Explicit Permission Research Articles

Malware Detection Using Artificial Intelligence: Techniques, Research Issues and Future Directions

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an effective technology used for upgrading the security posture against a variety of security challenges and cyber-attacks that cyber security teams may use. Malware is a software which aims to access a device without the explicit permission of its owner. Forensics investigations report that many organizations have encountered unusual records, collected by their antiviral security monitoring systems. Most of their arrangements skeptically pass a large amount of diplomatic data through various unethical strategies that make malware identification tougher. However, these procedures have varied limitations that call for an unused inquiry about the track. This study explores the complex relationship between malware detection and AI [1]. This paper provides insights into performance evaluation metrics and discusses several research issues that impede the effectiveness of existing techniques. The study also provides recommendations for future research directions and is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners working in the field of malware detection.

Canine Surrogacy Approach: Applications for Studying North American Pre-Colonial Diets

Studying human diets through isotopic signatures can come with multiple challenges, primarily the availability and feasibility of utilizing human tissues, such as bone, teeth, hair, or coprolites. This may be due to preservation issues, the destructive nature of the analysis, ethics, or legislature. To mitigate these issues, it has become increasingly popular for researchers to utilize tissues from animals. In order for this method to be used successfully, an animal that would have consumed a diet similar to that of its human companions must be utilized. Due to the close relationship between humans and dogs in many past cultures worldwide, a method called the Canine Surrogacy Approach (CSA) has proved successful in many regions where dogs were known to have subsisted on human foods. This method is useful for colonized regions, as the archaeological remains of Indigenous people are often only subjected to bioarchaeological analysis if descendant groups grant explicit permission. This paper highlights and discusses the usefulness of this method in North America with reference to ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts of dog provisioning. Three case studies are presented, which exhibit the applications of the CSA in different regions of the United States and Canada. Each case study approaches the CSA in different ways, showcasing the various applications of this method utilizing a variety of bioarchaeological remains. In closing, the usefulness of applying the CSA method in future studies of the dispersal of maize in the period before colonization in Canada is emphasized.

Factors affecting quality of education during pandemic: lessons learnt and way forward

PurposeThe pandemic brought by COVID-19 in March 2020 shook the entire world, compelling everyone to remain indoors. Most B-Schools were unprepared for such a situation and did not have the resources to carry out the teaching and learning activities. B-schools then adopted online and hybrid modes of learning to impart education to their students. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting the quality of education along with lessons learnt and lessons to be left behind, using qualitative method.Design/methodology/approachThe factors affecting the quality of education were drawn from the literature, and 18 faculty members were interviewed. The study uses a descriptive method, where interviews were conducted, and each interview was recorded, with an explicit permission of respective faculty member and coded and categorized to identify themes.FindingsThe significant contribution of this study is that it highlights? Through the learnings and experiences of the pandemic? What will work in the future for business schools. The use of online teaching-learning sessions and softwares, namely, Turnitin and Grammarly will not fade away. Faculty will use various engagement tools such as quizzes and simulations to improve the learning and quality of education in the post-pandemic era. Various interactive and online tools emerged during the pandemic which allowed faculty to use diagrams and infographics in their teaching, and this helped the faculty to cater to students with different learning styles.Originality/valueThis study will provide B-Schools, faculties and leaders an input for improving the quality of online education. The present study provides an empirical contribution to the factors affecting online education and its quality, by highlighting the perspective of faculty members with the help of qualitative study. These factors make a clear and strong indication that education in the future will be partly online, wherein a lot of e-learning resources will be used by faculty to impart quality education.

HIGH-RISK HPV TYPES AND PATHOLOGY RESULTS IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK HPV POSITIVE

Aim: We aimed to analyses the high-risk HPV type distribution and pathology results in high-risk HPV positive patients. Materials and Methods: The research was retrospectively conducted and data was obtained from a tertiary gynecologic oncology colposcopy outpatient clinic. From September 2019 to December 2022, data from 3546 patients who tested positive for HPV and underwent colposcopic examination were analyzed. All patients granted the institution explicit permission to utilize their clinical data. Results: A total of 3546 patients with a median age of 40 years (range, 18–77 years) were analysed. Patient’s HPV status was; 1169 (33%) patients were HPV 16, 343 (9.7%) patients were HPV 18, and 2318 (65.4%) patients were HPV others. The detailed HPV positive results of patients were that 888 (25.4%) patients were only HPV 16, 197 (5.6%) patients were only HPV 18, and 2097 (59.9%) patients were only HPV others. In the study cohort, 529 (14.9%) patients had CIN 2+ lesions. HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 were detected in 331 (62.5%) of 529 patients with CIN 2+ lesions. The final pathology result of 507 (14.3%) patients was CIN 2/3 and of 22 (0.6%) patients was cancer. Conclusion: In conclusion, we found that while HPV other types were positive in two-thirds of the patients, HPV 16 and/or 18 were positive in more than four-fifths of the cancer cases. In the high-risk HPV positive patient group, HPV type can be used as a criterion when referring the patient to colposcopy

War power through restraint: The politics of unilateral military action after 1945

AbstractFrom a historical perspective, presidents have frequently directed the use of military force without explicit permission from Congress. Yet, presidents still court legislative approval on select occasions. Why do presidents sometimes seek congressional authorization and other times do not? I explain authorization‐seeking behavior according to variations in presidential bargaining strength. I argue that both weak and strong presidents prefer authorization‐seeking; by obtaining congressional backing, weak presidents conceal a lack of national resolve from international audiences, while strong ones use approval to enhance their coercive authority. Presidents with mid‐level bargaining strength, however, prefer unilateral action; on the one hand, unilateral action may demonstrate resolve in the face of potential legislative resistance, while on the other, it avoids contentious debate that risks “muddying” the diplomatic waters. I illustrate these arguments by revisiting four prominent historical cases: the Korean War, the Gulf of Tonkin crisis, the invasion of Cambodia, and the Persian Gulf War.

法學專家、蘇州商人團體與清代中國的「習慣法」問題

Scholars have debated whether “customary law” existed in Qing Dynasty China, leading to different stands and arguments between “societal-centric” and “legal-centric” views. This issue involves disputes in the definition of terms and the recognition of historical facts by researchers. This paper primarily focuses on some commercial litigation cases in the Jiangnan region (the Lower Yangzi Delta) of the Qing Dynasty, narrowing the issue of “customary law” to the evolution of the interaction between Qing Dynasty commercial customs and national law. The paper argues that while we may not need to describe this evolution in terms of “customary law” as understood in European legal scholarship, we should not overlook the specific processes in various industrial and commercial towns of the time, where “customary practices” transformed into “customary rules”. Keywords: Merchant Groups, Legal Experts, Customary Rules, Customary Law

الإشكالات الفقهية الواردة على تكييف المشاركة المتناقصة "شركة ملك"

This research examines the validity of categorizing "Diminishing Musharaka," a product of Islamic financial engineering, as a property partnership between a bank and its customer. Employing a comparative descriptive analytical approach, the study delves into juristic texts pertaining to this topic, meticulously analyzing their content. The primary focus lies in comprehending the concept accurately and subsequently drawing a parallel with the characteristics of a "declining company." The findings of the research indicate that considering Diminishing Musharaka as a property partnership faces challenges due to inherent jurisprudential issues. These issues encompass the impermissibility of profit differentiation when shares are equal and the partner's lack of authority to dispose of their counterpart's share without explicit permission. These legal intricacies give rise to pragmatic complications, constricting the scope of this partnership model. Moreover, they curtail the participants' autonomy in selecting profit percentages and exerting control over the company's funds. The study concludes that categorizing Diminishing Musharaka as a novel company type aligns more accurately with its nature. This categorization circumvents the aforementioned problems, enhancing the flexibility of its application. Consequently, this approach empowers the involved parties to exercise greater freedom in determining profit distribution percentages and making decisions regarding the company's capital. Keywords: Diminishing Musharakah, Islamic finance, jurisprudential consideration, joint ownership, joint venture.

Leading wellness in healthcare: A qualitative study of leadership practices for wellness in hospital settings.

Ways of dealing with workplace stress and enhancing healthcare workers wellness are sought globally. The aim of this study was to explore healthcare leaders' practice in relation to the implementation of a workplace wellness program called SEED in the context of multiple crises (bushfires and COVID-19) affecting a local health district in New South Wales, Australia. Practice theory informed interviews (n = 23), focus groups (n = 2) and co-analysis reflexive discussions (n = 2) that were conducted with thirteen leaders and twenty healthcare workers. A pragmatic approach to program implementation for healthcare workers' wellness explored the process and actions that resulted from leadership practice in an inductive thematic analysis. Preliminary themes were presented in the co-analysis sessions to ensure the lived experiences of the SEED program were reflected and co-interpretation of the data was included in the analysis. Three key themes were identified. 1) Leading change-implementing a wellness program required leaders to try something new and be determined to make change happen. 2) Permission for wellness-implicit and explicit permission from leaders to engage in wellness activities during worktime was required. 3) Role-modelling wellness-leaders viewed SEED as a way to demonstrate leadership in supporting and caring for healthcare workers. SEED provided a platform for leaders who participated to demonstrate their leadership practices in supporting wellness activities. Leadership practices are critical to the implementation of healthcare wellness programs. The implementation of SEED at a time of unprecedented crisis gave leaders and healthcare workers opportunities to experience something new including leadership that was courageous, responsive and authentic. The study highlighted the need for workplace wellness programs to intentionally include leaders rather than only expect them to implement them. The practices documented in this study provide guidance to others developing, implementing and researching workplace wellness programs.

Assessing Resident Satisfaction: A Study of Otorhinolaryngology Surgery Training Program in the Riyadh Region, Saudi Board

Background: Residents of Saudi broad Otorhinolaryngology experience some level of anxiety and concern about their future in the program. We aim to determine the level of satisfaction of Saudi otolaryngology residents with the training program. Methods This cross-sectional study focused on Otorhinolaryngology surgery residents in Riyadh. Data collection involved administering paper questionnaires to 41 residents during July and August 2023 to gauge overall satisfaction. Subsequently, collected data underwent meticulous clearance, coding, and entry utilizing the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Prior to participation, explicit permission was sought and obtained from the residents, assuring them that their information would solely be utilized for scientific purposes. This ethical approach emphasizes the study\'s commitment to respecting participants\' privacy and maintaining the integrity of the collected data Result: Among the studied subjects, 41 residents completed the questionnaire; the majority of participants were males (61%), and the ages were above 27 years old (63.4%). The majority of the residents (58.54%) were satisfied with their training in the Saudi Board of Otorhinolaryngology program; 24.39% were neutral; however, 17.7% were dissatisfied with the program. Most of the residents (43.9%) found the educational curriculum in their Otorhinolaryngology surgery program satisfactory, with a significant p-value (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the majority of the residents were satisfied; there was only a minor degree of dissatisfaction with the local otorhinolaryngology training. They would benefit from stress-management programs to deal with the stress related to the workload.

Digital communication and agency

The recent Cambridge Analytica scandal, in which personally distinguishable information wascollected without explicit permission from millions of Facebook users, once more brought intofocus the potential dangers of our now-pervasive social media use. What the scandal primarilyindicates is the unsettling idea that one’s personal information and what it reveals is open toan infrastructure capable of manipulating such information to its own ends. Despite suchdevelopments, in my experience of lecturing digital communication to students at a South Africanuniversity, there is a lack of awareness of how the technical infrastructures that makes up digitalcommunication can play a role in potentially negating our agency when using digital forms ofcommunication. And this lack of awareness is echoed in the lax global response to the CambridgeAnalytica scandal. In response, this article argues that digital space may well be antithetical tothe notion of agency through digital communication. To do so, it turns to a very specific source;the post-structural theorist, Gilles Deleuze, and his conception of digital societies of control, aswell as contemporary theoretical works that reflect his concerns over our agency within the virtualspaces we now increasingly inhabit.

John Maxwell’s Copyright Disputes: Manufacturing Cheap Fiction in the Welcome Guest and the Shilling Volume Library

In his early twenties, John Maxwell entered the London publishing scene as a scrappy and ambitious Irish immigrant with a strong desire to make a name for himself. What Maxwell lacked in gentility he made up for with his willingness to take risks and flaunt convention. Within a decade he had become one of the leading magazine entrepreneurs of his age. Between 1860 and 1862, a period in which he was frantically launching new periodicals and solidifying his partnership with Mary Elizabeth Braddon, Maxwell regularly appeared in the Court of Chancery as a party to copyright infringement lawsuits, some of which stemmed from his attempts to republish works by contributors to his magazine the Welcome Guest without seeking explicit authorial permission. This essay investigates what these disputes tell us about conceptions of the often vague laws pertaining to reprinting in the periodical press and examines how the outcomes of these cases shaped the development of Maxwell’s publishing business as well as his bourgeoning relationship with Braddon.

Tableaux for some deontic logics with the explicit permission operator

In this paper we present a tableau system for deontic logics with the operator of explicit permission. By means of this system the decidability of the considered logics can be proved. We will sketch how these logics are semantically defined by means of relating semantics and how they provide a simple solution to the free choice permission problem. In short, these logics employ relating implication and a certain propositional constant. These two are in turn used to define deontic operators similarly as in Andersonian-Kangerian reduction, which uses different intensional implications and constants.

1869 ÂSÂR-I ATÎKA NİZÂMNÂMESİ ÖNCESİNDE ESKİ ESERLER HUKUKU VE KURALLARI BULUNUYOR MUYDU?

This article aims to address the question of law, administrative rules and custom concerning the antiquities in Ottoman territory in the period before the 13th of February 1869 when the “Âsâr-ı Atîka Nizâmnâme,” came into force, which has repeatedly been said to be the Ottoman state’s first regulation of archaeological resources, if this is not said in respect to that promulgated in 1874, or even that of 1884, which has repeatedly been the case in the modern works on this subject published over the past thirty years. The resources employed in this research include previously unpublished Ottoman archival material concerning antiquities, addressing the matter of Ottoman antiquities regulations, as there are Ottoman Emirnâme, and administrative regulations, that include the forbidding of the export of antiquities from Ottoman territory, and placing limits upon foreign antiquarian research and on digging/excavation at ancient sites, as elsewhere in Ottoman territory in the period before 1869. The regulation of 1869 simply codified the earlier legal administrative practice concerning antiquities. For example, on the 30th of August, 1852, Edhem Paşa, was warned that care should be taken to prevent the selling of antiquities to foreigners; in a document dated 4th of May, 1865, it is seen that certain rules should be followed in excavation permits related to historical artifacts in the Ottoman State.
 The evidence from non-Ottoman sources clearly shows that Ottoman law, rule and custom forbidding the export of antiquities without explicit permission was certainly in force in the 17th century, more than two centuries before the era of Tanzimat. In 1623 the English ambassador to the Porte stated there was at that time, both law and custom forbidding the removal of antiquities from Ottoman territory. In consequence, the ambassador stated that secrecy and bribery were to be employed to remove antiquities from Ottoman territory. These same methods were likewise advised in publications of the the 18th and 19th centuries. This article suggests that a reason for the repeated emphasis in the modern literature upon the Âsâr-ı Atîka Nizâmnâme of 1869, of 1874 and of 1884, is that this serves in effect to legalize a rather large quantity of antiquities that were removed illegally, through secrecy and bribery, without permission, from Ottoman territory in the period before 1869 which are today in a wide variety of museums and collections abroad.

Tracking and Monitoring Technologies to Support Airport Construction Safety

This paper discusses how advanced tracking and monitoring technologies can be used to increase safety for construction activities at airports. Airport construction is a significant infrastructure sector and in 2020 the Airport Improvement Program funded $300 million for airport projects in the United States. This includes funding for pavement reconstruction, airfield upgrades to meet current standards (e.g., wider runways), the construction of new terminal facilities, and additional capacity (e.g., new runways). The airfield environment presents special hazards for constructors, including proximity to active aircraft operations, and the requirement to comply with many additional rules such as those required by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Transportation Security Agency (TSA); many of these rules are required to ensure safety and security. Airport construction activities require close oversight, additional inspections by airport operations personnel, and stringent rules regarding access and operation in different areas of the airfield. Access and operating requirements affect both construction workers and construction equipment, and there are often different rules for different areas at the airport. One of the most restricted areas on an airport is the runway. Access to the runway and the safety area around a runway requires explicit permission from Air Traffic Control (ATC). If a vehicle or pedestrian (or aircraft) crosses the boundary without permission, it is considered a runway incursion. A runway incursion could cause a major incident at the airport and could result in injuries and fatalities. Runway incursion events are recorded by the FAA and represent a serious safety violation for the airport. Runway incursions and the technology to prevent incursions are discussed as an example that illustrates the need for and benefits of accurate monitoring of construction equipment and personnel. Technologies that may be used to enhance tracking and support situational awareness are present to illustrate the possible ways that enhanced monitoring can be used at an airport. Solutions may include the use of advanced technologies such as real-time vehicle location sensors, which may be combined with robust electronic maps to enhance safety for construction equipment and personnel location in the airfield environment. A discussion of opportunities and challenges of these systems is detailed.

Impact on Quality of Life (QoL) of Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Mantle Cell Lymphoma Under Ibrutinib Treatment: Preliminary Data from a Real World Prospective Project (pilot study)

IntroductionIbrutinib (Ibr), is a first-in-class, orally administered covalent inhibitor of Bruton Tirosine Kinase (BTK). In Argentina, IMBRUVICA™ has recently been approved by ANMAT (Argentinian Regulatory Agency) as first or second-line treatment option for patients (pts) diagnosed with Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and as second-line treatment for Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), as well as CLL pts with a chromosomal deletion of 17p. As there is no available information on the impact of Ibr in QoL measurements in the real-world, outside of a sponsored clinical trial, no preliminary hypothesis can be drawn; but considering evidence from controlled trials it is likely that treatment with Ibr could result in an improvement in QoL. Taking this premise, we suggest a probable benefit on QoL in patients under Ibr of ≥ 20% during the first year of treatment compared to baseline.ObjectivesWe aim to detect an improvement in QoL using patient-reported outcomes. Secondary Objective: To evaluate the effects of Ibr on QoL at different times of treatment. Assess hemoglobin variation during treatment with Ibr.Materials and MethodsAll pts signed informed consent (IC) to perform QoL questionnaires and use of personal data. This study is in accordance with the Helsinki declaration. Exploratory analyzes were performed on the evaluations of the results reported by the pt from the Euro-QOL5D questionnaire (EQ5D) with explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder. Both, the descriptive and visual analogue scale (VAS) were analyzed. This information was used as a quantitative measure of health, as judged by the respondents. EQ5D was completed by patients on months 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12 from the start of treatment. At the same time, doses of Ibr and hemoglobin (Hb) value were recorded.ResultsTwelve pts who started monotherapy with Ibr at our center between January 2016 and February 2017 were included. A total of 11 pts (92%) had a diagnosis of CLL and 1 pt (8%) of MCL. The majority of pts, 8 (67%) were men and median age was 75 years (51-84). The starting dose was 420 mg/d in all cases of CLL and 560 mg/d in MCL. Baseline Hb was 11.1 mg/dl (9.0-14.9). In 9 pts (75%) Ibr was a salvage regimen and in 3 pts (25%) was 1st line therapy. Two pts who had signed IC died before completing QoL evaluation from not related to Ibr causes. The median time of treatment was 12 months (1-18). With the EQ5D VAS evaluation, 90% of the pts reported improvement in their perception of health after the initiation of treatment with Ibr, comparing baseline to 3 and 6 month assessments. None reported worsening of QoL. We observed a modification on the VAS EQ with median improvement of 29% (8-80%) after treatment initiation. Median Hb variation during treatment was: 11.1; 11.2; 11.6; 13 and 13.1mg/dl at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment, respectively. This means a median Hb improvement of 2gr/dl in the first year of treatment. Interestingly, 2 pts (25%) started treatment with normal values of Hb and also reported QoL improvement. Regarding the different areas of evaluation that comprise the EQ5D, improvements were mainly reported in pain, mobility, daily activities and anxiety.ConclusionsIn this prospective pilot study of QoL assessment with Ibr treatment, we observed that there was an improvement of 29% in this initial sample. This responds positively to the hypothesis raised of an improvement ≥ 20%. Even thought QoL improvement could be partially explained with Hb increase, the Ibr effect on QoL in pts with no baseline anemia is an interesting finding and remains to be determined. We expect to continue with the recruitment of patients by extending the proposal to other centers to reach the sample size needed for statistical confirmation. DisclosuresPavlovsky:Janssen: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau.

UDM: Private user discovery with minimal information disclosure

We present and analyze User Discovery with Minimal information disclosure (UDM), a new protocol for user discovery in anonymous communication systems that minimizes the information disclosed to the system and users. UDM solves the following user-discovery problem. User Alice wishes to communicate with Bob over an anonymous communication system, such as cMix or Tor. Initially, each party knows each other’s public contact identifier (e.g., email address or phone number), but neither knows the other’s private platform identifier in the communication system. If both parties wish to communicate with each other, UDM enables them to establish a shared secret and learn each other’s private platform identifier. Unlike existing systems, including those based on private set intersection, UDM learns nothing about the social contacts of the users, is not vulnerable to off-line dictionary attacks that expose contact lists, does not reveal platform identifiers to users without the owner’s explicit permission, and enjoys low computation and communication complexity. Using the anonymous communication system, each pair of users who wish to communicate with each other uploads to the user-discovery system their private platform identifier, encrypted with a key derived from their shared secret. Indexing their request by a cryptographic tag derived from their shared secret, each user can then download each other’s encrypted private platform identifier. In doing so, UDM uses an untrusted user-discovery system, which processes and stores only public information or values encrypted with keys it does not know. Therefore, from the data values it processes, UDM cannot learn any information about the social contacts of its users.

The Good, the Bad and the Right: Formal Reductions among Deontic Concepts

The present article provides a taxonomic analysis of bimodal logics of normative ideality and normative awfulness, two notions whose meaning is here explained in terms of the moral values pursued by a given community. Furthermore, the article addresses the traditional problem of a reduction among deontic concepts: we explore the possibility of defining other relevant normative notions, such as obligation, explicit permission and Hohfeldian relations, in terms of ideality and awfulness. Some proposals in this respect, which have been formulated in the literature over the years, are here improved and discussed with reference to the various logics that we will introduce.

RETRACTED: Prioritization of renewable energy resources in five climate zones in Iran using AHP, hybrid AHP-TOPSIS and AHP-SAW methods

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Concern has been raised about adding co-authors at revision stage without the permission of the editor, nor the explicit permission of the original co-authors. The names of the authors Danial Sedghiyan, Arezoo Ashouri and Negin Maftouni were added to the revised version of the article, while the Authors of the original submission were Esmaeil Rezaei (originally listed as first Author; subsequently only as contributing Data Curation), Qingang Xiong and Sadegh Sadeghi. The problems with the identity and the contribution of the authors to the article cast doubt on the data, and accordingly also the conclusions based on that data, in this publication. Changing authors after submission without permission from the Editor is against the journal policy as it is stated in the Guide for Authors (https://www.elsevier.com/journals/sustainable-energy-technologies-and-assessments/2213-1388/guide-for-authors). Consequently, the Editor decided to retract the paper. As such this article represents an abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the Journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

Guests with Guns: Public Support for 'No Carry' Defaults on Private Land

A nationally representative survey of 2000 American adults shows broad support for prohibiting gun-possession on private land without the landowner’s explicit permission. Many states have laws which permit concealed weapon unless explicitly prohibited by the landowner, but our survey suggests statistically significant majorities would prefer no carry” defaults with regard to homeowners, employers, and retailers. While respondents who are Republican, male or gun owners are more likely to support carry defaults, we find that the majoritarian rejection of “carry” defaults does not tend to vary by region or state. However, our survey does find majority support for a default right to possess guns in rented property and on an employer’s parking lot. Respondents across all contexts also report substantial ignorance or misinformation about the law. Landowners who don’t know or mistakenly believe that concealed is, by default, prohibited on their land may be less able to protect themselves by explicitly prohibiting such third-party possession.

Grounding Trans-Medical Rights

ATTENTION: This is a working draft. Please do not cite or quote to it without my explicit permission. As applied to transgender people, medical rights do not justify themselves as moral rights. When taken as a premise rather than a conclusion, they fail. I propose to discuss why this is so, and why the trans liberation movement’s historical distrust of medicalization is justified. In the trans-medical context, I argue, the implicit syllogism of medical rights fails for three reasons. First, it is utilitarian and therefore instrumental. For that reason, it is very contingent and vulnerable. Second, it is fails to fully justify the full scope of trans-medical rights. Even for those rights it does justify, it cannot demonstrate why they merit special treatment. Third, the conception of transness that it often encodes has the potential to profoundly demean. This, however, does not mean that we must abandon trans-medical rights claims. We simply need to understand what grounds them. The solution I propose borrows from the language of disability. Just as disability rights can demand both accommodation and pride, transness can coherently stake a claim to liberation and to medical care.