Explicit Request Research Articles

Prior behavior and wording of norm nudge requests shape compliance and reciprocity

AbstractWe examined the effect of explicit norm nudge requests for compliance in a field study on workplace dishonesty and three controlled experiments on reciprocity. The requests were presented either with affirmation (e.g., “please pay” and “please remember to pay”) or negation (e.g., “please, do not forget to pay”) and solicited by either one person or three people who were also the beneficiaries of compliance. We also explored how these requests affected first time and repeated behaviors. We found no effect of the number of people soliciting the requests. However, we did find that for first‐time behaviors, any request increased compliance compared with no request, and those worded with affirmation were more effective than those worded with negation. We replicated this pattern in repeated behaviors—both at the group and at the individual level—but only when the initial compliance, before the request, was low. Importantly, no increase emerged when individuals did not receive requests, showing that requests only, and not regression to the mean, explained the effect.

Knowledge and attitudes toward euthanasia among final year pharmacy and law students: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundEuthanasia is the last resort for those living with untreatable and terminable diseases which cause pain and suffering. However, the concept of euthanasia resulted in many dilemmas and controversy around life extension and death.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of final year pharmacy and law students concerning euthanasia.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among all final year law and pharmacy undergraduate students. The data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS version 22. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the influence of socio-demographic characteristics of participant’s on acceptance of euthanasia.Result72 (61.5%) of the students were declared that euthanasia is administration of lethal drugs to a patient at the explicit request of that patient. Majority 87 (74.4%) of the students knew that euthanasia is active shortening of the dying process. Most participants 95(81.2%) awared that there is no legalized euthanasia in Ethiopia. On the other hand, 47(40.2%) believed the patient has the right to choose to end his/her own life. Around 45% had the view that euthanasia should be legalized in some circumstances. Only 27.3% (n = 32) of the respondents endorsed legalization of euthanasia in Ethiopia. 35 (29.9%) said euthanasia should be performed. The acceptance of euthanasia was greater for pharmacy students compared to law students [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.490; 95% CI 1.346–9.049; p = 0.010] and lower for Muslim students compared to Orthodox students (AOR = 0.186; 95% CI 0.044–0.783; p = 0.022).ConclusionThe final year law and pharmacy students were aware of euthanasia. However, majority of students did not reveal favorable attitude toward euthanasia and its acceptance was low. Participants’ field of study and religion were significantly affect acceptance of euthanasia As the current study limited to pharmacy and law students, the authors suggest that future studies should involve various segments of societies to investigate more about euthanasia in Ethiopia.

Can “publishing game” pressures affect the research topic choice? A survey of European accounting researchers

This study explores the uninvestigated area of research agenda setting, which has considerable influence on the societal impact of accounting academia, which the paying-off mentality stemming from a “publish or perish” culture risks jeopardizing. More specifically, it investigates the research topic choice of accounting researchers to ascertain whether and how the “publishing game” pressures induced by the governance principles of new public management influence this crucial decision. Survey evidence shows that European accounting researchers choose their research topics by considering (i) explicit research requests, (ii) short-term publishing opportunities, (iii) practical and educational needs, and (iv) the intellectual needs of the academic community. In this respect, researchers seem to form a heterogeneous community that places varying importance on these factors, suggesting different effects of “publishing game” pressures. The three clusters aim at societal impact through diverse avenues, while the probability of rapid publishing seems to be the primary driver of another cluster, thus revealing a substantial risk of goal displacement. This study contributes to the debate on publishing pressures in accounting academia by complementing the contextualized reflections of previous literature with evidence documenting their effects on what (in addition to how) accounting researchers study. These findings have policy and practical implications that can help policymakers, university managers, gatekeepers of the publishing process, and our entire academic community.

The facilitative use of learner-initiated translanguaging in Japanese EFL contexts

Abstract This study explores the facilitative use of learner-initiated translanguaging and teacher responsiveness to its use in 68 dyads of conversational interaction between a teacher and individual students in tertiary Japanese EFL contexts. Adopting conversation analysis as an analytical framework, it aims to extend our understanding of the use of learner-initiated translanguaging and teacher responsiveness to translanguaging as an important interactional resource for learners to achieve interactional goals. The study identifies eight facilitative uses of L1. On the one hand, these uses contribute to the progressivity of talk as self-addressed translanguaging. On the other, they support intersubjectivity as co-constructed translanguaging in L2 interaction. These uses include (1) connectives for topic management; (2) floor-holding devices; (3) explicit word searches; (4) lexical gap fillers; (5) understanding displays; (6) clarification requests; (7) confirmation checks; and (8) explicit request for assistance. The study also reveals that learners’ self-initiated repair using L1 was frequently observed and that its use was intertwined with translanguaging in its functionality in discourse for meaning-making as a discursive practice. This study suggests that the use of translanguaging in the L2 classroom can be an indispensable tool to optimise learners’ classroom interactional competence.

Dynamic Slot Allocation Without Explicit Request Messages for Wireless Sensor Networks With Limited Resources

Dynamic Slot Allocation Without Explicit Request Messages for Wireless Sensor Networks With Limited Resources

Vers la compréhension des demandes d’aide à mourir de résidents d’EHPAD. Une étude qualitative multicentrique

ContextMoving into a nursing home is the cause of considerable upheaval for the elderly. The end of life is a reality in these establishments and residents are regularly confronted with it. Death is part of life in a nursing home and at the same time, it is one of the least discussed subjects due to avoidance strategies. The desire to die can take many forms, from suicide to refusal of care, and it is studied in particular through an analysis of requests for euthanasia and assisted suicide. The studies conducted on this subject show that the wish to die is a request expressed by a significant number of patients at the end of their life, regardless of the legislation adopted by the countries. Few studies have analyzed the demand for euthanasia or assisted suicide in a country where it is prohibited. ObjectivesA qualitative study is needed to provide an in-depth analysis of the expressions used by residents who make a request for euthanasia or assisted suicide, in the specific context of nursing homes. The DESAGE study (Demandes d’Euthanasie et de Suicide Assisté des personnes Âgées) is a multi-centric qualitative study which aims to describe, analyze, and understand, through semi-directive interviews, the determinants of requests for euthanasia and assisted suicide among residents of these facilities. This research is part of a comprehensive approach to these requests based on the residents’ verbatim statements. Patients, materials and methodsThe data collection was carried out in several nursing homes in a region of eastern France near Switzerland. For inclusion in the study to be effective, explicit requests for assistance in dying had to be made to health professionals. Following inclusion, an initial semi-directive interview of the resident was conducted. A second interview took place several weeks later to understand the timing of such a request. The analysis of the data followed the logic of thematic content analysis. ResultsData collection took place from May 2019 to July 2021 in seven nursing homes in France. Seven situations were explored. These testimonies shed light on the reality of a little-investigated field and highlight meaningful life pathways. The testimonies of these individual inform us about the requests for euthanasia and assisted suicide that are made, and undeniably place them in a singular context. Suffering, whether physical or psychological, is present in the statements and death is perceived as the only solution to relieve this suffering. Multiple factors underlie it: dependence, the difficulty of finding meaning in one's current life, loneliness, the feeling of boredom, the impression of being a burden on one's loved ones. It is also linked to the fear of a deterioration of the physical state and the apprehension of the conditions at the end of life. It is rooted in an experience marked by successive, sometimes brutal, losses: physical losses linked to ageing, the loss of autonomy, the loss of reference points in the initial environment when entering a nursing home, and in some cases the loss of a spouse or main caregiver. ConclusionIt would be relevant to introduce into the daily practice of caregivers the implementation of more tools that promote, for example, the deployment of the function of restraint. Focusing on taking care of the body could be an illustration of this, because when we enhance the body, we also enhance the psyche. Moreover, the analysis of the discourse makes it possible to provide the caregivers with keys to understanding. It is an assignment to find common issues in the exchange. It is in this space of speech that the answers can be found and that an importance is given to the understanding of a common construct. The speech of a person who asks to die is an attempt to express the unspeakable, an attempt to express a singular suffering. It is essential to question the function of speech, what is at stake, and to train caregivers to confront these issues.

How Did They Get There? What Perspectives From the Top Tell Us About Developing Women Leaders in Academic Anesthesiology.

How Did They Get There? What Perspectives From the Top Tell Us About Developing Women Leaders in Academic Anesthesiology.

“Ik neem dat niet terug”

“I won’t take that back” A conversation analytical study of Members of Parliament’s responses to the President’s requests to withdraw statements Discussions about what may and may not be said in the Dutch House of Representatives are more relevant than ever: both within the parliament and in the media. There is a heated debate going on about transgressive language use and the role of the President of the House when boundaries are crossed. This conversation-analytical study addresses sequences in which the President of the House requests Members of Parliament and Members of Government to take back their words. The analysis is based on thirteen such requests in debates that took place in the Plenary Hall over the past ten years. The analysis shows that the basic sequence involves the President of the House’s judgement of the inappropriate words (pre) that does not lead to withdrawing. This is followed by an explicit request, which is granted or not. Regularly, the judgment is enough to lead to a withdrawal or implicit or explicit refusal. Although requests to take back words are regularly granted, they are nearly always treated as problematic by the addressee. Politicians avoid positioning themselves as someone who is quick to change their mind and therefore problematise the request to take back words. The President of the House may resort to interactional sanctions other than those described in the Rules of Procedure.

How Teacher Education Mundanely Yet Profoundly Fails Transgender and/or Gender Nonconforming Candidates

In this commentary, the authors show that teacher education’s mundane—ordinary and unremarkable—demands of all teacher candidates may require transgender and/or gender nonconforming candidates to harm themselves through “non-decisions”: acts of harm to one’s self that would be unthinkable as explicit requests from program faculty or staff, but that these candidates nevertheless undertake, driven to believe they are necessary to become a teacher. The included non-decision examples all link in some way with invocations of “professionalism” in the daily life of teacher education programs.

Investigating the negative bias towards artificial intelligence: Effects of prior assignment of AI-authorship on the aesthetic appreciation of abstract paintings

• Human-declared vs. AI-declared authorship of abstract paintings negatively influences aesthetic appreciation towards AI. • The use of abstract paintings attenuates the overall negative bias in the appreciation of AI-declared artworks. • Negative bias towards an AI-declared abstract artwork emerges when it is implicitly compared to a human-declared one. • Electrophysiological activity indicates that participants spontaneously compare two paintings even with no explicit request. • A priori available information about the authorship of an artwork is a key factor in aesthetic evaluation and appreciation.

An actor-based approach to understanding radical right viral tweets in the UK

ABSTRACT Radical right actors routinely use social media to spread highly divisive, disruptive, and anti-democratic messages. Assessing and countering such content is crucial for ensuring that online spaces can be open, accessible, and constructive. However, previous work has paid little attention to understanding factors associated with radical right content that goes viral. We investigate this issue with a new dataset (the ‘ROT' dataset) which provides insight into the content, engagement, and followership of a set of 35 radical right actors who are active in the UK. ROT contains over 50,000 original entries and over 40 million retweets, quotes, replies and mentions, as well as detailed information about followership. We use a multilevel model to assess engagement with tweets and show the importance of both actor- and content-level factors, including the number of followers each actor has, the toxicity of their content, the presence of media and explicit requests for retweets. We argue that it is crucial to account for role of actors in radical right viral tweets, and therefore, moderation efforts should be taken not only on a post-to-post level but also on an account level.

Why do women ask for less?

Women are often less likely to negotiate or ask for less when they do negotiate compared to men. In this study, we send out a survey to a large sample of recent college graduates in Sweden. We ask respondents whether they made an explicit salary request and what the outcome was. We include several questions on beliefs and attitudes towards negotiations. While women are more likely to state a salary request, we find that they on average ask for less than men. This gender gap is reduced when we control for beliefs and attitudes. However, neither perceived social costs nor confidence appear to matter for the gender gap. Instead, while men and women consider themselves relatively similar to an ideal candidate applying for the same job, they differ on average in their beliefs about what constitutes a reasonable request amount for the ideal candidate. This variable is the only statistically significant mediating variable of the gender gap in salary requests, and suggests that information interventions affecting beliefs could potentially reduce the gender gap in negotiations. As our results are correlational they should however be interpreted with caution.

Probing into Non-native Learners’ Written Accuracy: Does Feedback Type Matter?

Corrective feedback (CF) has long been a hot topic in language education circles and has received extensive research attention. However, there is still controversy over the effectiveness of CF use and error correction in language classes. To address this discrepancy, the current study probed the effectiveness of different CF types in improving grammatical accuracy in writing. We recruited 74 female English as a foreign language students within the age range of 16–21 at an intermediate proficiency level and divided them into four treatment groups and one control group. Four feedback types were used in the treatment, namely explicit correction, clarification request, metalinguistic, and elicitation. The experimental groups’ grammatical knowledge of target structures (tense, voice, and agreement) was assessed before and after CF treatments and was compared with that of the control group. The findings revealed that all feedback groups outperformed the control group, highlighting the effectiveness of CF treatment. In addition, the metalinguistic feedback group outperformed all other experimental groups, with no difference observed between elicitation and clarification request groups. Further findings and implications are discussed in the paper.

Le manuel de langue : besoins et attentes des enseignants de FLE

The design of books for teaching French turns out, for publishing houses, to be a process of pedagogical, didactic, editorial and commercial reflection resulting from market re- search. The language manual as an educational tool is subject to issues, constraints, expecta- tions, needs, modifications, improvements or obsolescence. Despite the intention of publish- ing houses to design methods with an action-oriented perspective, it would seem that a minor- ity of these textbooks offer communicative tasks that can be transposed into the daily life of a learner in a situation of immersion in France. This is why we are wondering about the needs and expectations that French (as a foreign language teachers) who are based in in France have regarding tasks anchored in the daily life of French people for A1 level of the CEFR. During this research, we were led to set up a needs analysis process in order to identify three types of needs (gaps, dysfunctions and expectations) and to try to translate them in the form of 'an explicit request detailed by orientations and avenues for the design of textbooks or FLE lan- guage methods at Éditions Maison des Langues. Among the main results, FLE teachers in France wish to promote the Action Perspective through the integration of communicative tasks making it possible to put the learner in the position of a social actor and to approach him / her in the daily life of French society.

Would you like to add a gratuity? When explicit requests hamper tipping

Many service providers explicitly ask customers for a tip. This may create social pressure, thus resulting in lower tips. Building on the theory of psychological reactance, we propose that an explicit request to tip has a detrimental impact on tip size. Across two studies, a field experiment and an online experiment, we test this effect and examine how the physical presence of the server moderates this relationship. We find that an explicit request to tip negatively affects tip size, while server’s physical presence alleviates this effect. The findings also show that social pressure hampers perceived control, which in turn has a detrimental effect on tip size. In light of these findings, service providers might want to revisit their strategies to enhance tipping.

Medical decisions concerning the end of life for cancer patients in three Colombian hospitals \u2013 a survey study

BackgroundCancer patients’ end-of-life care may involve complex decision-making processes. Colombia has legislation regarding provision of and access to palliative care and is the only Latin American country with regulation regarding euthanasia. We describe medical end-of-life decision-making practices among cancer patients in three Colombian hospitals.MethodsCancer patients who were at the end-of-life and attended in participating hospitals were identified. When these patients deceased, their attending physician was invited to participate. Attending physicians of 261 cancer patients (out of 348 identified) accepted the invitation and answered a questionnaire regarding end-of-life decisions: a.) decisions regarding the withdrawal or withholding of potentially life-prolonging medical treatments, b.) intensifying measures to alleviate pain or other symptoms with hastening of death as a potential side effect, and c.) the administration, supply or prescription of drugs with an explicit intention to hasten death. For each question addressing the first two decision types, we asked if the decision was fully or partially made with the intention or consideration that it may hasten the patient’s death.ResultsDecisions to withdraw potentially life-prolonging treatment were made for 112 (43%) patients, 16 of them (14%) with an intention to hasten death. For 198 patients (76%) there had been some decision to not initiate potentially life-prolonging treatment. Twenty-three percent of patients received palliative sedation, 97% of all patients received opioids.Six patients (2%) explicitly requested to actively hasten their death, for two of them their wish was fulfilled. In another six patients, medications were used with the explicit intention to hasten death without their explicit request. In 44% (n = 114) of all cases, physicians did not know if their patient had any advance care directives, 26% (n = 38) of physicians had spoken to the patient regarding the possibility of certain treatment decisions to hasten death where this applied.ConclusionsDecisions concerning the end of life were common for patients with cancer in three Colombian hospitals, including euthanasia and palliative sedation. Physicians and patients often fail to communicate about advance care directives and potentially life-shortening effects of treatment decisions. Specific end-of-life procedures, patients’ wishes, and availability of palliative care should be further investigated.

Hastening Death in Canadian ICUs: End-of-Life Care in the Era of Medical Assistance in Dying.

Since 2016, Canada has allowed for euthanasia based on strict criteria under federal medical assistance in dying legislation. The purpose of this study was to determine how Canadian intensivists perceive medical assistance in dying and whether they believe their approach to withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies has changed following introduction of medical assistance in dying. Electronic survey. Participants were recruited from 11 PICU programs and 14 adult ICU programs across Canada. All program leaders for whom contact information was available were approached for participation. We invited intensivists and critical care trainees employed between December 2019 and May 2020 to participate using a snowball sampling technique in which department leaders distributed study information. All responses were anonymous. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Categorical variables were analyzed using Pearson chi-square test. Not applicable. We obtained 150 complete questionnaires (33% response rate), of which 50% were adult practitioners and 50% pediatric. Most were from academic centers (81%, n = 121). Of respondents, 86% (n = 130) were familiar with medical assistance in dying legislation, 71% in favor, 14% conflicted, and 11% opposed. Only 5% (n = 8) thought it had influenced their approach to withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies. Half of participants had no standardized protocol for withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies in their unit, and 41% (n = 62) had observed medications given in disproportionately high doses during withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies, with 13% having personally administered such doses. Most (80%, n = 120) had experienced explicit requests from families to hasten death, and almost half (47%, n = 70) believed it was ethically permissible to intentionally hasten death following withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies. Most Canadian intensivists surveyed do not think that medical assistance in dying has changed their approach to end of life in the ICU. A significant minority are ethically conflicted about the current approach to assisted dying/euthanasia in Canada. Almost half believe it is ethical to intentionally hasten death during withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies if death is expected.

From Social Burden to Support Elicitation: Development and Validation of a New Measure of Workplace Support Elicitation Experiences

Receiving social support is widely considered a positive workplace phenomenon, but what about the employees from whom the support is being sought? Following recent calls from social support scholars, we focus on the “potential support provider” perspective of the social support dynamic and propose that the measure of social burden (Yang et al., Stress and Health, 32(1): 70–83, 2016) currently used to capture this dynamic is significantly limited. In study 1, we refine and expand the measure of social burden by constructing and validating a measure of support elicitation experiences (SEE) that distinguishes between emotionally laden SEE (SEE-E; explicit or implicit requests for support with an emotional valence) and instrumental SEE (SEE-I; explicit requests for work-related support). In study 2, based on conservation of resources theory, we examine how SEE-E and SEE-I differentially relate to work outcomes and explore the potential costs of providing support in response to these behaviors. Results demonstrate that our measure of SEE is an improvement over the social burden measure and support the empirical distinctiveness of emotionally laden (associated with negative outcomes) and instrumental (associated with positive outcomes) support elicitations. In addition, we find some evidence that routinely providing support for both SEE-E and SEE-I carries implications for undesirable workplace behavior. Findings from this research support the notion that there are often differential effects for the kinds of support we elicit from our colleagues and provides researchers with an improved instrument to assess the social support dynamic from the perspective of potential support providers.

A mixed-integer distributed approach to prosumers aggregation for providing balancing services

This paper addresses the provision of ancillary services in smart energy systems. A large number of prosumers are aggregated by an Energy Service Provider (ESP) in order to provide a manual Frequency Restoration Reserve (mFRR) service, which consists in offering some degree of flexibility and be willing to provide a power variation over a given time interval upon reception of an explicit manual request by the Transmission System Operator (TSO). The main focus of this paper is to define how the ESP can optimally distribute the requested flexibility effort to the prosumers in the pool, promptly providing the agreed mFRR service upon request of the TSO. In particular, a scalable strategy is proposed, able to account for integer decision variables like on/off commands, while reducing the combinatorial complexity of the problem and preserving privacy of local information via distributed computations. Lead and rebound effects are avoided by maintaining the originally scheduled energy exchange profile before and after the time interval where the TSO request must be satisfied. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of scalability and quality of the obtained feasible solution.

Decision making in the end-of-life care of patients who are terminally ill with cancer \u2013 a qualitative descriptive study with a phenomenological approach from the experience of healthcare workers

BackgroundIn Colombia, recent legislation regarding end-of-life decisions includes palliative sedation, advance directives and euthanasia. We analysed which aspects influence health professionals´ decisions regarding end-of-life medical decisions and care for cancer patients.MethodsQualitative descriptive–exploratory study based on phenomenology using semi-structured interviews. We interviewed 28 oncologists, palliative care specialists, general practitioners and nurses from three major Colombian institutions, all involved in end-of-life care of cancer patients: Hospital Universitario San Ignacio and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá and Hospital Universitario San José in Popayan.ResultsWhen making decisions regarding end-of-life care, professionals consider: 1. Patient’s clinical condition, cultural and social context, in particular treating indigenous patients requires special skills. 2. Professional skills and expertise: training in palliative care and experience in discussing end-of-life options and fear of legal consequences. Physicians indicate that many patients deny their imminent death which hampers shared decision-making and conversations. They mention frequent ambiguity regarding who initiates conversations regarding end-of-life decisions with patients and who finally takes decisions. Patients rarely initiate such conversations and the professionals normally do not ask patients directly for their preferences. Fear of confrontation with family members and lawsuits leads healthcare workers to carry out interventions such as initiating artificial feeding techniques and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, even in the absence of expected benefits. The opinions regarding the acceptability of palliative sedation, euthanasia and use of medications to accelerate death without the patients´ explicit request vary greatly. 3. Conditions of the insurance system: limitations exist in the offer of oncology and palliative care services for important proportions of the Colombian population. Colombians have access to opioid medications, barriers to their application are largely in delivery by the health system, the requirement of trained personnel for intravenous administration and ambulatory and home care plans which in Colombia are rare.ConclusionsTo improve end-of-life decision making, Colombian healthcare workers and patients need to openly discuss wishes, needs and care options and prepare caregivers. Promotion of palliative care education and development of palliative care centres and home care plans is necessary to facilitate access to end-of-life care. Patients and caregivers’ perspectives are needed to complement physicians’ perceptions and practices.