Sport Expertise Research Articles

Prevention and control of violence and aggression in football fans: Implications for sport psychologists, fans, and policymakers

This research was conducted to design an interpretive structural model of factors affecting the prevention and control of violence and aggression in football fans. The statistical population of this study was entirely composed of sport experts, executive managers, sociologists, and management professors in Iran. Thirteen individuals were accordingly selected as the research sample using non-probability purposeful sampling. The effective factors were identified through library study and reviewing the theoretical foundations and research background. Confirming the content validity of these factors by considering experts’ opinions, 14 factors were finally identified. The interrelationships between the factors were determined using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and network analysis based on Decision Making and Trial Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) was also employed to measure their importance, ranking them accordingly. The factors were categorized into four levels according to ISM. The highest level (first level) includes “match day service quality,” “fair refereeing,” “consolidation of social ties,” and “cognitive reconstruction of fans.” The second level contains “design, protection, and security of stadiums,” “patterning and identification,” and “use of calming techniques.” “Awareness and informing” and “anger control training” belong to the third level, while the lowest level (fourth level) includes “media,” “fan organizations,” “laws, regulations, and security solutions,” “moral education or persuasion,” and “teaching communication skills to fans.” Among them, the last level is fundamental, influencing the other factors. The results obtained in this work can be used as a basis for policymaking to reduce violence and aggression among football fans.

O.4.4-5 Transition of the chronically ill patient to a physically active lifestyle: a DELPHI study with experts from the field of sport

Abstract The purpose of this study is to gather the opinion of experts from the sports/association context on the theme of physical activity for chronically ill patients in the out-of-hospital context. To conduct this study, we used the DELPHI methodology (Dalkey & Helmer, 1963). This method is used to reach a convergence of opinions on a subject with experts from the related field. This methodology consists in a succession of survey submitted to our population of sport experts (n = 62). Every survey is preceded by a feedback about the previous results: in that way experts can answer the following survey taking into account the opinion from the majority of respondents. Surveys have been sent to the expert electronically using SurveyMonkey®. This study contains three consecutive surveys (rounds). Each survey has been validated by the Content Validity Index (CVI) methodology to assess the relevance and the clarity of statements (Rubio et al., 2003). Each steps of the DELPHI process have been segmented in six sections: participants, stakeholders, communication/transition, type of activity, financial aspects and motivation. After the three rounds of the DELPHI a consensus has been reached for every section of the survey (more than 60% of approval on the topic). 81% of the experts agreed that assessments were needed for participants before taking part in sport activities. 63% of the experts agreed that stakeholders needed at least a bachelor’s degree in sport sciences to supervise activities. 75% agreed that the groups must be rather small (4-5 persons). 78% agreed that participants have to pay, at least partly, for their participation. 81% agreed that social interactions are the main motivational factor of out-of-hospital sport activity among those participants. Despite several limitations, this study led to encouraging results concerning the development of physical activities for chronically ill patient in out of hospital context. We believe that these results will enable sports associations to have a basis for developing “sport-health” activities, tailored to the local context. In the other hand, we also believe that our research will raise awareness of the role of local specialists in physical activity promotion among this type of population.

Cyclic relationship of mechanical likelihood: Coupling perception-action states in extended haptic accuracy

The present study investigates the dynamic nature of haptic accuracy in racket sports, specifically focusing on self-produced movements in participants with different skill levels (novice vs. expert). The study examines performance accuracy using indicators such as absolute error size and the coefficient of restitution as measures of haptic accuracy. To collect and analyze the data, custom-made devices, including shock and vibration sensors and Qualisys Track Manager, were used. The results indicate that skilled participants demonstrated higher accuracy, reflected by smaller absolute error sizes, and exhibited reduced variability in impulse vibration during self-produced movements. Moreover, employing maximum likelihood estimation and differential equations, we reveal cyclic relationships among these mechanical features. These findings provide valuable insights into perception-action coupling within different haptic skill levels, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of expertise in racket sports. By shedding light on the intricate relationship between haptic accuracy and performance, this research offers a valuable framework for studying perception-action coupling in racket sports and can potentially guide future investigations.

Adolescent tennis players' injury profile and awareness level of sports injury

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between injury risk profile and injury awareness, as well as the level of injury knowledge and the incidence of injuries among adolescent tennis players. Material and Methods: One hundred seventy-nine adolescent tennis players (n: 98 females and 81 males, age: 13.9±1.6 years), who had a history of at least one sports injury were included in the study. A questionnaire was designed by sport experts that questioned about the tennis injuries and awareness of tennis injuries. Results: The most injured area was the shoulder (22%). It was followed by elbow (19%), ankle (17%), wrist (16%), and the knee (12%). Experiencing more sport injuries (more than twice) increased 5.7 times (p<0.01) if they had medium knowledge level, and increased 22.4 times if they had low knowledge level (p<0.001). Conclusion: Upper extremity injuries are more common in adolescent tennis players comparing with lower extremity injuries. In addition, the number of previous tennis injuries was related to training load and the athletes' awareness of tennis injuries. Therefore, optimizing tennis training load and increasing the level of injury awareness in adolescent tennis players may be important in preventing future sports injuries.

Exploring the potential of ChatGPT as a supplementary tool for providing orthopaedic information.

To investigate the potential use of large language models (LLMs) in orthopaedics by presenting queries pertinent to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery to generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT, specifically using its GPT-4 model of March 14th 2023). Additionally, this study aimed to evaluate the depth of the LLM's knowledge and investigate its adaptability to different user groups. It was hypothesized that the ChatGPT would be able to adapt to different target groups due to its strong language understanding and processing capabilities. ChatGPT was presented with 20 questions and response was requested for two distinct target audiences: patients and non-orthopaedic medical doctors. Two board-certified orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons and two expert orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons independently evaluated the responses generated by ChatGPT. Mean correctness, completeness, and adaptability to the target audiences (patients and non-orthopaedic medical doctors) were determined. A three-point response scale facilitated nuanced assessment. ChatGPT exhibited fair accuracy, with average correctness scores of 1.69 and 1.66 (on a scale from 0, incorrect, 1, partially correct, to 2, correct) for patients and medical doctors, respectively. Three of the 20 questions (15.0%) were deemed incorrect by any of the four orthopaedic sports medicine surgeon assessors. Moreover, overall completeness was calculated to be 1.51 and 1.64 for patients and medical doctors, respectively, while overall adaptiveness was determined to be 1.75 and 1.73 for patients and doctors, respectively. Overall, ChatGPT was successful in generating correct responses in approximately 65% of the cases related to ACL surgery. The findings of this study imply that LLMs offer potential as a supplementary tool for acquiring orthopaedic knowledge. However, although ChatGPT can provide guidance and effectively adapt to diverse target audiences, it cannot supplant the expertise of orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons in diagnostic and treatment planning endeavours due to its limited understanding of orthopaedic domains and its potential for erroneous responses. V.

Understanding the nexus of sustainable development and sport: the systems thinking perspective

This study aims to explore how international sport experts make sense of sport’s interaction with sustainable development. We adopted the interpretivist lens, combining the viewpoints of identified experts with the systems thinking approach. We conducted 29 semi-structured interviews with higher management decision-makers in international sport organizations and used an inductive approach for theory building to analyze the data and the systems map to show the various interrelations of the categories that were identified. The systems map offers a visualization of perceived causal connections that stem directly from the interviews with the experts. The map contains 58 variables, including nine themes and 49 categories, which are connected via 112 causal links, indicating the interconnected structure. The themes “environment,” “social inclusion,” “economic growth,” and “health and wellbeing” represent outcomes of sport, while “visibility,” “safety,” “communication means,” “educational tools,” and “governance and integrity” are mechanisms of how sport can interact with sustainable development. The systems map presents a tool for understanding the complexity of relationships between key variables at play that can help policymakers, practitioners, and researchers when formulating, testing, and implementing various policy options directed toward increasing sustainability of sport stakeholders.

Sport dependent effects on the sensory control of balance during upright posture: a comparison between professional horseback riders, judokas and non-athletes.

Compared to judokas (JU) and non-athletes (NA), horseback riders (HR) may develop specific changes in their sensory control of balance. Thirty-four international-level JU, twenty-seven international-level HR and twenty-one NA participated. Participants stood upright on a plateform (static condition) or on a seesaw device with an instability along the mediolateral (ML) or the anteroposterior (AP) direction (dynamic conditions). These conditions were carried out with eyes opened (EO) or closed (EC), and with (wF) or without a foam (nF). Experimental variables included conventional (linear), non-linear center-of-pressure (COP) parameters, Romberg Quotient (RQ) and Plantar Quotient (PQ). Group effects. COP Surface (COPS) and standard deviation of COP along AP (SDY) were lower in HR than in JU in Static. SD Y was lower in HR than in JU in Dynamic AP. COP velocity (COPV) was lower in both HR and JU than in NA in Static and Dynamic. Sample entropy along AP and ML (SampEnY and SampEnX) were higher in HR than in JU in Static. SampEnY was higher in HR than in JU in Dynamic ML. Sensory effects. In EC, COPV was lower in JU than in NA in Dynamic AP, and lower in JU than in both HR and NA in Dynamic ML. In EO, COPV was lower in both JU and HR than in NA in Dynamic ML. RQ applied to COPS was lower in JU than in both HR and NA in Dynamic AP, and lower in JU than in HR in Dynamic ML. RQ applied to COPV was lower in JU than in both HR and NA in Static and Dynamic. PQ applied to COPS was higher in JU than in both HR and NA in Dynamic ML. Results showed that the effects of sport expertise on postural control could only be revealed with specific COP variables and were directionally oriented and sport-dependant. HR seem to rely more on vision than JU, thus revealing that the contribution of the sensory inputs to balance control is also sport-dependent. Results open up new knowledge on the specificity of sport practice on multisensory balance information during upright posture.

What happens in the prefrontal cortex? Cognitive processing of novel and familiar stimuli in soccer: An exploratory fNIRS study

ABSTRACT The importance of both general and sport-specific perceptual-cognitive abilities in soccer players has been investigated in several studies. Although these perceptual-cognitive skills could contribute significantly to soccer players’ expertise, the underlying cortical mechanisms have not been clarified yet. Examining activity changes in the prefrontal cortex under different cognitive demands may help to better understand the underlying mechanisms of sports expertise. The aim of this study was to analyse the prefrontal activity of soccer experts during general and sport-specific cognitive tasks. For this purpose, 39 semi-professional soccer players performed four perceptual-cognitive tests, two of which assessed general cognition, the other two assessed sport-specific cognition. Since soccer is a movement-intensive sport, two tests were performed in motion. While performing cognitive tests, prefrontal activity was recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) (NIRSport, NIRx Medical Technologies, USA). Differences of prefrontal activity in general and sport-specific cognitive tasks were analysed using paired t-tests. The results showed significant increases in prefrontal activity during general cognitive tests (novel stimuli) compared to sport-specific tests (familiar stimuli). The comparatively lower prefrontal activity change during sport-specific cognition might be due to learned automatisms of experts in this field. These results seem in line with previous findings on novel and automated cognition, “repetition suppression theory” and “neural efficiency theory”. Furthermore, the different cortical processes could be caused by altered prefrontal structures of experts and might represent a decisive factor for expertise in team sports. However, further research is needed to clarify the prefrontal involvement on expertise in general and sport-specific cognition.

Effects of expertise in skill-oriented sports on postural control: An event-related potential study using dual-task paradigm

Postural control is a fundamental aspect of motor skills and is crucial for achieving optimal performance in sports. However, previous studies mainly explored the postural control ability of athletes of skill-oriented sports (skilled athletes) under single postural control conditions, disregarding the processing characteristics of postural control in real sports scenarios. This research used the event-related potential (ERP) to investigate the postural control ability of skilled athletes during the action inhibition process by a dual-task paradigm. The study included 26 skilled athletes and 25 nonathletes who simultaneously completed a postural control task and a Go/Nogo task. The results showed that skilled athletes exhibited superior postural control performance in all three standing positions and higher N1 and P3 component amplitudes than nonathletes. The study illustrated that skilled athletes exhibit higher flexibility in allocating attentional resources to ensure optimal postural control and action inhibition performance. These findings suggest that skilled athletes possess a higher level of control automation in complex standing positions and more efficient and economical brain processing characteristics, which may contribute to their exceptional performance in sports.

Factors Influencing Nutritional Intake and Interests in Educational Content of Athletes and Sport Professionals Toward the Development of a Clinician-Supported Mobile App to Combat Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: Formative Research and a Description of App Functions.

Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) as a consequence of athlete malnutrition remains a prominent issue. However, it remains underrecognized, in part due to the perceived outward health of athletes. The Eat2Win app was designed to combat RED-S and athlete malnutrition by providing education, behavior modification, and direct communication with expert sports dietitians to athletes and sport professionals (professionals who work with athletes, eg, sport coaches and athletic trainers). The purpose of this formative research was to gain critical insight on motivators and barriers to optimal nutritional intake from both the athletes' and sport professionals' perspectives. Additionally, since these 2 groups represent the primary end users of an app aimed at improving athlete nutrition and reducing the risk of RED-S, a secondary objective was to gain insight on the preferences and perceptions of app-based educational content and functionality. An electronic survey was developed by an interdisciplinary team of experts. Survey questions were established based upon prevailing literature, professional dietetic field experience, and app design considerations to obtain respondent knowledge on key sports nutrition topics along with motivations and barriers to meal choices. Additionally, the survey included questions about the development of an integrative, clinician-support app aimed at addressing RED-S. These questions included preferences for educational content, modes of in-app information, and communication delivery for the target population (app end users: athletes and sport professionals). The survey was distributed through Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) to athletes and sport professionals using targeted email, social media, and community engagement campaigns. The electronic survey was available from May 4 to August 2, 2022. Survey respondents (n=1352) included athletes and professionals who work with athletes from a variety of settings, like high school, collegiate, professional, and club sports. Respondents reported high interest in 8 core sports nutrition topics. The preferred modes of information and communication delivery were visual formats (eg, videos and infographics) and in-app alerts (eg, direct messaging and meal reminders). Only athlete respondents were asked about motivators and barriers that influence meal choices. "Health" and "sports performance" were the highest scoring motivators, while the highest scoring barriers were "cost of food," "easy access to unhealthy food," and "time to cook or prepare food." Notably, survey respondents provided positive feedback and interest using a novel function of the app: real-time meal feedback through food photography. The Eat2Win app is designed to combat RED-S and athlete malnutrition. Results from this study provide critical information on end-user opinions and preferences and will be used to further develop the Eat2Win app. Future research will aim to determine whether the Eat2Win app can prevent RED-S and the risk of athlete malnutrition to improve both health and performance.

Comparative evaluation of an electrocardiogram workflow model for athletic cardiovascular screening: Primary care network versus sports cardiology interpretation

BackgroundElectrocardiogram (ECG) testing in pre-participation screening (PPS) remains controversial due to its cost, resource dependency, and the potential for inaccurate interpretations. At most centres, ECGs are conducted internally by providers trained in athletic ECG interpretation. Outsourcing ECG requisitions to an athlete's primary care network (PCN) may reduce institutional demands. This study compared PCN-conducted athletic ECG interpretation to expert sports cardiology interpretation. MethodsThis was a retrospective, single-centre chart-review study of all athletes who underwent cardiovascular PPS between 2017 and 2021. All athletes submitted an ECG with their screening package, which was conducted and interpreted within their PCN. All ECGs were reinterpreted by a sports cardiologist using the International Criteria (IC) for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes. Overall, positive, and negative percent agreement were used to compare PCN-conducted ECG interpretation with IC interpretation. ResultsA total of 740 athletes submitted a screening package with a valid ECG (mean age: 18.5 years, 39.6% female). PCN-conducted ECGs were interpreted by 181 unique physicians. Among 41 (5.5%) PCN-conducted ECGs that were initially interpreted as abnormal, only 5 (0.7%) were classified as abnormal according to the IC. All PCN-conducted ECGs reported as normal were also classified as normal according to the IC. The overall agreement between PCN-conducted and IC ECG interpretation was 95.1% (positive percent agreement: 100%, negative percent agreement: 95.1%). ConclusionsNormal PCN-conducted athletic ECGs are interpreted with high agreement to the IC. Majority of PCN-conducted ECGs interpreted as abnormal are indeed normal as per the IC. These findings suggest that a PPS workflow model that outsources ECG requisitions to a PCN may be a reliable approach to PPS, all while reducing screening-related institutional costs and resource requirements.

DESIGNING ENTREPRENEURIAL BUSINESS MODEL IN THE IRANIAN CLUB INDUSTRY IN POST-CORONAVIRUS CONDITIONS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the COVID-19 and the challenges facing the club industry in developing countries. In this qualitative-analytical study, 17 sports experts, sports club managers, and sports entrepreneurs were interviewed based on purposive and triangular sampling methods. The data analysis was also performed by open and axial coding, of which 6 concepts and 42 categories were classified under 6 general themes. The main concepts include government support, financial issues, club activity, sponsorship, mental consequences, and social media. This study highlights the role of sports entrepreneurship in overcoming problems. Managers must use the ability of entrepreneurship because entrepreneurship is considered essential in the economy and provides the impetus for economic growth. Sports entrepreneurship can overcome the coronavirus crisis and solve the problems that have arisen.

Stop it! Relationship between sport expertise and response inhibition in elite athletes.

The dynamic structure of sport games forces players to make time-sensitive decisions and to initiate actions that may then have to be canceled in response to sudden changes in the game situation. Whether and up to which time already initiated movements can still be inhibited is an important criterion for game performance in elite sport. Research indicates that elite athletes show superior motor inhibition performance compared to recreational athletes. However, no study has examined whether differences also emerge among professional elite athletes themselves. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether motor inhibition performance is a differential feature among elite athletes, and whether inhibition performance increases with greater expertise. In total of 106 elite athletes (ice hockey, basketball, volleyball, American football, handball, and soccer) completed a PC-based procedure to determine motor inhibition performance using the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) task for hands and feet. In addition, an expertise score was determined for each elite athlete. Multiple linear regression was used to calculate the relationship between expertise and SSRT. Results showed that the expertise score of the elite athletes was between 3.7 and 11.7 out of 16 possible points (MExpertise = 6.8 points, SD = 1.76). The average SSRT of the hands was 224.0 ms (SD = 35.0); of the feet, 257.9 ms (SD = 48.5). Regression results showed a significant relationship between expertise and SSRT (F(2,101) = 9.38, p = 0.04, R2 = 0.06). SSRTs of the hands were significant predictors of expertise (b = -0.23, t = -2.1, p = 0.04). Taken together, results suggest that elite athletes with higher expertise outperform elite athletes with lower expertise, indicating that it is possible to differentiate within elite athletes with respect to inhibition performance of the hands. However, whether expertise affects inhibition performance or vice versa cannot be answered at present.

Fulfillment of Nutrition Intake of Volleyball Athletes to Achieve Achievement: A Systematic Review

Sport is a genuine work pointed toward working on accomplishing the main introductions for individuals who are individuals or gatherings. He is trusted to acquire knowledge and innovation that is put to good use in order to achieve success in the field of sports in which he participates. Using a review and analysis of online references on the effects of sports nutrition on athlete performance, the purpose of this writing is to describe how sports nutrition helps athletes achieve their goals. The analysis's findings demonstrate that sports nutrition plays a crucial role in achieving a goal. Where this includes having a significant impact on and determining the rise in an athlete's accomplishments, particularly in volleyball. Using appropriate and expert sports equipment is one of the factors that must be taken into account when determining high volleyball sporting accomplishments because of the application of knowledge and innovation. Starch, fat, protein, nutrients, minerals, water, and fiber are all healthy nutrients for volleyball athletes to consume. Athletes in volleyball are fed well-balanced meals throughout the match, recovery, and preparation phases

Impact of Diversification on Movement Self-Perception and Movement Performance in University Sports Students

ABSTRACT Purpose: It has been acknowledged that accurate movement self-perception is a crucial prerequisite for reaching high levels of movement expertise in sports. The influence of distinct educational environments (specialization vs. diversification) on movement self-perception has thus far, however, mainly been tested in short-term investigations. Method: Therefore, a longitudinal study spanning two-and-a-half years was conducted with sports students from two conceptually different sports study programs. A total of 72 sports students from a convergent-oriented program (COSP, n = 38) and a diversification-oriented study program (DOSP, n = 34) participated in the standardized BAST® movement analysis at the beginning and end of their studies. Results: While, at the end of their sports studies, COSP showed no significant changes in movement self-perception, DOSP students’ movement self-perception increased significantly in five out of eight movement tasks of the BAST®. DOSP students, furthermore, developed a strong relationship between movement self-perception and movement performance at the end of their sports studies. Conclusion: Sports students benefit from engaging in a broad variety of different sports, allowing them to develop an accurate movement self-perception in relation to their movement performance. The influences of divergent learning experiences and diversification on movement self-perception, as well as, practical implications for the development of process-oriented learning environments that promote students’ movement performance by refining movement habits or adapting new movement patterns, were discussed.

Persistent gender differences in spatial ability, even in STEM experts

BackgroundSpatial ability (SA) shows wide variability. One proposed explanation for the observed individual difference in SA is variability in interest and engagement in activities that promote spatial ability. Research also robustly shown that males on average outperform females in most aspects of SA. Previous studies have identified a number of activities that can potentially contribute to both individual and gender differences in SA, including tinkering with electronics, particular sports activities, and designing. However, the findings regarding these links are inconsistent. One way to investigate these links is to compare the groups that are intensively engaged with these activities. AimThe present study aims to evaluate the robustness of these links by comparing SA in adolescents with expertise in STEM, arts, and sports, with their unselected peers. We also aimed to assess whether gender differences in SA are still present in expert groups. MethodsThe data on ten small-scale SA tests was collected in an unselected sample of adolescents (N = 864, Mean age = 15.4, SD = 1.1); as well as in 3 samples of adolescents with expertise in STEM (N = 667, Mean age = 15, SD = 1.2); in Arts (N = 280, Mean age = 15, SD = 1.2) and in Sports (N = 444, Mean age = 14.3, SD = 0.7). ResultsOut of the three expert groups, only STEM experts on average outperformed the unselected group on all SA tasks. The STEM experts also outperformed Arts and Sports experts. Gender differences persisted in all expert groups, with moderate effect sizes. DiscussionFindings support previously established links between spatial ability and STEM-related expertise. In contrast, such links were not found for expertise in arts and sports. Consistent with previous research, we found gender differences in SA for all samples, which persisted in STEM experts.

The role of working memory capacity in soccer tactical decision making at different levels of expertise

Athletic skills acquired through deliberate practice are essential for expert sports performance. Some authors even suggest that practice circumvents the limits of working memory capacity (WMC) in skill acquisition. However, this circumvention hypothesis has been challenged recently by the evidence that WMC plays an important role in expert performance in complex domains such as arts and sports. Here, we have used two dynamic soccer tactical tasks to explore the effect of WMC on tactical performance at different levels of expertise. As expected, professional soccer players exhibited better tactical performance than amateur and recreational players. Furthermore, WMC predicted faster and more accurate tactical decisions in the task under auditory distraction and faster tactical decisions in the task without distraction. Importantly, lack of expertise × WMC interaction suggests that the WMC effect exists at all levels of expertise. Our results speak against the circumvention hypothesis and support a model of independent contributions of WMC and deliberate practice on expert performance in sports.

A Reflexive Autoethnographic Fragment: Epiphany in a Milkfloat

In 'A Reflexive Autoethnographic Fragment: Epiphany in a Milk Float', David Turner uses autoethnographic writing to begin to reflexively consider how his life history might have led him to an interest in a particular topic of study that he was about to embark on as part of research on the development of expertise in sports coaching, associated with a Professional Doctorate in Education course.

From Imaginative Experiments to Inventive Performances: On the Role of Creativity in the Developmental Experiences of Professional Ice Hockey Players

Despite an increasing interest in studying creativity in sport, previous research has primarily focused on in-game creative performance and employed research designs neglecting sport participants’ perspectives. Hence, this study explored professional athletes’ developmental experiences involving creativity. Semistructured retrospective interviews were conducted with eight ice hockey players performing in or retired from the National Hockey League, Kontinental Hockey League, or Swedish Hockey League. Players described 15 modalities of creative actions emerging when playing, practicing, and performing. Based on the players’ experiences, creativity led to augmented levels of enjoyment (i.e., elicited passion), development (i.e., enhanced potential), achievement (i.e., enriched in-game qualification), and fulfillment (i.e., extended career progression). Findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of creativity in sport and provide novel insights on the role of creativity in the development and maintenance of expertise in sport and the nature and role of deliberate play and deliberate practice in developing creativity.

The Role of a Forensic Expert in the Field of Self-Defense Under Current Legislation and Beyond

A forensic expert in the field of self-defense is a specialist with extensive knowledge in defence methods, close combat, defensive means, or coercive means. The core of the forensic expert's work in this field is the assessment of the facts of conflict situations in which physical violence between two or more persons has been used. The role of a forensic expert is to answer questions related to the parties' roles in the conflict, factors that influenced the conduct of the fight, the course of the fight and the possibility of resolving the conflict situation. Self-defense expertise is sometimes associated or confused with martial arts or combat sports expertise. This judgment is based on the assumption that most forensic experts in the field of self-defense also have experience or expertise in martial arts and combat sports. Such knowledge is an advantage for the profession of forensic expert in the field of self-defense, similar to knowledge in the field of weapons and ammunition, but it is not the same area as expertise in the field of self-defense or a condition for the exercise of this profession. The new Act No. 254/2019 Coll., on forensic experts, expert offices and expert institutes, faces professional criticism in several areas (expert duties, sanctions, division of specializations, etc.) and is likely to lead to pressure for further amendments. The article deals with these changes and the perspective in the coming years with the expert opinion of current forensic experts on the field of self-defense on the appropriate inclusion of this specialization in the future categorization of specializations.