Exploratory Factor Analysis Research Articles

A Novel Framework to Evaluate the Effect of Strategic Systems Thinking on Sustainable Supply Chain Risks, LARG Capabilities and Performance

Supply chain (SC) disruptions created due to sustainable, social, economic, environmental and technical risks are mitigated by lean, agile, resilient and green (LARG) capabilities across the SC node. This study aims at the assessment and alignment of SC risks and capabilities for a strategic fit of appropriate practices resulting in performance, efficiency and continuity of operations. The novelty of this research work is the investigation of the direct and mediating effects of strategic system thinking (SST) between SC risks, capabilities and performance. A survey comprising of 78 items was administered to 255 managers of Pakistan automotive SC industries. The exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were executed to identify the valid constructs along with their reliability and validity. The structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the conceptual model by establishing the second order constructs. SEM results indicated only technical risks having negative significant effect with performance. In terms of capabilities, the general, efficiency, integration as well as the redundant resources were found to have significant association with SC performance. The SST approach was found to be significantly associated with technical risks and capabilities such as general, recovery and redundancy. The hypothesis of SST as a mediating variable across all factors was not observed to be valid in this research. This study can help in the policy and decision-making as well as strategic assessment, planning, development, positioning and alignment of resources across the sustainable SC. The operations can be influenced positively through system integration and conservation of resources for a sustainable performance. The green, environmental and social risks had higher SC impact and need to be focused upon in Pakistan automotive SC for higher performance and sustainability.

Phenotyping Kidney Function in Young Adults With High Blood Pressure: The African-PREDICT Study.

Biomarkers of kidney function, including glomerular, tubular, and fibrotic markers, have been associated with blood pressure in elderly populations and individuals with kidney and cardiovascular diseases. However, limited information is available in young adults. In this study, we compared levels of several kidney function biomarkers between normotensive and hypertensive young adults and explored the associations of these biomarkers with blood pressure within these groups. In this cross-sectional assessment, twenty-four-hour (24-h) blood pressure measurements of 1055 participants (mean age=24.6years) were used to classify hypertension as per the 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines. Biomarkers of kidney function included estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin, alpha-1 microglobulin (uA1M), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), uromodulin (uUMOD), and the CKD273 classifier. All urinary biomarkers, except for the CKD273 classifier, were standardized for urinary creatinine (Cr). In the hypertensive group (61.0% White; 73.2% men), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR), uNGAL/Cr and uUMOD/Cr were lower than the normotensive group. In multiple regression analyses, 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β=0.14; p=0.042), 24-h diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β=0.14; p=0.040), and 24-h mean arterial pressure (MAP) (β=0.16; p=0.020) associated positively with uA1M/Cr in the hypertensive group, while 24-h MAP positively associated with uACR (β=0.17; p=0.017). In exploratory factor analysis, positive associations of 24-h DBP and 24-h MAP with a factor pattern including tubular biomarkers were observed in the hypertensive group (24-h DBP: β=0.18; p=0.026, 24-h MAP: β=0.17; p=0.032). In the setting of hypertension, high perfusion pressure in the kidneys may play a role in the development of proximal tubule damage and promote early deterioration in kidney function in young adults. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03292094.

Measuring adolescent girls' agency.

The last decade has experienced a surge of interventions focused on improving adolescent girls' agency. Yet measuring adolescent girls' agency continues to be a challenge, limiting the ability to track impact. This study addresses this evidence gap by constructing and validating a multidimensional measure of agency among adolescent girls in Ethiopia. This study utilized cross-sectional data from 3033 in school adolescent girls aged 10-12 years and 15-17 years and their adult female caregivers collected as part of the Gender and Adolescent: Global Evidence study in 2017-2018 in Ethiopia. This study constructed a measure of agency among the sample and evaluated both known group and convergent validity of the scale. Twenty-two indicators across three domains (decision-making, voice, and mobility) were used to characterize adolescent girls' agency. The data was randomly divided into two halves for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses separately. While six factors of agency emerged from the initial exploratory analysis, two factors (decision-making and mobility factors) defined adolescent girls' agency from the confirmatory factor analysis. Known-groups validity of the agency scale was confirmed-the scores on the two domains (decision-making and mobility) and the overall agency scale was higher for older girls compared to younger girls and for girls in urban households compared to those in rural households. Convergent validity of the scale was not confirmed. This study advances adolescent girls' agency measurement by providing a validated multidimensional measure that can be used to support future policy and research.

Evaluation of an innovative dementia care competency model among physical and occupational therapy students

ABSTRACT The rising prevalence of dementia calls for a competent workforce capable of delivering quality dementia care. A standard for assessing dementia-care-specific competencies is necessary to guide curriculum development and implementation in a competency-based educational framework during academic training. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Dementia Care Competency Model (DCCM) among students enrolled in physical (PT) and occupational therapist (OT) programs. Eighty PT and OT students completed the DCCM by rating the 11 sub-competencies using the National Institute of Health Proficiency Likert Scale. The Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin of 0.878 and Bartlett’s test significance value of < 0.001, which indicates that the data were very good for factor analysis. The Eigenvalues and scree plot derived two factors with an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.936). When examining the grouping of sub-competencies, the two factors that emerged were patient-centered and interprofessional collaborative care. The DCCM version 2.0 can guide educators in designing learning experiences that target the essential competencies in dementia care, ensuring that PT and OT graduates are well-prepared to work with individuals living with dementia. Future research should refine the model by exploring additional sub-competencies within each domain and expanding the model’s applicability across multiple healthcare disciplines.

Project Yarn Circle: development and pilot evaluation of a cultural connection suicide prevention program for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people

ABSTRACT Background Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people experience markedly higher suicide mortality than non-Indigenous youth in Australia, yet there is little evidence of effective preventative strategies. Many are misaligned to the needs of First Nations young people due to a lack of consideration of protective factors such as community and cultural connection. Objective To date no research has examined whether increasing cultural connectedness may reduce Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth suicidality. The current study outlines the development, implementation, and pilot evaluation of Project Yarn Circle, a school-based suicide prevention initiative utilising cultural education and connection. Method Project Yarn Circle was piloted by an Indigenous owned and managed youth mental health organisation, delivering 5 weekly sessions to 276 young people at 9 schools in Southeast Queensland, Australia, between 2019 and 2023. Sessions connected students to cultural knowledge and practices (stories, painting, dance, Indigenous languages) with Elders and local cultural knowledge facilitators. Results Pre- and post-program evaluation questionnaires completed 6–8 weeks apart found that participants had significantly lower suicidal ideation (GHQ-18-SS), pre 7.16, post 6.61, p = .043 higher positive ideation/reasons for living (PANSI-PI) pre 22.44, post 23.60, p = .009, and higher self-esteem (RSES) pre 16.55, post 23.60, p = .005. Analyses of cultural connectedness items co-designed for this evaluation study and validated using Exploratory Factor Analysis found that students demonstrated greater cultural identity clarity, peer cultural competence, strength from culture, salience of cultural continuity and sense of belonging. Conclusions These findings provide new evidence towards utilising cultural connectedness as an intervention mechanism in Indigenous youth suicide prevention.

The Turkish Version of the Sexual Interest and Desire Inventory-Female (SIDI-F): Examination of the Validity, Reliability and Factorial Structure

The aim of this study is to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Sexual Interest and Desire Inventory-Female (SIDI-F). This methodological study was conducted with 268 women who met the sampling criteria between January and February 2024. Validity analysis was performed using the content validity index, convergent and divergent validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. Pearson product-moment correlation and Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficients were used for reliability analysis. To evaluate invariance of the inventory over time, test-retest measurements were conducted three weeks apart and showed no difference in mean scores (p > .05). Corrected item-total score correlations ranged from 0.303 to 0.846 in the positive direction and were statistically highly significant. Adjusted goodness-of-fit index > 0.85 and comparative fit index > 0.90 confirmed the construct validity of the Turkish SIDI-F. The Cronbach Alpha was found to be .88, indicating high internal consistency. The Turkish version of SIDI-F can be used as a measurement tool to determine the level of sexual interest and arousal.

Global citizenship among students of Kazakhstan: the role of social media

With the increasing involvement of universities in Kazakhstan in the processes of internationalization, there is a need to adapt educational programs to the changing requirements of the labor market and the national educational environment. An important aspect of these changes is the study of the perception of global citizenship among students of Kazakhstan. In this article, the authors present the results of their two studies on global citizenship. In the first study, the authors set out to study the behavior of university students with participation in democratic processes and their use of social media. In the last decade, many researchers have studied the impact of social media on youth participation in global public life. Many of them noted the positive impact, suggesting that the use of social media would promote democratic participation, especially among the younger generation. Among the students of Kazakhstan, 284 students took part in this study. Participation in global and democratic processes includes five main elements: voting, political activism, consumer participation, protests, and communication with politicians. Our research has shown that university students in Kazakhstan most often express their support or protest within the framework of consumer participation. Students in Kazakhstan demonstrate a low level of participation in political activism, protests and communication with politicians. Regarding the second work of the authors, the study aims to adapt the Scale of Global Citizenship to the context of Kazakhstan, which is a key step in preparing students for active participation in democratic processes. The study used a cross-sectional design using quantitative methods for data collection and analysis. 374 students participated in the study. Based on the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, as well as reliability calculations, it was found that the Global Citizenship Scale has been successfully adapted for use in Kazakhstan, which confirms its applicability in the country.

Psychometric Properties of the Dutch Surrender to God Scale: Relationships with Religious Behavior, God Representation, Well-being, and Health.

Given that surrender to God has been associated with health and well-being in believers, research in this area would benefit from the availability of scales outside the United States, where thesewere first developed. To this end, we conducted two studies (N = 130 and N = 574) in Christian samples in the Netherlands to test the psychometric properties of a Dutch translation of the Surrender to God Scale (D-StGS). In addition, the abbreviated Religious Surrender Scale-2 was tested to examine whether the two-item scale would show validity and reliability, as this would benefit research in which there are time (and other) constraints on assessment. Both scales showed adequate to excellent internal consistency, convergent validity with religious coping and religious orientation, and predictive validity; specifically with (I) lower anxiety, stress, and depression symptoms and (II) higher scores on religious behavior and meaning in life. Likewise, both scales were related to (III) more positive, supportive, and ruling, and less passive, anxious, and angry God representations. However, explorative factor analysis of the D-StGS in the first study resulted in two factors (Imitation of God's will and Peace through God's will), which were confirmed with confirmatory factory analysis in the second study. It can be concluded that the D-StGS and abbreviated scale are useful for future research in Christian samples.

Cultural translation of the ethical dimension: a study on the reliability and validity of the Chinese nurses’ professional ethical dilemma scale

BackgroundQuantifying the professional ethical challenges that nurses encounter is crucial for both theoretical insights and practical outcomes. The objective of this research is to assess the psychometric properties of the Chinese adaptation of the Moral Distress Scale for Healthcare Professionals (MD-APPS).MethodsIn 2024, a survey approach was utilized to engage with several tertiary-level healthcare institutions throughout China. A cohort of 448 nursing professionals who satisfied the specified selection benchmarks was consequently incorporated into the study. To evaluate the scale's reliability and validity, methods including the Content Validity Index (CVI), Factor Analysis—both Exploratory (EFA) and Confirmatory (CFA)—alongside assessments of internal consistency and test-retest reliability were employed.ResultsExpert evaluations yielded an I-CVI of 0.90, suggesting good content validity for the MD-APPS's Chinese adaptation. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed a bi-dimensional framework with 7 components, explaining 56.34% of the cumulative variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) outcomes displayed a χ-square/df ratio of 1.542. The estimate for Robust RMSEA was 0.054, and the SRMR was ascertained to be 0.041. Indices for both Robust TLI and Robust CFI surpassed the 0.9 threshold, indicating an acceptable fit; this aspect was supported by a P-value (Chi-square) of 0.094. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's α, was found to be 0.74, while the test-retest reliability over a two-week period reached 0.964. These findings provide initial evidence for the psychometric properties of the Chinese MD-APPS.ConclusionThe Chinese adaptation of the MD-APPS demonstrates promising initial psychometric properties, suggesting its potential suitability for exploring nurses' professional ethical challenges within the Chinese cultural context. This scale may facilitate the identification of diverse elements influencing nurses' professional ethics and the assessment of the ethical climate in nursing practices. However, further validation studies are needed to fully establish its psychometric robustness across various healthcare settings in China.

PUSH AND PULL FACTORS OF FOREIGN TOURISTS IN CHOOSING TIRTA EMPUL SPIRITUAL TOURISM ATTRACTION, GIANYAR REGENCY, BALI

This research was conducted to determine the push factors and pull factors of foreign tourists in choosing Tirta Empul Spiritual Tourism Attraction. The type of data used is quantitative data with data sources using primary and secondary data. The population in this study are foreign tourists who have visited Tirta Empul Tourist Attraction. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling with a total of 100 respondents. Data collection was done by questionnaire, literature study, and observation. The data analysis technique used Exploratory Factor Analysis using the Statistical Program For Social Science version 25 (SPSS) application program. Based on the study's results, there are 5 driving factors and 2 pull factors for foreign tourist visits to Tirta Empul Spiritual Tourism Attraction. The main factor in the driving factor is Emotional Escape which has a total variance value of 33.623%. while the main factor in the pull factor is the Innovative Exploration factor which has a total variance value of 52.664%.

Assessing the influence of entrepreneurial education on individual entrepreneurial orientation of university students

A number of empirical studies have underscored the significance of entrepreneurial orientation in understanding the dynamic business environment driven by entrepreneurial actions. However, the notion of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) has received less attention in scholarly literature. It’s widely acknowledged that entrepreneurial education (EE) makes a substantial contribution to a country’s economy. It’s believed that EE can empower individuals and thus play a crucial role in addressing various societal challenges faced by countries globally. Nonetheless, the influence of EE on the IEO of university students, and whether it effectively guides them towards an entrepreneurial career, hasn’t been thoroughly examined. This study aimed to explore the influence of EE on the IEO of university students. This study focuses on two distinct economies—a developing one (South Africa) and a developed one (Scotland), the latter being recognized for its high-quality EE and a high proportion of individuals opting for entrepreneurial careers. A quantitative research approach was followed making use of an adapted questionnaire, which was analysed with SPSS and EQS 6.4 using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, multivariate analysis of variance and path model analysis. A total of 2841 questionnaires were distributed online, yielding 575 valid responses. Findings indicate that EE significantly influences the IEO of university students in South Africa, but to a lesser extent in Scotland. The study expands the existing body of knowledge on IEO of university students. In addition, it provides insight for policymakers in the respective countries.

Validating an instrument for measuring community cultural wealth with biology majors at a Hispanic-serving institution.

Boosting underrepresented student persistence in STEM majors has been of interest for several years. Prior research has explored various factors that may influence student success and persistence in STEM majors. Specifically, some of these studies have employed Yosso's community cultural wealth framework to explore how a student's cultural wealth may link to certain outcomes. Most of these studies have taken a qualitative approach when exploring cultural wealth and less adopt a quantitative approach. Using biology students in an introductory biology class during the fall (n = 303) and spring semesters (n = 215) at a large Hispanic-serving institution in the southeastern United States, this study seeks to contribute to the literature by validating a previously constructed instrument with a new population. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted using principal axis factoring and an oblique rotation. EFA results revealed 10 dimensions of cultural wealth. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the model produced properly measures the constructs as intended. Overall, the final 56-item instrument used in this study was validated and can be used for measuring cultural wealth in similar populations.

Factor analysis of impulsivity in gaming disorder and internet gaming disorder

BackgroundResearch suggests that a two-factor model of impulsivity predicts Substance Use Disorder and Gambling Disorder. We aimed to determine whether a similar factor structure was present for Gaming Disorder (GD) and Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD).MethodsSecondary data analysis was conducted on survey responses from 372 participants who had completed a series of questions on facets of impulsivity and their involvement in gaming. Participants were sampled from gaming forums and an online recruitment website. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the measures of trait impulsivity, and the identified factors were then analyzed against measures of Gaming Disorder and Internet Gaming Disorder. A confirmatory factor analysis was then run to confirm the model.ResultsThe exploratory results suggested a five-factor model of impulsivity, with gaming being related to all five factors. Interestingly, only two of those factors (Urgency (Positive Urgency, Negative Urgency, Delay Discounting) and (Impaired) Inhibitory Control (False Button Presses on Go/No-Go Tasks)) predicted symptom counts above the clinical cut-off for IGD. In addition, Urgency was related to symptom counts above 7/9 criteria for IGD, as well as symptom counts above the suggested clinical cut-off for GD. The confirmatory factor analysis suggested that this two-factor model of impulsivity had ‘good fit.’ConclusionsThis two-factor model of impulsivity is similar to those found in established addiction disorders, in that one factor appears to predict more problematic involvement than the other. However, the results indicate that Urgency predicts higher symptom counts than (Impaired) Inhibitory Control. This contrasts with previous findings on substance use and gambling, where (Impaired) Inhibitory Control was the factor predicting problematic use. However, there was evidence to suggest that gaming is similar to alcohol consumption, where socially acceptable, “healthy,” use is related to impulsivity at some level, but Urgency is key in the transition from recreational to disordered behavior.

The McMaster Cough Severity Questionnaire (MCSQ): a cough severity instrument for patients with refractory chronic cough.

Cough severity represents an important endpoint to assess the impact of therapies for patients with refractory chronic cough (RCC). To develop a new patient-reported outcome measure addressing cough severity in patients with RCC. Phase 1 (item generation): A systematic survey, focus groups, and expert consultation generated 51 items. Phase 2 (item reduction): From a list of 51 items, 100 patients identified those they had experienced in the previous year and rated their importance on a 5-point scale. The MCSQ included items reported to occur most frequently and that had the highest importance scores. Patient feedback on the MCSQ led to elimination of redundant items. Another 100 patients completed the MCSQ, from which we performed an exploratory factor analysis and a Rasch analysis to further refine items on the MCSQ. Phase 2 led to selection of 15 items from the initial 51. Patient feedback on the 15 items led to elimination of 5 redundant items. An exploratory factor analysis of the 10-item MCSQ led to selection of two domains, elimination of one item that demonstrated cross-loading, and another that had high inter-item correlations. A Rasch analysis of the 8-item MCSQ confirmed that the response options functioned in a logically progressive manner and that no items exhibited differential item functioning. The final 8-item MCSQ has a one-week recall period and includes two domains (intensity and frequency). The 8-item MCSQ had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, 0.89), proved able to distinguish different levels of cough severity (Pearson separation index, 0.89), and demonstrated high cross-sectional convergent validity (Pearson's correlation, 0.76 [95% CI 0.66 to 0.83]) with the 100-mm cough severity visual analogue scale. Initial evidence supports the validity of the MCSQ, an 8-item instrument measuring cough severity in patients with RCC. Future studies should evaluate its properties in measuring change over time.

Методика «Ответственность у подростков»: разработка и описание

&lt;p&gt;The article presents the results of the development and standardization of the author&amp;rsquo;s methodology &amp;ldquo;Responsibility in Adolescents&amp;rdquo;, aimed at studying the basic mechanisms of responsibility and the areas of its implementation in the everyday life of older adolescents aged 16-19 years. The study was carried out on a sample of 240 schoolchildren in grades 10-11 and college students 1-2 years old. The methodology includes 27 statements. Its standardization was carried out in accordance with the necessary requirements for testing validity and reliability. Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, 6 scales were identified that reflect the main components of responsibility: &amp;ldquo;Support&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Self-control&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Conscience&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Social responsibility&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Care for the environment&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Avoidance of responsibility&amp;rdquo;. The scales have good internal consistency. Checking the convergent validity when comparing the general indicator of responsibility and the indicator of internality of the &amp;ldquo;Methods for diagnosing the level of subjective control&amp;rdquo; showed a significant correlation. The good psychometric indicators of the methodology and its portability allow us to recommend it for both individual and group work with adolescents.&lt;/p&gt;

Civic and Community Engagement among Poor Rural Women in Bihar: A Pilot Study

Civic and community engagement is often crucial for the successful development of rural areas and a catalyst of personal transformation. This article examines changes in civic and community engagement among women in rural Bihar, India. Using an exploratory factor analysis of survey data from n = 815 respondents who participated in Heifer’s Values-Based Holistic Community Development [VBHCD] training, the study identifies three factors that constitute civic and community engagement. Next, the study assesses the efficacy of VBHCD’s impact on participants’ civic and community engagement relative to participants’ duration in the program and type of self-help group. The results indicate that pass-on groups are more civically active in their community than original groups. However, civic and community engagement wanes over the course of participation in Heifer’s intervention.

Development and validation of the Parental Affection/Warmth Scale (PAWS) in a sample of parents of 2- to 8-year-olds.

Parental warmth is a treatment target of emerging interventions for children with callous-unemotional traits. However, research to date has yet to examine the empirical structure of parental warmth toward young children due to the lack of clinically feasible, psychometrically sound, and comprehensive measures of warmth for this population. To address this knowledge gap, the present study developed and tested the psychometric properties of a self-report measure of parental warmth, the Parental Affection/Warmth Scale (PAWS). A sample of 899 parents of 2- to 8-year-old children (M = 4.77 years, SD = 1.95; 46.1% girls) was recruited online using Amazon's Mechanical Turk and CloudResearch. Exploratory factor analysis identified a novel three-factor structure: Warmth, Toddler-oriented Interaction, and Play-based Interaction, which was validated by a confirmatory factor analysis. However, only the PAWS Warmth subscale functioned consistently with theoretical expectations. PAWS Warmth scores were internally consistent; convergent with existing positive parenting scales; discriminant from negative parenting scales; and concurrent with child empathy, callous-unemotional traits, and conduct problems. Findings have implications for refining treatment targets for interventions focused on enhancing parental warmth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Public perception of esports: an examination of esports image and genre differences

ABSTRACT As esports continues to gain popularity, a clear understanding of the public image associated with esports would help corporations and organizations working within or collaborating with the esports industry to establish effective communication strategies for their target audiences. In this study, we identify the image people associate with esports and examine whether it varies across different esports genres. Two surveys were conducted for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, followed by a series of ANOVA. Results reveal mixed image of esports, comprising three negative associations (i.e. provocative, addictive, and impulsive) and four positive associations (i.e. entertaining, competitive, aesthetic, and social). Moreover, distinct patterns exist for the image of esports across five different genres (i.e. Fighting, FPS, MOBA, Sport Simulation, and DCC games). It appears that positive associations vary more distinctly across esports genres than negative associations. Findings imply that there is no “one-size-fits-all” regarding how esports are perceived, highlighting the image of esports as multidimensional, highly contextual and advising against uniform treatment.

An environmental mitigation behavior model predicting waste reduction among young coastal tourists in Bangladesh

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to develop an environmental mitigation behavior model (EMBM) for predicting waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists in Bangladesh by modifying and extending the theory of planned behavior (TPB).Design/methodology/approachThe research has been administered by applying mixed method (both qualitative and quantitative), where study-1(qualitative) identifies factors, study-2 (quantitative) verifies factors by employing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) approach, and study-3 confirms factors influencing waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists by employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Study-2 collects 385 valid responses and analyzes by applying the principal component analysis (PCA) technique with the Varimax rotation method by using SPSS-v25, and Study-3 collects 501 valid responses and analyzes by partial least structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique, using Smart PLS3.3.3.FindingsThe study findings have revealed that waste reduction intention and perceived ecological balance significantly influence waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists in Bangladesh. Further, waste reduction intention is significantly predicted by mitigation attitude, resource conservation norms and environmental perceptions. Furthermore, environmental ethics significantly affects mitigation attitudes and resource conservation norms.Practical implicationsThe study offers several insightful implications (e.g. incentives, charging fines, environmental awareness-related knowledge-based campaign, etc.) for policymakers and industry operators, which may be a dynamic cost-effective mechanism for reducing waste at coastal tourism destinations in Bangladesh as well as in the world.Originality/valueThis study addresses the need for developing a model that can explain waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists in Bangladesh, and thus, the study uniquely postulates the theory of environmental mitigation behavior for predicting waste reduction behaviors by modifying and extending the TPB.

Development of a breastfeeding support scale in the workplace and psychometric properties of Turkish version: a validity and reliability

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to develop a workplace breastfeeding support scale for working mothers and examine their psychometric properties. This methodological research was conducted between February and April 2022. This study included 325 mothers who continued breastfeeding while working. The tool development stages included item generation, expert review for content validity testing, and psychometric testing. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews between February and April 2022. In data analysis, for explanatory factor analysis, the direct oblimin technique and scree plot test were performed. Structural equation modeling was performed for confirmatory factor analysis. Two sub-dimensions (manager support, environmental support) and a nine-item workplace breastfeeding support scale showed good validity and reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha value of the total scale and sub-dimensions of the scale were greater than 0.70. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fit indices were acceptable (χ2 = 68.658, χ2/df = 2.64, CFI = 0.94, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.92, and RMSEA = 0.07). The total variance explained by the scale was 54.32 percent. This newly developed 9-item and 2-dimensional version is a valid and reliable tool for measuring the working mothers’ perception of workplace breastfeeding support. This tool is recommended to be verified in other low, middle, and high-income countries.