Explanatory Structure Research Articles

Principals’ time allocation in the context of Shanghai school administration

ABSTRACT Time allocation is a complex problem for school principals in many countries. This study examines the restrictive structure of principals’ time allocation for each task domain, as well as the explanatory structure of school administration context for their time allocation. Structural equation models were developed based on data gathered in Shanghai, China using the 2013 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). The results of the restrictive structure indicate that the administrative and leadership tasks are in the moderating position of principals’ time allocation structure. Meanwhile, principals’ interactions with students underlie their interactions with parents and community members. The outcomes of the explanatory structure signal that school administration context (in terms of principals’ work duties, power distribution and work challenges) affects their time allocation in relation to the task domains. This study illustrates the importance of school administration structure in Shanghai principals’ time allocation, characterized by a high power distance between principals and teachers.

Research on the Cultivation and Promotion of College Students’ Legal Quality and Legal Knowledge Based on Deep Learning

Under the new situation, it is urgent to strengthen the cultivation of the legal consciousness of young college students, which makes the research on the cultivation and promotion of college students’ legal quality and legal knowledge become very important. This article is aimed at studying the cultivation and promotion of college students’ legal quality and legal knowledge based on deep learning. This article first analyzes the legal quality and legal knowledge level of college students by proposing a questionnaire survey method, interview method, and interdisciplinary research method and establishes an explanatory structure model of the factors affecting the legal quality of college students; secondly, it introduces the basic theories of deep learning and explains its practical application; finally, the training rules of neural network are constructed through experiments, and the stage method of legal quality training based on BP neural network is introduced in detail. Considering that virtual reality technology has recently penetrated into the game industry and other fields, we have reason to believe that it will find ways to enter the legal knowledge training industry. The experimental results of this article show that the cultivation and improvement of college students’ legal quality and legal knowledge based on deep learning can reduce the momentary confusion and impulsiveness of college students. Among them, more than 80% of college students who know a little about the Constitution account for more than 80%, which also shows the importance of cultivating and improving the laws and regulations of college students. The results show that the method is accurate and fast.

Power enterprise risk identification model based on convolutional neural network and adaptive comparison algorithm

Combined with the actual characteristics of risk identification in electric power enterprises, a convolutional neural network model suitable for load sequence data prediction is determined. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to transform the convolutional neural network (convolutional neural network) to improve the global Optimization ability and convergence speed. Simulation results show that CNN can effectively extract sample information through its convolutional layer and pool layer. After particle swarm optimization, it also achieves good results in prediction accuracy and prediction speed. Secondly, classical interpretation combination model (ISM) is used to analyze the structure of the risk system of electric power enterprises, and the link relationship model of the risk of electric power enterprises is constructed. Through the structural analysis of risk and risk factors, the paper finds out the mutual influence relationship between risk and risk factors, and further finds out the risk chain and risk source. The classical explanatory structure model is extended to the fuzzy set, and then the influence intensity model of power enterprise risk is built. This model considers the influence of risk intensity when analyzing the risk relationship of electric power enterprises, and gives different risk link relations based on different impact intensity. Through comparative analysis, the relationship between the link relationship model and the influence intensity model of the risk of electric power enterprises is obtained. Put forward the sequence similarity matching algorithm based on adaptive search window (ADTW), average algorithm using Piecewise gathered (Piecewise Aggregate Approximation, PAA) strategy for sequence sampling sequence, low precision and low calculation precision sequence alignment of paths, and according to the change of gradient on the low precision of distance matrix forecast path deviation, expand the scope of limiting path search window; Then, the algorithm gradually improves the sequence accuracy, corrects the path in the search window, calculates the new search window, and finally realizes the fast solution of DTW distance and similarity alignment path.

СВОБОДНЫЙ ДЕЛИБЕРАТИВ В РАЗНЫХ ДИСКУРСАХ

The article deals with the study of deliberative in various discursive realizations. The authors believe that free deliberative is the result of the reduction of the explanatory structure, or rather its modus component. The functioning of free deliberative in different discourses shows that, as one would expect, the most conservative in this regard is scientific discourse, while media and literary discourses actively use all the possibilities of free deliberative, activating those that are marked by colloquiality.

Language personality of the author of scientific text through the prism of explanatory structure

Language personality of the author of scientific text through the prism of explanatory structure

How Does Explanatory Virtue Determine Probability Estimation?-Empirical Discussion on Effect of Instruction.

It is important to reveal how humans evaluate an explanation of the recent development of explainable artificial intelligence. So, what makes people feel that one explanation is more likely than another? In the present study, we examine how explanatory virtues affect the process of estimating subjective posterior probability. Through systematically manipulating two virtues, Simplicity—the number of causes used to explain effects—and Scope—the number of effects predicted by causes—in three different conditions, we clarified two points in Experiment 1: (i) that Scope's effect is greater than Simplicity's; and (ii) that these virtues affect the outcome independently. In Experiment 2, we found that instruction about the explanatory structure increased the impact of both virtues' effects but especially that of Simplicity. These results suggest that Scope predominantly affects the estimation of subjective posterior probability, but that, if perspective on the explanatory structure is provided, Simplicity can also affect probability estimation.

Biographische Real-Fiktion als Paradigma narrativer Erklärung

Biographische Real-Fiktion als Paradigma narrativer Erklärung

Parenthetical Structures: Nature, Marks, Controversies

Abstract We focused in this paper on a special relation that functions at the pragmatic, discoursive level unlike all the other relations in the Romanian language: the parenthetical relation. The variety of its elements (simple or complex parts of speech, sentences or even phrases), its marks and the possibility to have a syntactic role inside their structure bring different difficulties or controversies with it. We explain some of these difficulties or errors: the difference between the disjunctive connector ori and the pragmatic connector or; the parenthetical feature of an explanatory structure or the lack of this feature; the difference between the adverbial predicate and the modality object etc.

Explanatory construction in the media language

The article considers the problem of functioning in the language of the media of the Russian explanatory structure. The study is based on the results of studying explanatory sentences in Russian syntactic science, which is reflected in the article as a brief history of their study. The study is based on observations of explanatory constructions in the language of various modern media presented on the Internet. As a starting point, it is argued that in order to solve a problem in a media text, it is necessary to distinguish between the text itself and the paratext, as well as the author’s beginning of the text. The study revealed that the explanatory structure acts as the headings of news texts, subheadings of author columns and interview leads. At the same time, news texts found a special type of speech news, the heading of which is an explanatory structure, and the author’s beginning is mainly verbs of speech. The most significant grammatical result is that the media language not only uses the entire repertoire of explanatory constructions known to the literary language, but also forms a number of spe cial constructions based on the reduction of various elements of the modus proposition and even its whole: these are constructions with a omitted modus predicate of the type “Author about the problem”, “author: replica”, as well as a predicative deliberation with interrogative pronouns like who, where, why, what, it is increasingly used as a heading in a number of pub lications. All these reduced constructions meet the conditions of media communication and genre differentiation of media texts. In addition, it has been shown that important textual and grammatical characteristics of the media text are set in the paratext.

Изъяснительные конструкции, вводящие чужую информацию, в научном дискурсе

The paper reflects the author’s understanding of the explanatory structure as a semantic structure with a wide range of realizations: from complex sentences with an object clause, conjunctionless complex sentences, complicated sentences with introductory words, to simple sentences. The study considers a scientific text characterized by introducing other people’s information due to its polyphonic nature. The study objective was to identify the language reflection of the authors of the scientific text when choosing one of the possible syntactic constructions. A new direction, experimental analysis of the discourse, provides opportunities to language reflection study. Fifty-two graduate students of the Faculty of Philology took part in the experiment. Fifteen professors of various humanitarian specialties were the control group. The study analyzes the scientific text authors’ choice of the method of introducing other people’s information. The linguistic experiment results are those authors’ reflections about choosing one of the possible syntactic structures to deliver other people’s information. The students were found to prefer a direct speech structure (a conjunctionless complex sentence), with the teachers choosing the construction with indirect speech for “it may break the author’s text.” The following groups of reasons for choosing a design were identified: substantivecompositional, genre, and pragmatic. A conclusion is made that the authors of the scientific text do not fully use the wide possibilities for the language system to introduce explanatory semantics and often do it unconsciously. There is a tendency to “push” the authorization mode into auxiliary text, metatext.

A Counterfactual Approach to Explanation in Mathematics

ABSTRACTOur goal in this paper is to extend counterfactual accounts of scientific explanation to mathematics. Our focus, in particular, is on intra-mathematical explanations: explanations of one mathematical fact in terms of another. We offer a basic counterfactual theory of intra-mathematical explanations, before modelling the explanatory structure of a test case using counterfactual machinery. We finish by considering the application of counterpossibles to mathematical explanation, and explore a second test case along these lines.

What Everyone Should Say about Symmetries (and How Humeans Get to Say It)

The laws of nature have an internal explanatory structure. This leads to interesting questions for metaphysicians of laws. What is the nature of this explanation? Marc Lange has recently argued in favor of metalaws: higher-order laws governing other laws, of which symmetry principles may be an example. Lange argues that his view, unlike its competitors, can make sense of the explanatory power of symmetries. I agree with Lange about the explanatory structure of laws but disagree with him about the nature of this explanation. I then present a Humean view that neatly captures the explanatory power of symmetry principles.

Explaining self-reported traffic crashes of cyclists: An empirical study based on age and road risky behaviors

The growing rates of traffic crashes involving cyclists are currently recognized as a major public health and road safety concern. Furthermore, risky behaviors on the road and their precedent factors have been conceptualized as potential determinants for explaining, intervening and preventing traffic injuries of cyclists. ObjectivesThis study aimed at examining whether individual factors and self-reported risky behaviors could explain the crash rates of cyclists in a period of 5 years. MethodsA sample of 1064 cyclists was used, with a mean age of 32.83 years. Participants answered a survey assessing demographic data and information on risky behaviors, risk perception, knowledge of norms, and suffered cycling crashes. ResultsUsing Structural Equation Models, it was found that crash rates in cyclists could be explained through risky behaviors, risk perception, knowledge of traffic norms and cycling intensity. Through a multi-group path model differentiating cyclists by age group, it was also found that cycling intensity has a differential impact on self-reported crashes in older (age > 25) and younger (age<=25) cyclists. ConclusionsThis study suggests that risky behaviors mediate the relationship between the individual factors and the crash rates of cyclists, and that age exerts an important effect in the variation of the explanatory structure of the model. The design of educational tools would be useful for promoting not only the avoidance of risky behaviors, but also a generalized awareness on road safety issues. Practical applicationsThis research provides an empirical precedent in the study of the impact of factors related to risky behaviors on the road and to safety outcomes of cyclists.

The effects of multimodal texts on science reading comprehension in Chilean fifth-graders: text scaffolding and comprehension skills

ABSTRACTReading comprehension is a crucial skill that elementary school students must develop in order to learn science. However, there is not yet enough research about the role that multimodal texts play in scaffolding student reading comprehension of complex scientific processes, such as energy transfer. This study explored how verbal and visual resources (scaffolding level) and individual differences (reading skills) contribute to science reading comprehension. One-hundred and sixty Chilean fifth-graders were assessed on reading skills, vocabulary, and prior science knowledge. A counterbalanced design was used to test two groups: Group 1 reads a text with low multimodal scaffolding and Group 2 reads a text with high multimodal scaffolding. Level of text scaffolding was determined by (1) image function, (2) visual-verbal relations, (3) presence of an explicit explanatory structure, and (4) lexico-grammatical resources. General monomodal and multimodal science reading comprehension were assessed with multiple-choice tests. An ANCOVA analysis revealed non-significant differences between groups after controlling for prior knowledge, fluency, and vocabulary. Likewise, a two-factor ANCOVA analysis showed that the high-multimodal scaffolding text significantly boosted science reading comprehension for low-skilled comprehenders. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for pedagogy and research, aiming to foster multimodal literacy for learning in content areas.

What drives members of an interprofessional care team: A sense of self

Abstract Background/purpose The purpose of this study is to identify what motivates practitioners who provide integrated, interprofessional, team-based care for triply-diagnosed adolescents: mental illness, medical illness and an appetitive drive disorder. Method Using rigorous qualitative methods, one author interviewed team members of the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Integrated Care Collaborative Unit. The semi-structured interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and coded using Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methodology to determine key themes and domains. An interpretive analysis of the domains suggested an explanatory structure for the conceptualization of a collaborative team model focused on individual members’ motivations. Results/discussion Self-actualization, working in a team and a sense of altruism were the three domains identified as important motivators for collaborative integrated care. Individual personal meaning appears to be tied to motives associated with achieving positive perceptions from other team members and patients as well as self-fulfillment at the highest level of human need. Conclusions Key factors influencing individual team members contribute to an integrated healthcare collaborative model in a manner not previously elaborated. The findings of this study offer insight into an alternative, innovative best-practice care model that considers team members’ personal motivational attributes as a framework for team member selection, team structure and workplace environment.

Beyond the one-way ANOVA for \u2019omics data

BackgroundWith ever increasing accessibility to high throughput technologies, more complex treatment structures can be assessed in a variety of ’omics applications. This adds an extra layer of complexity to the analysis and interpretation, in particular when inferential univariate methods are applied en masse. It is well-known that mass univariate testing suffers from multiplicity issues and although this has been well documented for simple comparative tests, few approaches have focussed on more complex explanatory structures.ResultsTwo frameworks are introduced incorporating corrections for multiplicity whilst maintaining appropriate structure in the explanatory variables. Within this paradigm, a choice has to be made as to whether multiplicity corrections should be applied to the saturated model, putting emphasis on controlling the rate of false positives, or to the predictive model, where emphasis is on model selection. This choice has implications for both the ranking and selection of the response variables identified as differentially expressed. The theoretical difference is demonstrated between the two approaches along with an empirical study of lipid composition in Arabidopsis under differing levels of salt stress.ConclusionsMultiplicity corrections have an inherent weakness when the full explanatory structure is not properly incorporated. Although a unifying ‘single best’ recommendation is not provided, two reasonable alternatives are provided and the applicability of these approaches is discussed for different scenarios where the aims of analysis will differ. The key result is that the point at which multiplicity is incorporated into the analysis will fundamentally change the interpretation of the results, and the choice of approach should therefore be driven by the specific aims of the experiment.

Rethinking the explanatory power of dynamical models in cognitive science

ABSTRACTIn this paper I offer an interventionist perspective on the explanatory structure and explanatory power of (some) dynamical models in cognitive science: I argue that some “pure” dynamical models – ones that do not refer to mechanisms at all – in cognitive science are “contextualized causal models” and that this explanatory structure gives such models genuine explanatory power. I contrast this view with several other perspectives on the explanatory power of “pure” dynamical models. One of the main results is that dynamical models need not refer to underlying mechanisms in order to be explanatory. I defend and illustrate this position in terms of dynamical models of the A-not-B error in developmental psychology as elaborated by Thelen and colleagues, and dynamical models of unintentional interpersonal coordination developed by Richardson and colleagues.

The structure of sensorimotor explanation

The sensorimotor theory of vision and visual consciousness is often described as a radical alternative to the computational and connectionist orthodoxy in the study of visual perception. However, it is far from clear whether the theory represents a significant departure from orthodox approaches or whether it is an enrichment of it. In this study, I tackle this issue by focusing on the explanatory structure of the sensorimotor theory. I argue that the standard formulation of the theory subscribes to the same theses of the dynamical hypothesis and that it affords covering-law explanations. This however exposes the theory to the mere description worry and generates a puzzle about the role of representations. I then argue that the sensorimotor theory is compatible with a mechanistic framework, and show how this can overcome the mere description worry and solve the problem of the explanatory role of representations. By doing so, it will be shown that the theory should be understood as an enrichment of the orthodoxy, rather than an alternative.

A historiografia do Império Romano tardio: do Estado máximo ao Estado mínimo, e de volta outra vez

Este artigo analisa os modelos conceituais de Estado utilizados pela historiografia sobre o Império romano tardio ao longo do século XX. A argumentação busca demonstrar que é possível observar uma alternância entre concepções opostas de Estado, ora maximalistas, ora minimalistas e que tais concepções quase sempre se apresentam como estruturas explicativas da história do Império romano tardio, considerando a extensão do Estado como causa da desarticulação ou da manutenção do sistema romano no Mediterrâneo. O texto analisa a historicidade dessas concepções, e demonstra sua conexão com o debate entre modernismo e primitivismo na economia antiga; critica igualmente os pressupostos e a quase ubiquidade das categorizações e ideologias liberais na historiografia (mesmo entre autores marxistas). Na conclusão demonstramos como a oposição historiográfica entre concepções minimalistas e maximalistas obscurecem o entendimento das relações de classe desenvolvidas no interior do sistema de governo imperial romano tardio.

Priscian on Perception

Abstract An aporia posed by Theophrastus prompts Priscian to describe the process by which perception formally assimilates to its object as a progressive perfection. I present an interpretation of Priscian’s account of perception’s progressive perfection, and I consider a dilemma for the general class of accounts to which Priscian’s belongs based on related problems raised by Plotinus and Aquinas. Doing so reveals the explanatory structure of Priscian’s account and the limitations of the general class of accounts to which Priscian’s belongs.