply is expended, that expenditure resulting in material transfers and transports. The energy supply to most types of system generally varies on several different time scales. Consequently, a complex of reaction and relaxation effects marks the operation of these systems, the equilibrium of which can be defined only in terms of explicit time scales. Mathematically, the existence of these lag effects introduces non-uniqueness into the operation of natural systems, which is best represented and assessed in terms of phase diagrams. Many aspects of the behaviour of natural systems are in conformity with this theoretical model. The transport of suspended sediment in rivers and tidal flows ordinarily differs in phase from the aqueous discharge. Bed forms in tidal and river currents lag the changing flow conditions, by extents to a modest degree predictable by the model. Lag effects also mark wave-dominated sedimentary environments. Spatial lag effects, in which flow properties differ in phase from bed configurations, are critical to the dynamics of many kinds of bed form, including dunes, flute marks, and stream meanders. The ubiquity of lag effects, and the multiple time-scales of natural sedimentary systems, call into question aspects of current practice in the study of sedimentary environments and, as well, much of the way in which experimental and analytical studies are designed and used in sedimentology.

Spontaneously massive dilatons

We show how the dilatons which are present in the tree approximation to a simple model acquire a mass when unitarity corrections are taken into account. The analysis is based on the work of Coleman and Weinberg. Our model is simpler and involves only scalar fields. We are able therefore to calculate the effective potential as a function of all the fields. This gives a particularly clear view of the nature of the infrared divergences. We calculate explicitly the trace of the energy momentum tensor and show that it exhibits effective P.C.D.C. We compare and contrast our model with one which involves an explicit scale non-invariant mass term.

A Synthesis Technique for Nonlinear Control Systems Using a Frequency Domain Stability Criterion

This paper deals with a design approach to the synthesis of controllers for nonlinear control systems. The method proposed herein uses the frequency domain circle condition as a sufficiency criterion for insuring absolute stability. While the theory involved is well known, its application as a design tool has not yet been fully appreciated. A major aim of this paper is to indicate means of employing this new theory by use of classical frequency-domain techniques. The circle of nonlinearity from the Nyquist plane is transferred as a region onto the logarithmic gain-phase versus frequency plane using a simple transformation. A system controller or compensator can now be designed, straightforwardly without trial and error, by using the explicit frequency scale. Parameter combinations for system controllers yielding absolute stability can be obtained in a parameter plane or parameter space depending upon compensator configuration. The entire procedure is digital computer oriented but can be accomplished by paper and pencil techniques. Several numerical examples, along with hybrid computer corroboration, illustrate the procedure.