Sport Expertise Research Articles

The effect of expertise on postural control in elite sport ju-jitsu athletes

BackgroundDue to the high postural control demands of sport ju-jitsu, it is likely that long-term sport ju-jitsu training may induce sport-specific adaptations in postural control, especially in positions directly related to combat. The aim of the study was to assess the differences in postural control between elite sport ju-jitsu athletes and untrained controls in non-ecological and ecological conditions and to investigate the relative contribution of spinal and supraspinal mechanisms to postural control in expert athletes.MethodsThe study was conducted on eleven male elite ju-jitsu athletes and ten non-athletes. The data was collected with the use of a force plate under two conditions: quiet standing and ju-jitsu combat stance. Apart from the standard analysis of the spatial–temporal parameters of center of foot pressure, non-linear measures were used, namely rambling-trembling and sample entropy. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare both groups.ResultsThe main findings of the study showed that in quiet standing, elite ju-jitsu athletes and non-athletes had comparable postural control in both the anterior–posterior and mediolateral planes. In contrast, in the combat stance, elite athletes had lower values of postural sway and rambling component (range and rms) and higher values of sample entropy in comparison to the non-athletes (p < 0.05). No differences were found in the trembling component of sway between groups in the combat stance (p < 0.05).ConclusionsSmaller postural sway and its rambling component in sport ju-jitsu athletes may indicate the more precise control of center of foot pressure and improved ability in estimating its position. The sample entropy results confirmed that the displacement of center of foot pressure for sport ju-jitsu athletes was more irregular, which demonstrates greater automatization in postural control. The results also confirm the importance of ecological validity in investigating postural adaptations associated with sports expertise.

Athlete ECG T-wave abnormality interpretation patterns by non-experts

BackgroundThe presence of T-wave abnormalities (TWA) on an athlete's electrocardiogram (ECG) presents as a diagnostic challenge for physicians. Types of TWA patterns classified as abnormal by inexperienced readers have not been systematically analyzed. MethodsECGs from the 2011–2015 National Football League Scouting Combine (initially interpreted by general cardiologists) were retrospectively reviewed by expert sports cardiologists with strict application of the 2017 International Criteria. Patterns of TWA that were altered from the original interpretation were analyzed. ResultsThe study included 1643 athletes (mean age 22 years). There was a 67 % reduction in the number of athletes with any TWA (p < 0.001) with 111 ECGs changed to normal. Inferior TWA was the most common interpreted initial ECG abnormality altered followed by anterior and lateral. DiscussionThis analysis revealed an initial high rate of TWA by non-expert readers. Tailored education programs to physicians who interpret athlete ECGs should highlight these specific T-wave patterns. We see this as an opportunity to make more clinicians aware of ECG interpretation guidelines as sports trained cardiologists are mostly self-taught.

Egocentric Chunking in the Predictive Brain: A Cognitive Basis of Expert Performance in High-Speed Sports.

What principles and mechanisms allow humans to encode complex 3D information, and how can it be so fast, so accurately and so flexibly transformed into coordinated action? How do these processes work when developed to the limit of human physiological and cognitive capacity—as they are in high-speed sports, such as alpine skiing or motor racing? High-speed sports present not only physical challenges, but present some of the biggest perceptual-cognitive demands for the brain. The skill of these elite athletes is in many ways an attractive model for studying human performance “in the wild”, and its neurocognitive basis. This article presents a framework theory for how these abilities may be realized in high-speed sports. It draws on a careful analysis of the case of the motorsport athlete, as well as theoretical concepts from: (1) cognitive neuroscience of wayfinding, steering, and driving; (2) cognitive psychology of expertise; (3) cognitive modeling and machine learning; (4) human-in-the loop modellling in vehicle system dynamics and human performance engineering; (5) experimental research (in the laboratory and in the field) on human visual guidance. The distinctive contribution is the way these are integrated, and the concept of chunking is used in a novel way to analyze a high-speed sport. The mechanisms invoked are domain-general, and not specific to motorsport or the use of a particular type of vehicle (or any vehicle for that matter); the egocentric chunking hypothesis should therefore apply to any dynamic task that requires similar core skills. It offers a framework for neuroscientists, psychologists, engineers, and computer scientists working in the field of expert sports performance, and may be useful in translating fundamental research into theory-based insight and recommendations for improving real-world elite performance. Specific experimental predictions and applicability of the hypotheses to other sports are discussed.

Violence and Abuse in Competitive Sports

Violence and abuse in competitive sports, such as physical and emotional abuse, physical and emotional neglect and sexual abuse, affect children, adolescents and adults alike and lead to severe physical, psychological and social consequences. In current medical and educational care concepts of athletes, there is a lack of consistent integration of sports/psychiatric, clinical psychological and psychotherapeutic, developmental pediatric and developmental psychological expertise. Problem areas arise from fine lines between harassment, non-physical and physical violence. The present position paper includes recommendations for the development of a concept for the protection of mental health in competitive sports and for coping with mental stress and psychological disorders by qualified medical experts in mental health, i.e., child, adolescent and adult psychiatrists with specific expertise in competitive sports: sports psychiatrists. According to the recommendations, experts should also have and further develop competence in other fields, especially in ethics, child protection, protection against violence and abuse in competitive sports, awareness of and dealing with transgression of boundaries, knowledge about child development, and transparency in training structures and relationships.

Violence and Abuse in Competitive Sports

Violence and Abuse in Competitive Sports Abstract. Violence and abuse in competitive sports, such as physical and emotional abuse, physical and emotional neglect and sexual abuse, affect children, adolescents and adults alike and lead to severe physical, psychological and social consequences. In current medical and educational care concepts of athletes, there is a lack of consistent integration of sports/psychiatric, clinical psychological and psychotherapeutic, developmental pediatric and developmental psychological expertise. Problem areas arise from fine lines between harassment, non-physical and physical violence. The present position paper includes recommendations for the development of a concept for the protection of mental health in competitive sports and for coping with mental stress and psychological disorders by qualified medical experts in mental health, i.e., child, adolescent and adult psychiatrists with specific expertise in competitive sports: sports psychiatrists. According to the recommendations, experts should also have and further develop competence in other fields, especially in ethics, child protection, protection against violence and abuse in competitive sports, awareness of and dealing with transgression of boundaries, knowledge about child development, and transparency in training structures and relationships.

From Expert to Elite? — Research on Top Archer’s EEG Network Topology

It is not only difficult to be a sports expert but also difficult to grow from a sports expert to a sports elite. Professional athletes are often concerned about the differences between an expert and an elite and how to eventually become an elite athlete. To explore the differences in brain neural mechanism between experts and elites in the process of motor behavior and reveal the internal connection between motor performance and brain activity, we collected and analyzed the electroencephalography (EEG) findings of 14 national archers and 14 provincial archers during aiming and resting states and constructed the EEG brain network of the two archer groups based on weighted phase lag index; the graph theory was used to analyze and compare the network characteristics via local network and global network topologies. The results showed that compared with the expert archers, the elite archers had stronger functional coupling in beta1 and beta2 bands, and the difference was evident in the frontal and central regions; in terms of global characteristics of brain network topology, the average clustering coefficient and global efficiency of elite archers were significantly higher than that of expert archers, and the eigenvector centrality of expert archers was higher; for local characteristics, elite archers had higher local efficient; and the brain network characteristics of expert archers showed a strong correlation with archery performance. This suggests that compared with expert archers, elite archers showed stronger functional coupling, higher integration efficiency of global and local information, and more independent performance in the archery process. These findings reveal the differences in brain electrical network topologies between elite and expert archers in the archery preparation stage, which is expected to provide theoretical reference for further training and promotion of professional athletes.

The impact of intellectual disability and sport expertise on cognitive and executive functions.

Our aim was to identify the suitability of three assessment tools (i.e., Flanker test, Updating Word Span, and Color Trails Test) for future inclusion in the classification process of elite Paralympic athletes with intellectual disability and to assess the strength of the relation between Executive function (EF) and intelligence. Cognitive and EF assessments were performed on 59 participants, divided into four groups according to their cognitive level (with versus without intellectual disability) and sport expertise (athlete versus novice). Inhibition and working memory update skills were implicated in people with intellectual disability. For set-shifting, a more nuanced picture was observed. Strong associations between EF and intelligence was found in people with intellectual disability. Working memory updating and set-shifting are relevant EF skills to assess in the context of elite sport; however, culture-free alternatives for the Updating Word Span test are needed, and alternatives to the Color Trails Test, less reliant on literacy skills are required.

Training and development in sport officials: A systematic review.

Sport officials make significant contributions to organized sport, yet scientific evidence to inform their specialized training and education at various levels has lagged. While psychological and performance demands of expert sport officials have been well documented, the extent of research about talent and expertise development, training efficacy, and broader developmental trajectories is unclear. This systematic review summarizes 30years of published findings on the study of training and development of sport officials, including areas of research interest, study designs, and sport official characteristics. A PRISMA systematic review was conducted, utilizing three scientific databases (Web of Science, SportsDiscus, PsycInfo) to identify relevant studies (N=27). Female participants were generally underrepresented in studies (17%), while football officials were most often represented (79%). Training intervention (59%), retrospective (37%), and cross-sectional comparison (22%) were the main study designs. Expert and near-expert sport officials' training histories and responses to empirically driven isolated-skills training represented the predominant areas of study. Sport-specific, video-based infraction detection tasks were the most frequently used training methods to improve perceptual-cognitive skills for on-field decision-making, however, studies lacked retention measures to on-field performance. Psychological skills training programs were found to have mixed effects and used varied criteria for measuring training efficacy. Physical training showed mainly significant effects on physiological measures and aging influences for on-field performance. More rigorous sport-specific evidence, assessments of training transfer, program efficacy, and macro-developmental trajectory and milestone data are needed to inform training programs and developmental plans.

The Assessment, Management and Prevention of Calf Muscle Strain Injuries: A Qualitative Study of the Practices and Perspectives of 20 Expert Sports Clinicians

BackgroundDespite calf muscle strain injuries (CMSI) being problematic in many sports, there is a dearth of research to guide clinicians dealing with these injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current practices and perspectives of a select group of international experts regarding the assessment, management and prevention of CMSI using in-depth semi-structured interviews.ResultsTwenty expert clinicians working in elite sport and/or clinician-researchers specialising in the field completed interviews. A number of key points emerged from the interviews. Characteristics of CMSI were considered unique compared to other muscle strains. Rigor in the clinical approach clarifies the diagnosis, whereas ongoing monitoring of calf capacity and responses to loading exposure provides the most accurate estimate of prognosis. Athlete intrinsic characteristics, injury factors and sport demands shaped rehabilitation across six management phases, which were guided by key principles to optimise performance at return to play (RTP) while avoiding subsequent injury or recurrence. To prevent CMSI, periodic monitoring is common, but practices vary and data are collected to inform load-management and exercise selection rather than predict future CMSI. A universal injury prevention program for CMSI may not exist. Instead, individualised strategies should reflect athlete intrinsic characteristics and sport demands.ConclusionsInformation provided by experts enabled a recommended approach to clinically evaluate CMSI to be outlined, highlighting the injury characteristics considered most important for diagnosis and prognosis. Principles for optimal management after CMSI were also identified, which involved a systematic approach to rehabilitation and the RTP decision. Although CMSI were reportedly difficult to prevent, on- and off-field strategies were implemented by experts to mitigate risk, particularly in susceptible athletes.

Developing Nutrition Knowledge and Attitude Measures for Athletes With the Knowledge–Attitude–Behavior Model

ABSTRACT Purpose: Nutrition education programmes are often created to improve dietary intake in athletes. Unfortunately, the inconsistent link between nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior suggests that nutrition knowledge may not be a key influencer of dietary behavior. The Knowledge–Attitude–Behavior (KAB) model has been used in nutrition education although studies that evaluated this model were largely compromised by poorly constructed instruments and methodological discrepancies. Method: To improve understanding of the model, a Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (NKQ) and Athlete’s Perspective on Nutrition (APN) instrument was developed using the theory of planned behavior as its theoretical framework. Validity and reliability were examined for 193 Sports Science students and 11 elite netballers. Content and face validity of the 48-item NKQ was confirmed by expert sport dietitians. Discriminant validity of the NKQ and factorial validity of the APN was established. Both instruments demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. The final instruments were administered to elite athletes in a pilot study to understand the KAB model. Results: Correlation between nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior was significant (r = .811, p = .01). Nutrition knowledge was a positive predictor of netballers’ dietary behavior (β = .8, t(2) = 3.899, p = .005) but attitude was not (β = −.097, t(2) = −.471, p = .65). Conclusion: Two psychometrically sound instruments developed in this study can be used to measure nutrition knowledge and attitude in an Asian group of athletes. The pilot study with athletes showed that nutrition knowledge predicted dietary behavior.

Uticaj komponenti takmičarskog sastava na plasman u ritmičkoj gimnastici

Analyses of the development trends in rhythmic gymnastics have so far provided a lot of useful information to sports experts, which as important guidelines in the training process can significantly contribute to the development of the athletes' competitive abilities. The aim of this paper was to determine the impact of different routine components on the competitive performance of gymnasts in the rhythmic gymnastics individual competition program. In accordance with the aim of the paper, the competition routines performed by the participants in the 37th and 38th World Championships were analyzed i.e., a total of 1044 and 261 routines with each type of apparatus (hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon). For the purpose of the analysis, official data on the results achieved in these competitions were used, and four variables were examined, pertaining to the scores for specific routine components (body difficulty, apparatus difficulty, routine artistic value and quality of execution). The relation between individual routine components and the ranking achieved was assessed by the Spearman's test, while the application of linear regression analysis determined the extent to which individual routine components were predictors of the achieved rankings. The results of the analysis of all routines, regardless of the type of apparatus used, have shown the highest correlation between the score for the technical quality of execution and the achieved ranking, while the lowest correlation was found between the score for the apparatus difficulty and the achieved ranking. However, there are significant differences in terms of the impact of different routine components on competitive performance when the routines with different types of apparatus were observed separately. Regarding the routines of gymnasts at the top level of competition, precision and accuracy in execution generally have the greatest influence on performance, while depending on the type of apparatus used, performance is differently conditioned by the quality of execution of other components of the routine.

Development of Goal Sensor in Futsal Goal Using Pattern Detection

Development of Goal Sensor Tools in Futsal Sports is a tool in matches and training to detect goals in futsal games. This tool can help teams, coaches and referees in detecting goals in matches and training. This tool was made with the aim of assisting the coach in applying the game system to defend and attack in order to get goals and so as not to concede. This tool serves to detect goals without any doubt in goal decision making.This study aims to develop a goal sensor to assist in matches and training. The population in this study were 30 athletes from the Joint Club FS and Tibor FC as well as 6 experts in each field. The form of the tool that has been made in advance is validated by 3 experts, namely 1 sports expert from the University who has a sports education background, 1 futsal coach expert and 1 electronics expert. The small group test involved 10 athletes and 3 experts, then the results were validated with an average value of the third validity of 77%. The results of the large group trial involved 20 people and 6 experts, then the results were validated with an average value of the sixth validity of 84%. Based on the results of validation by experts, it can be concluded that the development of a goal sensor in the futsal goal using 2020 pattern detection is valid and can be used. However, this tool cannot be disseminated because there are still many shortcomings in this tool.

Performance of the national fencing team of Ukraine at the XXXII Olympic Games and the prospects of its performance at the next Olympic Games

Analysis of Ukrainian athletes’ results at the XXXII Olympiad Games allows pointing out the factors of the weak performance of Ukrainian athletes in women's individual saber and epee competitions, as well as men's team epee competitions, despite the possibility of winning medals in these sports events according to many analysts including those of Infostrada Sports and other sports statistics experts. These, in our opinion, include an unsatisfactory level of efficiency of the process of reaching the peak of readiness for the Olympic Games; lack of psychological stability of athletes at the competitions; weak tactical preparation of some athletes. Based on the performances of athletes of the Ukrainian fencing team in Tokyo, a conclusion was made about the unsatisfactory level of athletes’ preparation for the XXXII Olympic Games. Only 20% of the national team members were able to realize their potential at the XXXII Olympic Games. The dynamics of the athletes’ results at the World Championships 2017 – 2019 indicates the need to use in the new Olympic cycle the planning, which is focused on our athletes reaching the peak of readiness for the Olympics: at first, the training should be aimed at the maximum stimulation of the growth of sportsmanship, whereas at the final stage it should be focused on its realization in the major competitions. It is shown that despite the unsuccessful performance of the Ukrainian fencing team in the Olympic Tokyo, this type of martial arts has significant potential for improving sports achievements at the XXXIII Olympic Games 2024 in Paris. It is noted that in the new Olympic cycle it is of crucial importance to identify candidates for the XXXIII Olympic Games as soon as possible and to create all the conditions for their full-fledged preparation. Thus, to ensure further winning medal places at the Olympic Games, it is necessary to improve the system of sports training in the Olympic cycle, which envisages participation in numerous competitions during the year to achieve a high level of readiness in the major competitions of triennial – the Olympic Games.

Pengembangan Permainan Bolavoli 3 ON 3

The purpose of this study was to develop a 3 on 3 volleyball game using the following procedures: (1) conducting a needs analysis, (2) developing an initial product form, (3) evaluation by volleyball experts, sports experts, physical education teachers (4) First trial (12 players), (5) first product revision, (6) second trial (36 players), (7) final product revision, (8) Socialization stage. The results of this development research indicate that the product developed is suitable for use, namely the 3 on 3 Volleyball Game Rules with the following details: Volleyball Rules Expert, about 83.33%, Volleyball Game Expert, about 81.25%, small group test (n = 12), about 86 , 67%, the result of the large group test (n = 36) was 87.27% with the predicate very good.

PENGEMBANGAN ALAT IMITASI RANTAI UNTUK TEKNIK PUTARAN PADA CABANG OLAHRAGA ATLETIK LONTAR MARTIL

This study aims to develop a rotary technique tool in the athletic sport of hammer throwing. Hammerhead throwing has an average of 81.00%, it can be concluded that it takes a tool that can train the rotation technique in the hammer-throwing athletic sport in the Hammerhead Throwing sport which includes the rotation in the throwing process. At the validation stage, the expert design assessed by 6 experts namely Sports Expert, Coach, and Media Expert had an average score of 79.00%. In the period after design validation there was a pandemic that hit the world caused by a virus with the name Covid-19, the whole world went into lockdown or quarantine including the Lontar Hammer athlete community, therefore the trials carried out in each club were abolished but the testing method was replaced by increasing the number experts who assess the feasibility of the tool to be used in the training process.&#x0D; The product trial stage was carried out by an athlete at the provincial level who represented North Sumatra at the 2016 PON event in West Java on this training tool and then assessed by 6 experts, namely 2 Sports Experts, 2 Coaches, and 2 Media Experts, the average value of the validity of the six being 82.00 %. Then made improvements according to input from experts. After that, the use trial phase was carried out using the same method and number of experts with the average value of the validity of the six being 90.00%. The conclusion that resulted from the trial use or the last stage of this research was the creation of a chain imitation exercise tool for the round technique of the athletic sport of hammer throwing numbers that was sophisticated and flexible for all user groups to help train rotation techniques in athletic sports, especially in the rotating movement of the hammer throwing tool. . From the results of the assessment of 2 sports experts (academics), 2 material experts (coaches) and 2 media experts, the tool is categorized as good/worthy to be used as an exercise tool in sports. In the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic, the device was not tested on athletes widely to prevent transmission, but was only tested by an athlete at the national level, after which the performance of the device would be assessed by an expert.

Potential propensity of traditional herbal materials ingested by collegiate athletes in South China for their consuming health care.

In south China, traditional herbal medicines have been widely used as functional foods or dietary supplements for daily health care. Many plant-derived chemical substances with biological activity are inadvertently ingested by collegiate athletes daily through canton-style herbal tea or herbal slow-cooked soup. In the view of the complexity of herbal ingredients, it is still no full survey reported for the sports risk of plant-derived sports doping. This research is firstly a descriptive statistical analysis. Collegiate athletes with different socio-economic characteristics from medical colleges in 3 different regions in China participated in the questionnaire survey. Three survey forms, including the oral interview, email inquiry, handing out and recovering the questionnaires in live, were developed and performed by researchers. It was first found that collegiate athletes resorted to some traditional herbal materials to protect their health care that there were regional differences (P < .01). Collegiate athletes with Health Fitness and Traditional Wushu as their sports expertise showed a higher frequency of recognition or ingestion in the use of traditional herbal materials (P < .01), while their different living types and cuisine preferences did not seem to be associated with the ingestion frequency of traditional herbal materials. In addition, in the view of the significant differences in the use of herbal preparations to relieve sports stress among young athletes in different regions (P < .01), the findings strongly suggested that athletes should strictly control their use of various herbal preparations during sports training and competition, including herbal wines, herbal oils, topical plasters, analgesic tablets.

Abandoned to manage the post-Olympic blues: Olympians reflect on their experiences and the need for a change

ABSTRACT The post-Olympic period is complex and distressing for many Olympic athletes; preparing for the likely impacts of the Olympic Games amongst returning athletes is fundamental in managing the negative responses articulated as the post-Olympic blues. Mindful of the need for the development of interventions that can support athletes, this study engaged Olympic athletes in: (a) discussing their experiences relating to the Olympic and post-Olympic periods and, (b) informing the researchers on Olympians’ opinions on the management of the post-Olympic blues. Fourteen Olympic athletes from the United Kingdom took part in focus groups which were analysed using Thematic Analysis. The analysis produced six mutually exclusive themes, The Olympic Dream, The Olympic Nightmare, Commodification, Perceptions of Social Support, Limited Preparation, and Managing and Overcoming. Through these themes the Olympians provided suggestions into how the content and potential facilitation of future interventions could better support athletes through their experiences. The findings were clear, Olympic athletes irrespective of whether they had previously competed in an Olympic Games expressed a desire for support in preparing for the post-Olympic experience. They expressed that this should be delivered primarily after the Olympic Games, with several athletes highlighting the value of an awareness raising session beforehand. Athletes proposed a shift away from expert sport psychology delivery of interventions in favour of a programme which was pragmatic in terms of content and delivered by former Olympians.

Stereopsis in Sports: Visual Skills and Visuomotor Integration Models in Professional and Non-Professional Athletes.

Visual skills in sport are considered relevant variables of athletic performance. However, data on the specific contribution of stereopsis—as the ability to perceive depth—in sport performance are still scarce and scattered in the literature. The aim of this review is therefore to take stock of the effects of stereopsis on the athletic performance, also looking at the training tools to improve visual abilities and potential differences in the visuomotor integration processes of professional and non-professional athletes. Dynamic stereopsis is mainly involved in catching or interceptive actions of ball sports, whereas strategic sports use different visual skills (peripheral and spatial vision) due to the sport-specific requirements. As expected, professional athletes show better visual skills as compared to non-professionals. However, both non-professional and professional athletes should train their visual skills by using sensory stations and light boards systems. Non-professional athletes use the visual inputs as the main method for programming motor gestures. In contrast, professional athletes integrate visual information with sport expertise, thus, they encode the match (or the athletic performance) through a more complex visuomotor integration system. Although studies on visual skills and stereopsis in sports still appear to be in their early stages, they show a large potential for both scientific knowledge and technical development.

Strategic thinking and planning behind the development of a sporting event portfolio: the case of Shanghai

ABSTRACT Recent developments regarding event portfolios have renewed research interest in the management and leveraging of sporting events. This study contributes to the topic by examining the purpose of sporting event portfolios and the process of their strategic planning in an Asian context – Shanghai. Guided by strategic planning theories, this paper explores how Shanghai’s sporting event portfolio was developed and why. Empirically, the study draws on extensive data, specifically, policy and strategy documents and interviews with key sport policymakers and sport experts in Shanghai. The results suggest that Shanghai’s event portfolio benefited from more than 20 years of planning and development. Twelve commercial sporting events were carefully handpicked and cultivated to promote destination branding, to advance Shanghai’s reputation as a global city, and to serve other social and economic development agenda. This study offers some important insights for the planning of event portfolios to enhance city image and stimulate regional development.

Strategic Pathology of Sports and Youth Departments of Hamadan Province in the Field of Sports Based on the SWOT Model, Iran

This study's purpose was to understand the strategic pathology of sports and youth departments of Hamadan province, Iran, based on the SWOT model. The research method is a survey. The method used was a survey, and a sample was made up of 135 people. 12 sports experts confirmed questionnaire validity (Alpha Cronbach α = 0.89). The analysis compares the averages and Friedman test and to determine the strategic position, internal factor evaluation matrices (IFE), external factor evaluation (EFE), and internal and external matrix (IE). In this regard, it is concluded that; Hamadan sports policymakers and those involved in sports should focus more on using the existing opportunities by using their internal strengths in two areas: public sports and championships.