Explicit Motives Research Articles

Analyzing Motivation Factors for NASCAR Spectators with Self-Determination Theory

Research in consumer motivation might ignore auto racing sport that features the number one of fan attendance for single sport event in America. What would be the explicit motives to push individuals themselves or the incentives to pull the spectators with attractive benefits of NASCAR events? If motives exist among the NASCAR fans, would there be a need to discover them with an appropriate measurement tool? This study was conducted to explore specific motives of NASCAR spectators, and develop valid and reliable instrument underlying motivational theories. Participants (<i>N</i> = 650) voluntarily responded to Inventory of Motivation for Auto Racing Spectators (IMARS) in a NASCAR event. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were utilized to explore and confirm the 5-factor (Affiliation, Experience, Gratification, Socialization, and Substance) model with 15 indicators. The statistical analyses revealed acceptable goodness fit indexes of IMARS by the observed data (<i>X²/df</i> = 3/63, GFI = .95, CFI = .92, IFI = .91, RMSR = .036). The validities and internal consistency reliability were examined with satisfactory results. The essential motives were explored in this study and a reliable instrument for utility of NASCAR marketing professionals was produced. The study provided quantitative evidences to support the motivation theories and enriched spectator motivation in sport motivation literatures.

When Saying "Sorry" Isn't Enough: Is Some Suicidal Behavior a Costly Signal of Apology? : A Cross-Cultural Test.

Lethal and nonlethal suicidal behaviors are major global public health problems. Much suicidal behavior (SB) occurs after the suicide victim committed a murder or other serious transgression. The present study tested a novel evolutionary model termed the Costly Apology Model (CAM) against the ethnographic record. The bargaining model (BRM) sees nonlethal suicidal behavior as an evolved costly signal of need in the wake of adversity. Relying on this same theoretical framework, the CAM posits that nonlethal suicidal behavior can sometimes serve as an honest signal of apology in the wake of committing a severe transgression, thereby repairing valuable social relationships. To test this hypothesis, the CAM was operationalized into a set of variables, and two independent coders coded 473 text records on suicidal behavior from 53 cultures from the probability sample of the Human Relations Area Files. The results indicated that in ethnographic accounts of suicidal behavior, transgressions, punishment, and shame were relatively common, supporting the CAM, but explicit motives to apologize and evidence of forgiveness were rare, contrary to the CAM. The theoretical variables of the CAM nevertheless formed a cluster distinct from the BRM, and a subset of cases of suicidal behavior were largely related to transgressions and other CAM variables rather than BRM or other variables. Support for the CAM varied widely across cultures, but there was evidence for it in every major geographical region. Exploratory analyses suggested that the CAM is potentially more likely to occur in response to severe conflicts concerning transgressions committed against nonkin. Furthermore, in text records that involved transgressions, male suicidal behavior was most frequently associated with murder, whereas female suicidal behavior was most frequently associated with sexual transgressions. In conclusion, the results provided mixed support for the hypothesis that some instances of suicidal behavior function to send a costly signal of apology to those harmed by a transgression.

Lessons for future research: two experiments failed to reproduce a relationship between achievement motivation and autobiographical memory distortion

ABSTRACTPrevious research (Sharman & Calacouris, 2010. Motivated imagination inflation: Implicit and explicit motives predict imagination inflation for achievement and affiliation events. Experimental Psychology, 57, 77–82) found that participants’ achievement-motivation was associated with the inflation of memory and confidence for unlikely achievement-related events in childhood. Similarly, other research has shown correlations between achievement motivation and grade inflation. In the current studies, we experimentally investigate the effect of false feedback and achievement-motivation on memory distortion for an unlikely childhood event (e.g. inventing an important device). In Experiment 1, we found that false feedback did have an effect, but contrary to previous research, self-reported achievement-motivation was not a statistically significant correlate of memory distortion. In Experiment 2, we again found a main effect for false feedback, no main effect of motivation, and an interaction. Both Experiments did not find, as earlier research had, a significant relationship between achievement-motivation and achievement-related memory distortion. We suggest others use different methods to ours when attempting to demonstrate a causal relationship between motivation and false memories.

Roots of group threat: anti-prejudice motivations and implicit bias in perceptions of immigrants as threats

ABSTRACTThe perception of “group threat” is well known to predict opposition to immigration and negative attitudes toward ethnic minorities in Europe. However, the relationship between group threat and prejudice remains unclear, theoretically and empirically. We offer a new lens for viewing this relationship, using a dual process model of prejudice to help explain individual perceptions of threat as a function of both implicit prejudice and explicit motivation to control or avoid prejudice. Using original survey data from Britain and Germany, we employ measures of explicit motivation to control prejudice (MCP), and implicit intergroup attitudes (measured by the affect misattribution procedure) that are novel in this context. We find that perceived threat is independently associated with implicit attitudes and both internal and, in Britain, external MCP. We thereby connect group threat theory with an updated individual-level model of prejudice.

Unconscious detection of verbal and non-verbal ambiguous stimuli

This paper deals with repetitive control (RC). More specifically, a parametrised version of the repetitive compensator, i.e. of the infinite-dimensional controller employed in RC schemes, modelled as a boundary control system (BCS) in port-Hamiltonian form is presented. Well-posedness and stability of such control scheme are rigorously addressed thanks to novel tools based on dissipativity theory and originally developed for the stabilisation of BCS. Here, the linear and the nonlinear cases are tackled, and in both the cases the classes of plants for which RC schemes are exponentially stable are determined. Moreover, and explicit motivation of perfect asymptotic tracking and disturbance rejection for exponentially stable RC systems without relying on the internal model theory is provided. To show the validity of the analysis, simulations are reported.

Aspirations and Motivations for Facebook Use Through Sem Modeling

Facebook is one of the most pervasive social networking sites in the world. Growing out of a humble Harvard cataloging project, Facebook has over 2 billion monthly active users (Facebook Newsroom, 2017). This paper will explore the motivations for such widespread use of this technology. The study of Facebook user motivations is not a new endeavor (E.g. Quan-Haase &amp; Young, 2010; Knowles, Haycock, and Shaikh, 2015; Kross et al.,2013). Generally, there seems to be a consensus that Facebook is able to provide a social outlet and platform of potential connection for users. However, these explicit self-reported motives beg the question of what are the underlying implicit needs or desires driving the action of joining Facebook? What do people actually get out of maintaining a digital presence there? Uses and Gratifications Theory (U&amp;G) considers how people benefit from mass communication (Katz, Blumer, &amp; Gurevitch (1974). Contrary to early theories where users were just passive consumers of whatever a particular media put in front of them, Quan-Haase &amp; Young, 2010 found six factors of Facebook use gratifications; these factors were pastime, affection, fashion, share problems, sociability, and social information. Self-Determination Theory (SD-Theory) is a meta-framework for defining and classifying different types of motivations in relation to individual differences and social context (Deci &amp; Ryan,1985, 2000). SD-Theory postulates that evolutionarily, humans have three basic psychological needs. According to this view, we have the need for competency, autonomy, and relatedness. Besides psychological needs, another measured component of SD-Theory is life goals, also known as aspirations (Kasser &amp; Ryan, 1993;1996). Aspirations are life goals one has, based on the values one holds; and are normally divided into two categories. Intrinsic aspirations (IA) are such things as meaningful relationships, individual growth, and community contributions. Extrinsic aspirations (EA) encompass wealth, fame, and image; they are beholden to the judgements of other people and tend to be more of a hoop to jump through rather than an end goal (Kasser &amp; Ryan, 1996). The Two-Process Model (TPM) ties Self-Determination Theory together with personal goal and motive disposition constructs (Sheldon &amp; Schüler, 2011). According to TPM all humans have basic needs, but there will be individual differences in motives. A weak experience of competency, autonomy, or/and relatedness (i.e., strong need requirements) was found to provoke motivation to improve the situation (Sheldon and Gunz, 2009). Sheldon, Abad, and Hinsch (2011) built upon these findings by measuring connection and disconnection in Facebook use. The purpose for this study was to investigate whether different types of aspirations (intrinsic or extrinsic) predicted connection and disconnection, and whether Facebook motives mediate this relationship. Participants were 424 college students from a large university in central Florida. Participant gender is 255 female and 167 male, with two not indicating a gender. Participants age range was from 18 to 59 (M=20.8, SD=4.9) years. Three surveys were administered through an online Qualtrics system. Surveys measured aspirations, social connection, and Facebook use. Structural equation modeling analysis was then conducted to produce several models. Direct effects were found between EA and connectedness, as well as IA and connectedness. IA and EA were both shown to predict Facebook motives. However, Facebook motives were found not to mediate the relationship between aspirations and connectedness.

Autonomous creativity: The implicit autonomy motive fosters creative production and innovative behavior at school

ABSTRACTTheories of creativity and empirical evidence have highlighted the importance of autonomy as a motivational source of creativity. However, we know little about the relationship between the implicit autonomy motive and creativity. Using a multi-method multi-informant design, we investigated the relationship between implicit autonomy motives and creative production. We assessed the implicit and explicit autonomy motives of N = 108 adolescents using the Operant Motive Test (OMT) and an explicit motive questionnaire. Then participants completed a creative figural drawing task. In addition, we collected teacher ratings regarding participants’ innovative behavior. Results revealed that implicit autonomy dispositions predicted not only production in a figural drawing task, but also teacher ratings of innovative behavior. These positive relationships remained stable when controlling for achievement motivations and other autonomy-related variables. In contrast, explicit autonomy dispositions could not predict creative production or teacher ratings of innovative behavior. We conclude that the implicit autonomy motive is an energizing force of creative production.

The added value of implicit motives for management research Development and first validation of a Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) for the measurement of implicit motives.

Many Management (sub-)disciplines, from Organizational Behavior and Marketing to Accounting and Strategy, are interested in antecedents and consequences of individual attitudes and traits. A key aspect of personality profiles are explicit and implicit motives. Yet, Management scholars mainly focus on explicit motives, with limited attention to implicit motives. We argue that this state of affairs probably came into being because current Management researchers mainly rely on implicit motive measures that are either difficult to apply or to develop, hampering researchers from applying implicit motive measures. To overcome the downsides of available instruments, we develop a Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) as an efficient, reliable and valid measure of implicit motives, particularly the needs for achievement, affiliation and power. To explore our BIAT’s predictive validity, we apply this measure to a specific research domain within Management: Entrepreneurship. We examine implicit motives’ association with entrepreneurial self-efficacy, business founding, and financial profitability. Our results show that the introduction of implicit motives can unlock stranded discussions in this research domain. Overall, we argue that implicit motives can help to push the boundaries of the study of deep-level attributes in a wide range of organizational and managerial settings.

Valuing Risk: Endorsed Risk Activities and Motives Across Adulthood

This study used content analysis of survey responses to help understand attitudes regarding taking risks across the adult lifespan. A sample of 842 U.S. adults ages 18–92 were asked to report their personal philosophy of taking risks, and what risks they felt people their age should take more often. Thematic categories were identified to classify the range of risk activities and explicit motives for taking risks. Responses were coded, and frequencies of those risk activities and motives were compared between young adults (ages 18–29), middle adults (30–59), and older adults (60+). Logistic regression was used to identify linear and curvilinear trends. Interpreting results within a lifespan developmental task framework, we concluded that risk taking may be valued as a way to create opportunities during young adulthood, a means to capitalize on those opportunities in middle adulthood, and as a strategy for managing resources and well-being in late adulthood.

Acceptilatio. Hugo Grotius on Satisfaction

In 1617, Hugo Grotius had his treatise On satisfaction published. Explicitly directed against Faustus Socinus’s 1594 book On Jesus Christ as our Saviour, it purports to contribute to the confutation of the Italian scholar’s teachings, which in the Netherlands were widely regarded as utterly heretical. The way in which he perceived Socinus, however, was mainly determined by the image of Socinianism as disseminated by its detractors, foremost Sibrandus Lubbertus of Franeker. Grotius did read Socinus’s work, but not with much care, and at least unaccommodatingly. The reason for Grotius to intervene in this theological debate is often assumed to have been to vindicate his and his ecclesiastical party’s views on religion as orthodox, or at least far removed from Socinianism and other heresies. In contrast, it is proposed here to take the explicit motivation in the preface at face value, and assume that Grotius wrote it to refute Socinus on the basis of his juridical, philological, and historical errors, simply because he could, and genuinely abhorred Socinianism as he had learned to understand it.

Explicit Motives, Antecedents, and Consequences of Direct Self-Injurious Behaviors.

Self-injurious behaviors in adolescence are a serious public health concern. The current study aims to expand our understanding of motives for direct self-injurious behaviors (D-SIB). We examined the explicit motives but also the actual antecedents and consequences of D-SIB over time. As part of the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) study, adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 years from Israel completed self-report questionnaires at baseline, 3-month, and 12-month follow-ups. Decreases in social support predicted later increases in D-SIB, an effect mediated by negative affect. Both peer and parental support also exerted quadratic effects on D-SIB. Thus, low as well as high support predicted subsequent D-SIB. In turn, D-SIB was followed by increased peer and parental support. Our methodology relies on self-reports, affected by social desirability and recall biases. The findings support a causal path for the development of D-SIB: from interpersonal distress to emotional distress and then to D-SIB. They also point to interesting avenues regarding subgroupings of adolescents who self-injure depending on their motives. Finally, our results reveal that D-SIB, although of negative import, might paradoxically be effective in serving certain functions such as gaining support from parents and peers.

Translating Law in 19th-Century Belgium: Criticisms of Official Translations of Laws and Decrees

From the late eighteenth century, nationalist winds blew over Europe, passing also through the new state of Belgium, seceded from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1830. Making use of French as the lingua franca in the political and administrative domains, and trying at the same time to engage the Flemish-speaking part of the population, the Belgian government committed itself to translate its legislative texts into Flemish. Yet, these official translations were broadly criticized by Flemish politicians, lawyers and journalists alike. Their response was to publish translations of key legislative texts via private channels. The purpose of this article is to point out the gap between the government’s explicit motivation to inform the people, and the quality and actual usability of the translations of laws, by engaging with the discussion of common criticisms of official translations expressed by members of the Belgian parliament, jurists and the general public.

They do! How the explicit motive-structure predicts user behavior in (business-) social network sites like Xing or LinkedIn

Despite the massive influence of business related social network sites (SBNSs) like Xing or LinkedIn regarding our professional networking-behavior, little is known about how motivational components (especially considering the `Big Three Motives' affiliation, achievement and power motive) affect user behavior in SNSs. The study's findings indicate that the explicit conscious affiliation, achievement and power motive were related to different networking outcomes. While the explicit affiliation motive predicted the percentage of colleagues in the contact list, the total amount of SBNS contacts was predicted by the explicit power motive. Also, people with high explicit achievement motivation networked significantly more often with persons of lower hierarchical status unlike people with less achievement motivated characteristics. This presents us with new research results and closes an empirical gap in motive research.

Acute alcohol effects on explicit and implicit motivation to drink alcohol in socially drinking adolescents.

Alcohol-related cues can evoke explicit and implicit motivation to drink alcohol. Concerning the links between explicit and implicit motivation, there are mixed findings. Therefore, we investigated both concepts in 51 healthy 18- to 19-year-old males, who are less affected by neuropsychological deficits in decision-making that are attributed to previous alcohol exposure than older participants. In a randomized crossover design, adolescents were infused with either alcohol or placebo. Self-ratings of alcohol desire, thirst, well-being and alcohol effects comprised our explicit measures of motivation. To measure implicit motivation, we used money and drink stimuli in a Pavlovian conditioning (Pc) task and an Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Alcohol administration increased explicit motivation to drink alcohol, reduced Pc choices of alcoholic drink-conditioned stimuli, but had no effect on the AAT. This combination of results might be explained by differences between goal-directed and habitual behavior or a temporary reduction in rewarding outcome expectancies. Further, there was no association between our measures of motivation to drink alcohol, indicating that both self-reported motivation to drink and implicit approach tendencies may independently contribute to adolescents' actual alcohol intake. Correlations between Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores and our measures of motivation to drink alcohol suggest that interventions should target high-risk adolescents after alcohol intake. Clinical trials: Project 4: Acute Effects of Alcohol on Learning and Habitization in Healthy Young Adults (LeAD_P4); NCT01858818; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01858818.

Using Data-Driven and Process Mining Techniques for Identifying and Characterizing Problem Gamblers in New Zealand

This paper uses data-driven techniques combined with established theory in order to analyse gambling behavioural patterns of 91 thousand individuals on a real-world fixed-odds gambling dataset in New Zealand. This research uniquely integrates a mixture of process mining, data mining and confirmatory statistical techniques in order to categorise different sub-groups of gamblers, with the explicit motivation of identifying problem gambling behaviours and reporting on the challenges and lessons learned from our case study. We demonstrate how techniques from various disciplines can be combined in order to gain insight into the behavioural patterns exhibited by different types of gamblers, as well as provide assurances of the correctness of our approach and findings. A highlight of this case study is both the methodology which demonstrates how such a combination of techniques provides a rich set of effective tools to undertake an exploratory and open-ended data analysis project that is guided by the process cube concept, as well as the findings themselves which indicate that the contribution that problem gamblers make to the total volume, expenditure and revenue is higher than previous studies have maintained.

Moderators of Implicit-Explicit Exercise Cognition Concordance.

Investigating implicit-explicit concordance can aid in understanding underlying mechanisms and possible intervention effects. This research examined the concordance between implicit associations of exercise with health or appearance and related explicit motives. Variables considered as possible moderators were behavioral regulations, explicit attitudes, and social desirability. Participants (N = 454) completed measures of implicit associations of exercise with health and appearance and questionnaire measures of health and appearance motives, attitudes, social desirability, and behavioral regulations. Attitudes significantly moderated the relationship between implicit associations of exercise with health and health motives. Identified regulations significantly moderated implicit-explicit concordance with respect to associations with appearance. These results suggest that implicit and explicit exercise-related cognitions are not necessarily independent and their relationship to each other may be moderated by attitudes or some forms of behavioral regulation. Future research that takes a dual-processing approach to exercise behavior should consider potential theoretical moderators of concordance.

Implicit Attitudes and Smoking Behavior in a Smoking Cessation Induction Trial

Although studies have suggested that implicit attitudes may predict smoking-related decisions, evidence that changes in implicit attitudes toward smoking are related to changes in smoking behavior is lacking. Using data from a trial comparing interventions to induce quit attempts among unmotivated smokers, this study examined whether changes in implicit attitudes were associated with quit attempts and cessation after controlling for explicit motivation. Daily smokers recruited from the community completed measures of implicit attitudes (Implicit Association Test) and explicit measure of motivation to smoke at baseline, mid-intervention (week 12 [W12]) and follow-up (week 26 [W26]). Quit attempts and cessation were assessed at follow-up, and cessation was biochemically verified. As hypothesized, Implicit Association Test scores became more negative from baseline to W12, a change that was sustained at follow-up. Logistic regression analyses in which implicit attitudes were used to predict smoking outcomes revealed that negative changes in implicit attitudes from baseline to W12 and from baseline to W26 were significantly related to quit attempts (OR = 0.71, 95% CI [0.52, 0.97], p < .05 for both) independent of explicit motivation. Negative changes in implicit attitudes from baseline to W26 were significantly related to cessation (OR = 0.50, 95% CI [0.25, 1.00], p < .05). Negative changes in implicit attitudes were associated with positive changes in smoking behavior independent of explicit motivation. This result indicates that smoking cessation interventions may be enhanced by incorporating strategies to change implicit attitudes, and that changes in implicit attitudes are also potentially important intervention outcomes. Smoking cessation interventions may be improved by going beyond the current focus on explicit psychological constructs and targeting automatic cognitive processes such as implicit attitudes. The results are encouragement to examine how best to manipulate smokers' implicit attitudes as well as to determine the effect on their smoking behavior.

The effects of implicit and explicit affiliation motives on vagal activity in motive-relevant situations

We investigated the independent and interactive effects of the implicit need for affiliation (nAFF) and the explicit self-attributed need for affiliation (sanAFF) on parasympathetic vagal activity (indexed via heart rate variability) in three motive-relevant situations: in a socioevaluative stress situation (N = 49), in a socially ambiguous situation (N = 50), and during socially supported recovery from stress (both subsamples). Vagal activity has been linked with self-regulation and social engagement. Vagal withdrawal has been found to accompany stress responses, whereas vagal advance has been found to accompany attenuated stress and affiliative behavior. Response surface analyses in the current study revealed additive but opposite effects on vagal activity for nAFF (vagal advance) and sanAFF (vagal withdrawal) during the socioevaluative stress situation, high nAFF and low sanAFF incongruence predicted vagal withdrawal in the socially ambiguous situation, and sanAFF predicted vagal advance during socially supported recovery from stress. We suggest that assessing reactions to motive-relevant stress situations represents a profitable approach for investigating the differential effects of implicit and explicit motives.

Double dissociation between implicit and explicit affiliative motives: A closer look at socializing behavior in dyadic interactions

In the present research, we followed two objectives. First, we aimed to replicate the classic finding by McAdams, Jackson, and Kirshnit (1984) that strong implicit affiliative motives predict high levels of nonverbal socializing behavior (eye contact, laughing, smiling) in dyadic interactions with an unacquainted person. Second, we applied a dual-motives perspective and hypothesized a double dissociation between implicit and explicit motives. Whereas implicit motives were supposed to predict nonverbal socializing, the corresponding explicit motives were supposed to predict verbal socializing (i.e., self-disclosure). Using observational data from 123 university students in ostensibly casual conversations, the findings by McAdams et al. were replicated, and the double-dissociation hypothesis was confirmed. These results corroborate dual-motives theory in the domain of affiliative motivation.

An Analysis of Push and Pull Travel Motivations of Domestic Tourists in Nepal

A rigorous analysis of tourist motivation should guide the success of marketing destinations, and the primary objective of this study is to use widely accepted ‘integrative models of push and pull motives’ to analyze travel motivations of Nepali domestic tourists. Drawing from the previous studies, investigating the direct effect of push and pull motives on domestic travel motivation, this study proposes that both push and pull motives are important determinants of domestic travel motivations, however pull factors are significantly more important than push factors for domestic travel motivations. 132 domestic travellers who travelled domestically in past six months participated in the study. One sample T-test, paired-samples T-test and mean ranking were conducted to test hypotheses. One sample T-test showed significant importance of both implicit and explicit motives, and paired sample T-test results showed pull motives are significantly more important for domestic travel motivation. Mean ranking of the constructs within pull motives showed easy access and affordability, variety seeking and history culture are top reasons for domestic travellers to visit a place. Escape daily life, seeking relaxation and sightseeing variety were top three reasons for domestic travel motivation as push motive constructs. The study’s findings unravel Nepal’s domestic tourist’s motivations, and provide practitioners and policymakers with a base to develop an effective strategy to improve the domestic tourism in Nepal.