Explicit Content Research Articles

The sound of silence: Breathing analysis for finding traces of trauma and depression in oral history archives

Abstract Many people experience a traumatic event during their lifetime. In some extraordinary situations, such as natural disasters, war, massacres, terrorism, or mass migration, the traumatic event is shared by a community and the effects go beyond those directly affected. Today, thanks to recorded interviews and testimonials, many archives and collections exist that are open to researchers of trauma studies, holocaust studies, and historians, among others. These archives act as vital testimonials for oral history, politics, and human rights. As such, they are usually either transcribed or meticulously indexed. In this work, we propose to look at the nonverbal signals emitted by victims of various traumatic events when they describe the trauma and we seek to render these for novel representations without taking into account the explicit verbal content. Our preliminary paralinguistic analysis on a manually annotated collection of testimonials from different archives, as well as on a corpus prepared for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder detection indicates a tentative connection between breathing and emotional states of speakers, which opens up new possibilities of exploring oral history archives.

Convolutional Neural Network-based Transfer Learning and Classification of Visual Contents for Film Censorship

Content filtering is gaining popularity due to easy exposure of explicit visual contents to the public. Excessive exposure of inappropriate visual contents can cause devastating effects such as the growth of improper mindset and rise of societal issues such as free sex, child abandonment and rape cases. At present, most of the broadcasting media sites are hiring censorship editors to label graphic contents manually. Nevertheless, the efficiency is limited by factors such as the attention span of humans and the training required for the editors. This paper proposes to study the effect of usage of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) as feature extractor coupled with Support Vector Machine (SVM) as classifier in an automated pornographic detection system. Three CNN architectures: Mobile Net, Visual Geometry Group-19 (VGG-19) and Residual Network-50 Version 2 (ResNet50_V2), and two classifiers: CNN and SVM were utilized to explore the combination that produce the best result. Frames of films fed as input into the CNN were classified into two groups: porn or non-porn. The best accuracy was 92.80% obtained using fine-tuned ResNet50_V2 as feature extractor and SVM as classifier. Transfer learning and SVM have improved the CNN model by approximately 10%.

Promotion of inclusive tourism by national destination management organizations

Purpose Inclusive tourism has the potential to counter balance some of the disadvantages relating to tourism development and effectively exert positive impacts on society at large and specifically on tourist destinations. However, there is a research gap in studies on inclusiveness related to the promotional efforts of national destination management organizations. Design/methodology/approach Data science-based methods, mainly text mining and image mining, were used to analyze both the explicit and implicit content in text and images in the English brochures published by nine European official destination management organizations. Findings Results highlighted that the countries' attitudes towards inclusion were aligned with what the countries’ destination management organizations were promoting, especially in the case of highly ranked countries on an inclusiveness index. However, there were differences between their explicit content (what they write in text) and their implicit content (what they show in images). Originality/value The combined analysis of text and image content allowed for a complete understanding as to how national’s destination management organizations are promoting inclusion, showing that destination management organizations should make an effort in improving their promotional material and above all the images they use.

De la synthèse géographique à l'approche territoriale : l’évolution des définitions de la géographie dans les manuels québécois contemporains (1957–2005)

Cet article propose d’étudier le manuel de géographie québécois dans ses configurations internes. Étudiées dans une perspective diachronique, soit de 1957 (moment de leur modernisation) à 2005 (moment de la dernière réforme curriculaire d’envergure au Québec), ces « configurations » font entre autres référence aux définitions, explicites ou non, de la discipline. Conséquemment, notre démarche s’inscrit dans une conception du manuel en tant que mise en forme de la discipline et des connaissances. Pour mener à bien une telle analyse, il sera question de s’attarder au contenu explicite du manuel, mais également, dans certains cas, à son sous-texte. À plusieurs égards, les résultats obtenus à la suite de l’analyse des définitions disciplinaires contenues dans les manuels de géographie québécois mettent en relief la prégnance d’une histoire en trois temps, soit 1) d’une géographie « encore » classique (1957–1980), 2) d’une géographie intégrant de front une démarche dite expérimentale (1980–2005) et 3) d’une formalisation de l’approche par enjeux territoriaux (depuis 2005).

Comorbid British veteran offenders: themes in judges’ sentencing remarks

ABSTRACT Despite evidence showing an association between dual diagnosis and increased risk of interpersonal violence and criminal justice system involvement, there is a dearth of information about how this plays out in sentencing offenders. This study examined themes in the sentencing of comorbid British war veteran offenders (PTSD/SUD) and described the judicial approach to sentencing this category of offenders. Judges’ sentencing remarks were extracted from Westlaw UK, a large subscription database containing legal materials from the United Kingdom and other jurisdictions. Using both the explicit and latent content of the sentencing remarks, the following issues were explored: judges’ orientations and aims when sentencing comorbid war veteran offenders, how they reconcile problems associated with sentencing mentally ill offenders who were also intoxicated at the time of the offence and how they balance competing interests of society’s responsibility to war veterans and the protection of society. Two major findings emerged. First, the cases fell in a two-way typology patterned by treatment motivation and engagement (high versus low) and the primary cause of the offending behaviour (PTSD versus SUD). Secondly, for the most part, judges considered an offender’s status as a war veteran and adopted a therapeutic and rehabilitative perspective at sentencing.

Adolescents and values portrayed in music nowadays

Nowadays, the close relationship between adolescents and music is a fact reinforced by new technology. Music, in general, reflects values and attitudes in society and serves different purposes in life, however the crisis of values is a constant threat that may be eased by using music as a tool to engage with young people and reinforced ethical values. This work aimed at assessing perceptions of explicit content in pop music by 16-year-old adolescents by means of a questionnaire with a series of short-open questions. The results confirmed a relaxed attitude towards current social values but yet a robust self-claimed personality in young people.

Building trauma-informed research competencies in social work education

ABSTRACT Trauma exposure is highly prevalent in vulnerable groups served by social workers, as well as in populations that are the focus of social work research. Because of this, the field of social work now recognizes the importance of integrating a trauma-informed framework into clinical practice curricula at the bachelors, masters and doctoral levels. Yet this framework is largely absent from instruction on social work research methods and ethics. Through an assessment of contemporary trauma theory, trauma-informed care, and principles of trauma-informed research, the authors argue for ‘universal precautions’ with social work research populations and adding a trauma-informed lens to existing guidelines for ethical research with human subjects. Organizational strategies for applying a trauma-informed framework within social work research education include: 1) incorporating trauma awareness into research courses; 2) teaching self-care strategies to combat vicarious traumatization; 3) including explicit content on ‘two-way’ safety in research courses; 4) providing support for research mentors and teams to encourage trauma-informed supervision; and 5) promoting social work research that rebuilds control and empowerment, such as action research and community-based participatory research.

Building a comprehensive list of health-related SDG targets for the WHO European Region

Abstract Background Within a sustainable development framework, health is envisioned to integrate across all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as both a precondition and an outcome. Yet, to this day, there is no consensus over which SDG targets are relevant for health and wellbeing. While WHO identified health-related targets across all SDGs, inputs from the academic community are more conservative. Using policy documents (PDs), this study aims to build a comprehensive list of health-related SDG targets for the WHO European Region. Methods PDs endorsed during the 2015-2018 Sessions of the Regional Committee for Europe were selected. A supplementary list of PDs was built reviewing the content of progress reports. 32 PDs were selected following the inclusion criteria of validity and scope. With the collaboration of the Sustainable and Development Programme of WHO EURO, a working list of health-related targets was built. A content analysis of PDs was used to test this list and discover additional targets. Results Outside SDG 3, we identified 55 health-related targets distributed across all SDGs (22 additional to the working list). Emerging fields circumscribed to SDG 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, and 17 - in subjects related to food safety and sustainable production, health and sustainable literacy, social welfare policies, adequate housing, sustainable and inclusive communities, climate change resilience, accountable and effective institutions, participatory decision making, knowledge sharing, operational sciences, and partnerships for sustainable development. Conclusions By performing an analysis beyond the semantics of the SDGs, we constructed a more comprehensive and accurate representation of how health and wellbeing are embodied in the 2030 Agenda. Previous studies have used the explicit content of the SDGs, hindering the possibility to find additional connections. PDs constitute a valuable resource to advance public health within a sustainable development framework. Key messages PDs cross-sectoral approach contribute to understand and acknowledge the connection between health and a variety of non-health topics. Health in the 2030 Agenda relates to targets across all SDGs.

Exploring children's perceptions of barriers and facilitators to physical activity in rural Northwestern Ontario, Canada.

Low levels of physical activity among children are a significant public health concern in several industrialized nations. The current research body has failed to gather adequate information on various geographic regions. Understanding barriers and facilitators in different rural regions is imperative for creating successful physical activity interventions for children in rural areas. The purpose of this study is to explore rural children's perspectives on physical activity and to discuss barriers or facilitators to physical activity participation in rural Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Children (n=84) in Grades 4-8 (ages 8-14 years) in rural Northwestern Ontario participated in focus groups to discuss barriers and facilitators to physical activity. Twenty focus groups were conducted in schools. The focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. Subthemes were created based on the explicit content of the data and grouped to form broader themes. Three key themes were identified: environment, social environment, and perceptions of safety. Environmental features include weather and the built environment. Social environment includes the role of friends and adults to either facilitate or restrict children's play. The fear of wildlife was pervasive across all focus groups and resulted in restricted independent mobility and physical activity. Rural children are typically under-represented in physical activity research. The findings of this study reveal that rural children experience some barriers to physical activity that are distinct from those of urban children. The findings suggest that researchers need to understand contextual nuances of the rural environment. Specific to the setting of Northwestern Ontario, these rural children could benefit from the addition of a skate park, indoor places to play, and more wildlife education.

Mining user interest based on personality-aware hybrid filtering in social networks

With the emergence of online social networks and microblogging websites, user interest mining has been an active research topic for the past few years. However, most of the existing works suffer from two significant drawbacks, firstly, they focus on the user’s explicit content and social network structure to predicate the user’s interests, neglecting the fact that the user’s personality might be a rich source to infer the topical interests. Secondly, they represent the user’s content using the bag-of-words model that ignores the chronological order of the posted content, hence the predicted interests might contain outdated topics that the user does not interest anymore. In this paper, we propose a novel user interest mining system based on Big Five personality traits and dynamic interests. To prove the effectiveness of incorporating the user’s personality traits in the interest mining process, we have implemented a social network for news sharing and conducted different experiments on the collected data. The experiment results show that considering personality traits can increase the precision and recall of interest mining systems, as well as can help to tackle the cold start problem.

Critical reflections on erotic content in Star FM’s Couples quality time and Ya FM’s Moto mubhurugwa (fire in underwear)

ABSTRACT In Shona tradition, sex education customarily occurs in gendered, compartmentalised and private contexts. Accordingly, sexually explicit representations in the public sphere are morally obnoxious. However, there has been an unpredicted upsurge of sexually explicit content in Zimbabwe’s Shona language broadcasts. This study is an evaluative and explanatory enquiry of erotic content in Star FM’s Couples quality time and Ya FM’s Moto mubhurugwa, and an account of radio producers/presenters’ intensified interest in the subject of sex, against the Shona people’ ethics on sexual deliberations. Using interviews, data were collected from purposively selected sample comprising radio presenters and listeners, and content analysis of conveniently picked episodes of radio broadcasts in question. Deploying the indigenous knowledge systems viewpoint, this study shows that, the framing and presentation of Couples quality time and Moto Mubhurugwa generally flouts Shona moral standards on sex. However, we argue that, while preserving culture is important, in the absence of sound cultural institutions and spaces, African language radio is an expedient medium for sexual knowledge dissemination. Using the culture industry thesis, the study also demonstrates the commodification and marketisation of sex as one of the new generation radio stations’ strategies to penetrate the broadcasting market and compete with well-established players. The study provides insights into the conundrums of integrating sexual issues in African language broadcasting, and broadcasters’ dilemma in mediating cultural and commercial functions.

O PAPEL D’ EL ESPECULO DE LAS LEYES NA OBRA JURÍDICA AFONSINA: uma breve proposta de análise

El Especulo de Las Leyes é parte da obra jurídica organizada por Afonso X, rei de Leão e Castela entre 1252 e 1284, que consta ainda do Fuero Real, Siete Partidas e Setenário. Apesar do debate historiográfico existente acerca da criação deste código normativo, não havendo consenso sobre a datação ou se ele de fato foi finalizado, é possível perceber sua instrumentalização como uma ferramenta através da qual o rei tentou organizar a justiça e a paz interna do reino por meio do direito. Nesse sentido, nosso trabalho pretende realizar uma breve análise do código, apontando suas divisões internas, seu conteúdo explícito nas matérias de que trata e sua tentativa de organizar a sociedade castelhana naquele momento, para assim identificar seu papel no reino afonsino.

D-BullyRumbler: a safety rumble strip to resolve online denigration bullying using a hybrid filter-wrapper approach

Denigration is a specialized form of cyberbullying which describes a recurrent, sustained and intentional attempt to damage the victim’s reputation or ruin the friendships that he or she has by spreading unfounded gossip or rumors online. It is the most common bullying tactic involving character assassination of public figures like celebrities and politicians. As a comprehensive approach to match to the scale of social media this research put forwards a D-BullyRumbler model for automatic detection and resolution of denigration cyberbullying in online textual content using a hybrid of lexicon-based and machine learning-based techniques. The model processes textual, content-based and user-based features to uncover denigration from two perspectives. Firstly, a direct explicit content analysis is done to look for denigration markers as features for model training and testing. Concurrently, potentially harmful messages, rumors, are identified as candidates and examined for target profile type to reveal the case of denigration. An additional OR operation is done to maintain the holistic framework. Another novelty of the work includes the use of hybrid filter-wrapper method, Chi-square filter and cuckoo search wrapper algorithm to improve the performance of reputation rumor classification module. Experimental results on social media datasets show the superior classification performance. The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed model which facilitates timely intervention by buzzing an alarm to the moderators and further forming a rumble safety strip to inhibit the production and dissemination of inappropriate content to protect the victims.

Scientific eroticism, beauty theorists, and the borders of the erotic: John Roberton’s Kalogynomia and Alexander Walker’s Beauty

ABSTRACT John Roberton’s Kalogynomia (1821) and Alexander Walker’s Beauty (1836) claimed to be scientific works teaching readers to appreciate female beauty. The books present explicit sexual content in technical anatomical prose. We situate these books in the context of late-Georgian radical publishing. We argue that they occupy an interesting intersection between the scientific and the erotic. By treating women’s beauty as a question for science, the books promised to teach readers sexual connoisseurship, which offered erotic pleasures. The scientific status they claimed for their books enabled them to depict nudity and sex while maintaining their respectability as men with medical training. The pseudo-scientific study of female beauty offered possibilities for publishing erotic material in late-Georgian London, producing an unusual genre which became all but extinct in the twentieth century.

Reactions to Unsolicited Violent, and Sexual, Explicit Media Content Shared over Social Media: Gender Differences and Links with Prior Exposure.

While there has been extensive research into consumption of “traditional” forms of explicit sexual and violent media (within pornography, videogames and movies), the informal exchange and viewing of explicit real-world violent and sexual content via social media is an under-investigated and potentially problematic behaviour. The current study used an online survey (n = 225: 169f, 55m, 1x, mean age 30.61 (SD 12.03)) to explore self-reported reactions to unsolicited explicit violent and sexual content that participants had received from friends or contacts. In line with our predictions based on previous studies of fictional explicit content, we found effects of both gender and prior exposure on these reactions. Specifically, females rated both sexual and violent explicit content as significantly less funny and exciting and more disturbing than males did. Amongst males, those with high previous exposure rated violent content as more exciting than those with lower or no prior experience. Regardless of gender, participants with higher exposure to sexual content rated it as funnier than those with mild or no exposure, and those with higher exposure to violent content rated it as more amusing and more exciting. However, contrary to what desensitization theories would predict, prior exposure did not attenuate how disturbing explicit content (of either a sexual or a violent nature) was rated. Multiple avenues for further investigation emerged from this preliminary cross-sectional study, and we suggest priorities for further qualitative or longitudinal work on this novel topic.

Equity Access: Online Nursing Education on Care for People With Disabilities.

Few schools of nursing have explicit content that focuses on disability as a multidimensional construct. Time and expertise are two barriers to increasing that material. To address this gap, a set of online modules were developed to provide an introduction to the specialized knowledge related to the care of individuals with disabilities, with a focus on advocacy. The modules include multiple teaching strategies and can be assigned as supplemental to existing coursework. The modules were tested with 256 undergraduate senior-level nursing students. Overall, students assessed the learning experience as very effective and reported achieving the stated learning objectives. Negative feedback was primarily issues related to technology and ease of use of one particular module. The Equity Access modules are a feasible way to supplement existing nursing curricula content specific to the care of individuals with disabilities. Additional systematic evaluation is needed to assess how the modules influence practice. [J Nurs Educ. 2020;59(6):349-351.].

\u201cThose are Your Words, Not Mine!\u201d Defence Strategies for Denying Speaker Commitment

In response to an accusation of having said something inappropriate, the accused may exploit the difference between the explicit contents of their utterance and its implicatures. Widely discussed in the pragmatics literature are those cases in which arguers accept accountability only for the explicit contents of what they said while denying commitment to the (alleged) implicature (“Those are your words, not mine!”). In this paper, we sketch a fuller picture of commitment denial. We do so, first, by including in our discussion not just denial of implicatures, but also the mirror strategy of denying commitment to literal meaning (e.g. “I was being ironic!”) and, second, by classifying strategies for commitment denial in terms of classical rhetorical status theory (distinguishing between denial, redefinition, an appeal to ‘external circumstances’ or to a ‘wrong judge’). In addition to providing a systematic categorization of our data, this approach offers some clues to determine when such a defence strategy is a reasonable one and when it is not.

S55. PRAGMATIC INFERENCES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: RELATIONSHIP WITH SYMPTOM DOMAINS, THEORY OF MIND AND NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

BackgroundSevere impairment in interpersonal functioning is a common feature of schizophrenia. Deficits in communicative abilities are likely to be among the important factors contributing to social dysfunction in schizophrenia. Difficulties in pragmatic language abilities including understanding intended meaning, beyond explicit and literal content of conversational statements can significantly hamper interpersonal and occupational functioning.An important aspect of pragmatic inference is the ability to derive scalar implicatures (SIs), which are based on linguistic expressions like some, or, often etc. For deriving SIs, one need to go beyond simple semantic and logical level. To date, only a single study has investigated SIs in schizophrenia (Wampers et al 2018). In this study, people with psychosis were less likely to derive SIs than controls. A preliminary analysis of 17 patients with schizophrenia in the same study also showed that better ToM was associated with a higher ability to derive SIsImportantly, the association with schizophrenia and abnormalities in pragmatic infererence might be mediated by clinical features of this illness including formal thought disorder and negative symptoms. Also, difficulties in pragmatic inferences might potentially be secondary to neurocognitive dysfunction rather than being primary deficits. No previous study has investigated clinical and neurocognitive correlates of impairment in ability to derive SIs in schizophrenia.MethodsThe study included 79 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (66 schizophrenia and 13 schizoaffective disorder) and 49 healthy controls who completed a SI task. SAPS, SANS were also administered. Comprehension of irony, metaphor and faux pas were assessed using verbal story tasks. A subgroup of patients were also administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and two ToM tasks (Hinting task and RMET (Reading the Mind from the Eyes).ResultsThere were no significant group difference between schizophrenia and healthy controls for age (F=0.69, p=0.41) and gender (Chi square=2.2, p=0.13). The schizophrenia sample had a shorter duration of education compared to the healthy controls (F=27.2, p<0.001). The patients with schizophrenia had significant impairment in understanding the SIs (F=8.2, p=0.005). Comprension impairment of SIs were significantly associated with SANS negative symptoms (r=-0.29, p= 0.009) but not with SAPS positive formal thought disorder (r=-0.09, p=0.44) and symptoms ratings for hallucinations and delusions. Understanding SIs in schizophrenia was significantly related to better performance in RMET (r=0.34, p=0.036) and irony comprehension (r=-0.38, p=0.001).DiscussionSchizophrenia is associated with significant deficits in understanding pragmatic utterances. These deficits were significantly related to some aspects of social cognition but not neurocognition. Current findings do not support the proposed relationship between formal thought disorder and pragmatic abnormalities in schizophrenia. These findings might have implications in management of social functioning deficits in schizophrenia.

“Obscene, pornographic, or otherwise objectionable”: Biased definitions of sexual content in video game live streaming

This article articulates and critiques the ways that Twitch, currently the most popular platform for video game live streaming, defines sexual content through its community guidelines, terms of service, and other policy documents. On Twitch, both streamers and viewers are prohibited from posting sexually explicit or suggestive content. This includes images that appear in games as well as on-camera performances. Twitch presents defining sexual content as a matter of common sense and community protection; however, what counts as “sexual content” is far from objective. This analysis reveals that Twitch’s definition of sexual content is in fact vague, subjective, and contradictory and enables discrimination. These policy documents reflect problematic social biases, such as those against women in gaming spaces. Twitch’s policies also reflect anxieties about the relationship between live streaming and webcam-based sex work. This article challenges the sexist cultural logics that shape these policy documents and, by extension, Twitch’s platform politics.

Classification of nonlocal actions: Area versus volume entanglement entropy

From the partition function for two classes of classically non-local actions containing the fractional Laplacian, we show that as long as there exists a suitable (non-local) Hilbert-space transform the underlying action can be mapped onto a purely local theory. In all such cases the partition function is equivalent to that of a local theory and an area law for the entanglement entropy obtains. When such a reduction fails, the entanglement entropy deviates strongly from an area law and can in some cases scale as the volume. As these two criteria are coincident, we conjecture that they are equivalent and provide the ultimate test for locality of Gaussian theories rather than a simple inspection of the explicit operator content.