Expert Sources Research Articles

The Visibility of Women Experts in the Chilean Press During COVID-19

Few studies at the Ibero-American level have delved into the gender gaps present in expert and academic sources in the media. Therefore, through a media content analysis, 1,069 news items related to COVID-19 from three Chilean newspapers were analyzed, and 2,844 primary and secondary sources were identified, of which the minority were women. Therefore, in line with the objective of this study, low visibility of Chilean academics, experts, and politicians as predominant sources during the pandemic was observed, although positive advances in the use of feminine names to refer to them were identified.

NLP Crowdsource-Based Innovation Recommendation System

Numerous contributors share social problem ideas through open innovation. However, manually analyzing and processing many ideas, extracting information, and identifying expert ideas is difficult. Natural language processing can analyze and process crowd ideas. Our solution outsources creative tasks to crowds and automatically processes ideas. After processing unstructured texts, our solution analyzes text dependencies to extract syntactic sets. The third step, named entity recognition, detects proper names, organization names, locations, countries, etc. in texts. Key term extraction summarizes a text's meaning in the most useful key terms. Next, we find the most important sentences in texts to summarize ideas. Our sixth step extracts text patterns using the previous steps' results. The final step is identifying expert idea sources based on crowd idea patterns. We prove our method works in two studies. First, we compared named entity extraction and syntactic sets to human judgment. Second, we assessed key term extraction to a natural language processing API. Finally, we asked an economics expert to identify expert ideas in web form responses and compared our results with an online API this contributor used. Our method for textual data exploration produces promising results.

Learning and Distributed Expertise in Community‐Based Science

ABSTRACTIn the face of growing social‐ecological challenges, multiple forms of expertise must be brought to bear in environmental problem‐solving. As such, community‐based science has been touted as a potential way to “democratize” scientific knowledge production, allowing for multiple sources of expertise to be harnessed and for learning across stakeholders to occur in new ways. The extent to which this occurs, however, is mediated by a variety of factors. Focusing on the context of a dam removal and river restoration initiative in the Western United States, we leverage community science literacy as a conceptual lens to critically interrogate if and how multiple forms of expertise are taken up through community‐based science toward the goal of watershed revitalization. Based on an analysis of empirical evidence collected from interviews, ethnographic observations, and project artifacts, we found that local residents in the watershed demonstrated robust forms of situated local knowledge that they often leveraged toward the work of science. This occurred through processes of coordination work, which were mediated by opportunities for individuals to shift between roles, the contributions of brokers and boundary spanners, and issues of power, status, and rank. While individuals demonstrated and shared their nuanced local knowledge, dominant science still structured if, when, and how this was taken up in the project. Ultimately, we suggest that leveling hierarchies in community‐based science—and affording broader publics greater epistemic agency in shaping the work of science—is key to fostering social‐ecological transformation through science learning in informal settings.

Integrating Semantic Web, Artificial Intelligence, and Knowledge Management for Enhanced Accounting in SMEs

This study explores the integration of Semantic Web (SW), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Knowledge Management (KM) to improve accounting practices in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Recognizing the challenges SMEs face in managing accounting knowledge due to insufficient expertise and fragmented data sources, this research proposes a conceptual model that utilizes SW technologies, such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL), to create a unified ontology for diverse accounting information. By leveraging AI techniques, including machine learning and natural language processing, the model aims to enhance knowledge retrieval, ontology enrichment, and case-based reasoning, facilitating more efficient and accurate accounting knowledge management. The findings highlight the potential of this integrated approach to support online training, decision-making, and overall competitiveness of SMEs, addressing the limitations of traditional accounting practices. The study concludes with recommendations for further research to refine the integration of SW, AI, and KM in accounting.

Media Literacy and Fact-Checking as Proactive and Reactive Responses to Misinformation in Kenya and Senegal

ABSTRACT This study examines how media professionals in Kenya and Senegal respond to misinformation using fact-checking and media literacy strategies and how they perceive these strategies for mitigating the spread of misinformation. We conducted 42 semi-structured in-depth interviews with people belonging to one of the following three groups: individuals employed in the news media such as journalists, reporters and editors; individuals working for either independent fact-checking organisations or doing fact-checking within the newsrooms of online and offline media; and individuals engaged in media policymaking. Findings indicate that media professionals in both Senegal and Kenya employ fact-checking strategies such as cross-checking information from primary, secondary and expert sources and verifying images and videos using reverse image search as reactive strategies. Consistent with inoculation theory, participants also promote media literacy as a proactive strategy to equip media producers and consumers with the knowledge and skills to critically engage with media content. Lastly, journalists, fact-checkers and policymakers lauded fact-checking and media literacy as effective strategies for mitigating the spread of misinformation, suggesting that both strategies should be used simultaneously to empower both media consumers and producers against misinformation.

Breaking All the Rules: Information Technology Procurement in the Government of Canada

AbstractThe Government of Canada has recently faced intense parliamentary and public scrutiny of the role played by private contractors in its information technology (IT) projects, most notably in the case of the ArriveCAN application. With these ongoing investigations as its backdrop, this article analyzes patterns in federal government IT procurement between 2017 and 2022, drawing on a comprehensive analysis of the federal contracting open dataset. We reveal that the federal government betrays accepted best practice in modern government IT procurement on several key dimensions, including on contract values and lengths; on the diversity of suppliers; on the source of IT expertise; and in the management of intellectual property. We argue that the Canadian approach to IT procurement is an historically overlooked but crucial driver of its failing digital reform efforts. We conclude by turning to IT procurement policy reforms gaining traction outside Canada that may help the Government of Canada improve how it buys and deploys IT going forward—a task we argue is essential if the government wants to avoid future IT contracting scandals and deliver on its long‐standing promise of digital era modernization.

Nepali Media in Fulfilling Social Responsibility for Child Rights

News stories on child protection, including child trafficking, prepared by a group of reporters who participated in training on the same theme, resulted in 141 articles in 62 media outlets, both in print and online versions. The study reveals that among the total published news stories, 30.5 percent are related to child sex abuse, follow ed by orientations and awareness programs on child protection issues at 24.8 percent, and trafficking in persons at 10.6 percent (7.1 percent child trafficking, 3.5 percent adult trafficking). One of the issues concerning child protection that has been widely reported, even by reporters who did not participate in the above-mentioned training, is orphanage trafficking. The analysis of selected content from the media outlets, focus group discussions with the reporters who wrote the news, and key informant interviews with their editors reveal that they are willing to collaborate with CSOs and child rights organizations. They consider expert sources and fellowships or grants for story cultivation to be acceptable. However, they stress the need for transparency and the absence of personal interests on both sides during the collaboration. The study also found that there is a practice of providing editorial instructions on reporting issues of child protection. However, almost all media outlets lack written editorial guidelines in this regard.

ROLES AND CHALLENGES OF PESANTREN INTELLECTUAL NETWORKS

Islamic boarding schools, known as pesantrens, serve as institutions dedicated to the preservation of knowledge passed down by their respective kiyai. The significance of pesantrens in Indonesia within the national education framework has expanded, influencing various sectors. Their impact on both national and international education has increased progressively, emphasizing modernization, educational quality, community dynamics within Islamic boarding schools, and human capital. The primary objective of this research is to elucidate the role played by the intellectual network of pesantrens in Indonesia. This investigation is conducted through a comprehensive review of existing literature using qualitative research methods. The analytical approach employed encompasses both descriptive and critical analyses. The study reveals that present-day pesantrens encounter a multitude of challenges that necessitate appropriate solutions. Among these challenges is the emergence of the Islamic reform movement. The enduring presence of pesantrens in Indonesia can be attributed to deep-rooted socio-historical foundations and the robust support of the intellectual network within these institutions. Consequently, these schools continue to fulfill a crucial function in disseminating knowledge within the community. It is evident from this study that the intellectual network of pesantrens plays a pivotal role in shaping societal dynamics. Moreover, this network must be attuned to contemporary challenges in order to ensure the sustained relevance and enhanced quality of pesantrens as key sources of scholarly expertise.

Developing PRISM: A Pragmatic Institutional Survey and Bench Marking Tool to Measure Digital Research Maturity of Cancer Centers.

Multicenter precision oncology real-world evidence requires a substantial long-term investment by hospitals to prepare their data and align on common Clinical Research processes and medical definitions. Our team has developed a self-assessment framework to support hospitals and hospital networks to measure their digital maturity and better plan and coordinate those investments. From that framework, we developed PRISM for Cancer Outcomes: PR: agmatic I: nstitutional S: urvey and benchM: arking. The primary objective was to develop PRISM as a tool for self-assessment of digital maturity in oncology hospitals and research networks; a secondary objective was to create an initial benchmarking cohort of >25 hospitals using the tool as input for future development. PRISM is a 25-question semiquantitative self-assessment survey developed iteratively from expert knowledge in oncology real-world study delivery. It covers four digital maturity dimensions: (1) Precision oncology, (2) Clinical digital data, (3) Routine outcomes, and (4) Information governance and delivery. These reflect the four main data types and critical enablers for precision oncology research from routine electronic health records. During piloting with 26 hospitals from 19 European countries, PRISM was found to be easy to use and its semiquantitative questions to be understood in a wide diversity of hospitals. Results within the initial benchmarking cohort aligned well with internal perspectives. We found statistically significant differences in digital maturity, with Precision oncology being the most mature dimension, and Information governance and delivery the least mature. PRISM is a light footprint benchmarking tool to support the planning of large-scale real-world research networks. It can be used to (i) help an individual hospital identify areas most in need of investment and improvement, (ii) help a network of hospitals identify sources of best practice and expertise, and (iii) help research networks plan research. With further testing, policymakers could use PRISM to better plan digital investments around the Cancer Mission and European Digital Health Space.

Formation of methodological foundations for the analysis of national development in conditions of foreign economic discrimination

Purpose: is to form a conceptual approach to the analysis of the macroeconomic effects of external sanctions based on increasing the information content of the use of technical indicators in assessing the stability and vulnerability of the national economy to the effects of discriminatory restrictions in foreign economic activity. Methods: the study is based on the processing and analysis of data obtained as a result of content analysis of a significant number of scientific, scientific-practical, and expert sources of information.Methods of scientific generalization and classification, economic, expert and statistical analysis were used.Results: the analysis of the impact of sanctions restrictions on the key indicators of the characteristics of sustainable and innovative development of the discriminated national economy is carried out. An approach to assessing the impact of sanctions is presented based on a conjugate analysis of the dynamics of target groupings of indicators. An example of calculations, visualization and interpretation of the results of assessing sanctions resistance and export-import dependence of the national economy based on a set of technical indicators for significant areas of socio-economic development of the discriminated country is illustrated. The scope of application of the proposed approach in the formation of the development strategy and program (in terms of the implementation of the process of import substitution, ensuring technological independence and structural adaptation of the economy) is justified, taking into account the risks of sanctions restrictions.Conclusions and Relevance: the proposed approach to the analysis of sanctions restrictions based on the combined use of technical criteria for the dynamics of grouped indicators provides an increase in the reliability of estimates of their negative impact. However, aggregated estimates do not allow us to justify selective and targeted measures aimed at adapting the institutional and organizational conditions of the activities of specific economic agents in key areas of the national economy. A possible direction for further research may be the development of methodological and analytical tools for assessing the sanctions stability of economic sectors to substantiate the priorities of ensuring their technological independence.

Perception and Evaluation of Text from an Interview with a Real Person and an Interview with an Artificial Intelligence

The article presents a study of perception, understanding and evaluation of two interviews, the first one is performed with a real person (from an expert source), and the second is generated by the ChatGPT artificial intelligence (AI). The study covers 84 participants between the ages of 20 and 23, students in “Psychology”, “Bulgarian Philology”, “Slavic Philology”, and “Russian Philology” from the Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”. The research design is of the “between-group” type (in this case, two-group). The first experimental group consisted of 40 subjects evaluates the interview with a real celebrity. The second experimental group consisted of 44 subjects evaluates the interview taken by an artificial intelligence. Both interviews consisted of ten identical questions and ten corresponding answers. Each of the ten answers is evaluated by the participants using a Likert Scale composed of 5-point score scales, each of which is “continuous” with 11 possible answer positions (from “0” to “10”), as follows: [1] inadequate / fully adequate; [2] non-specific (general) / completely specific; [3] non-exhaustive / fully exhaustive; [4] questionable / completely realistic; and [5] unsatisfactory / 10-completely satisfactory. A statistical analysis was made by a two-group test (Two Sample T-Test Unequal Variance). It was established that: consolidated answers (series of maximum ratings) when working with the “artificial” interview; in two of the ten questions asked, a statistically significant difference was observed in favor of the artificial text; in one of the questions, a statistically significant difference is observed in favor of the real interview; no difference in emotional impact and interest in summary assessment of the both pieces of text.

Gossip, power, and advice: Gossipers are conferred less expert power

Gossip harms power. Across 6 pre-registered primary studies and 7 pre-registered supplemental studies, we demonstrate that a reputation for engaging in negative gossip (sharing negatively-valanced information about an absent target) reduces expert power (power derived from being regarded as a superior source of expertise). A reputation for engaging in negative gossip harms expert power in two ways: (1) it reduces the likelihood that others will ask experts for advice, even when experts are clearly competent, and (2) it harms perceptions of the experts' competence. We also find that reputations for general, neutral, and sometimes even positive gossip reduce the likelihood that experts are asked for advice. Our results advance our understanding of who gains power in organizations and highlight an important cost of gossip for both individuals and their organizations. Our findings also underscore the important relationship between advice and power. Whether or not and from whom individuals seek advice determines who is accorded power.

Healthy lifestyle of Ukrainians during war: primary analysis of survey data

Purpose. In wartime, individual behavior significantly affects the health status of citizens, as the basic conditions of health are constantly under attack, and the usual way of life is under the destructive influence of various traumatic factors. Understanding the factors, conditions, and trends in promoting a healthy lifestyle (HLS) in wartime realities requires empirical research. The purpose of the article is to conduct a frequency analysis of the data from the survey “Healthy Lifestyle of Ukrainians during War” to incorporate them into the HLS promoting strategies. Methods. Data collection (end of 2023—beginning of 2024) was conducted through surveys (random and panel online samples) containing seven blocks and using Google Forms; 6042 cases were included in the analysis. Results. 1) Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample: men predominate (60%); average age – 38 years; education – mostly higher education (almost 50%) and variations of secondary (40%); professional occupation – most in the field of civil security (44,6%) and social and behavioral sciences (17,9%); geography – predominantly regions in Ukraine distant from the frontline (57,6%) and near-frontline areas (20%); family status – majority lives in families (62%), and alone – 13,2%; monthly income is predominantly low (60%) and average (31,3%); time of taking the survey due to massive missile attacks on Ukraine – mostly during attack-free days (77,5%). 2) Features of HLS: leading health preservation factors – lifestyle (99,8%) and social environment (95,5%); over 50% of respondents currently adhere to HLS; the greatest difficulties in maintaining HLS – during anxiety period, from February to May 2022 (47,7%); almost 40% of respondents understand HLS as both harmful habit cessation, existing beneficial habits adhering, and forming of new ones, while another 28,3% prioritize only harmful habits cessation; leading incentives for HLS adherence – signs of health deteriorating (38,3%), pursuit of personal goals (34.1%), awareness on the destructive impact of chronic stress (31,4%); leading barriers – lack of material resources (46,9%), unfavorable emotional state (26%), and adverse environmental conditions (24,8%); the most challenging aspects of HLS adherence – work-rest regimen (35,1%), rational nutrition (31,1%), physical activity (21,5%). 3) Leading health maintenance (care) practices: making plans, setting goals (80,4%); adhering to a regular work schedule (77%); independent search for information on overcoming psychological difficulties (68,8%); trustful communication with close surroundings (64,5%); attention to hygiene and appearance (61,4%); contributing money to volunteer fundraising (57,9%); keeping informed of news from close circles (56%) and moderate use of expert sources (49,8%); watching movies /series (53,3%) and taking walks (43,3%); prayer (37,4%); awareness on playback theatre (19,6%). 4) Digital well-being: manifested at a moderate level, digital engagement overall fosters positive communication and accompanies respondents’ pursuit of personal goals. 5) Attitudes toward uncertainty: women, those with experience of past failures, and those requiring social support are more sensitive to uncertain conditions. 6) Existential motivations: most realized ones – the ability to value moments of life, respect oneself, and orientation toward the future, yet anxiety, stress, and exhaustion are still the case. 7) Experience related to full-scale invasion: forced displacement (25%); psychological (33,4%), human (death, missing persons) (27,6%), material, financial (27%) losses; law enforcement activity (21,6%); changes in life priorities (71,2%), awareness on the ability to cope independently with life difficulties (58,5%). Conclusions. The results require further processing and will be used to develop HLS promotion strategies in various settings and population categories.

Instructional Health-Risk Communication: A Content Analysis of Vaping-Associated Lung Injury Outbreak Coverage in U.S. College Newspapers

ABSTRACT This study examined instructional health-risk communication involving the outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Using the IDEA model, we investigated how U.S. college newspapers communicated health risk messages during the vaping outbreak. Our analysis of 331 news articles showed that college newspapers placed greater emphasis on explanation of the EVALI outbreak than internalization and action messages. The findings also revealed that news sources played a significant role in communicating instructional health risk messages. Specifically, news stories that included expert sources were more likely to communicate CDC-recommended action messages. The findings have significant implications for designing instructional health-risk communication and anti-smoking interventions tailored to specific populations.

Coproduced, arts interventions for nurturing care (0–5 years) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs): a realist review

ObjectivesCommunity-based arts interventions have the potential to support contextually relevant nurturing care programmes and policies that adapt to different settings. Understanding the distinctive features of using the arts in local,...

Response to Arbogast and Kerhoulas

Abstract We welcome feedback on the range maps published in Marsh et al. (2022) where it constructively improves our knowledge on species distributions. Unfortunately, we are concerned that criticisms raised by Arbogast and Kerhoulas are steps backward, not forward, particularly as they did not access the original range map data of Marsh et al. (2022). We stress that evaluating range maps using Global Biodiversity Information Facility data without the necessary quality control and filtering will lead to flawed interpretations—using the same approach, an even greater proportion, >99.5%, of IUCN mammal range maps would fail to meet their expectations. We take this opportunity to highlight the fine-scale inaccuracies, scale limitations, and range map variance that are expected across all expert range map sources and that any researcher should consider during any analysis. Finally, we again announce the availability of an online tool for providing annotations and proposing adjustments to range maps, and suggest this as a more appropriate forum for constructively and transparently improving range maps.

Communication Strategies to Promote COVID-19 Vaccination Intention: How Effective are Source, Appeal, Framing, and Evidence Type Approaches?

ABSTRACT This systematic review analyzed the effectiveness of key persuasive strategies – source, appeal, framing, and evidence (SAFE) – on COVID-19 vaccination intention. Quantitative studies were searched in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed following the PRISMA guidelines. From the 61 studies that met inclusion criteria, source and framing are the most commonly applied SAFE strategies. However, source characteristics are a more consistent influence on vaccine intentions than message framing strategies, with expert sources and general practitioners emerging as the key sources contributing to greater vaccine intentions. In addition, a range of mediators and moderators influence the process through which SAFE message strategies impact vaccine intentions. Framing effects, in particular, are moderated by political identity, source characteristics, and vaccine perceptions. Tests of mediating processes highlight how health behavior judgments (e.g. perceived vaccine benefits, risks, trust in vaccination, perceived severity) and message response/perceptions (e.g. counterarguing, perceived similarity/empathy) operate as key intervening factors between SAFE message strategies and vaccine intentions. Overall, when practitioners apply various structural approaches (narrative elements, fear appeals, framing cues) to vaccine promotion campaigns, they should be cognizant of who is providing that appeal. Targeted populations may benefit most from different structural elements if they are integrated with sources that resonate with the audience.

Sources of Organizational Power among Administrators Working in the Education Directorates at Zarqa Governorate /Jordan

The study aimed to identify the sources of organizational power of administrators working in the directorates of education in Zarqa Governorate / Jordan and the impact of the variables (gender, academic qualification, job title and experience) on that. The study sample consisted of (218) employees. To achieve the aim of the study a questionnaire was developed consisted of (52) items distributed on six domains: official, reward, experience, reference, punishment and information). Validity and reliability of the tool were verified. The results of the study showed that the degree of estimation of the practice of organizational power sources among administrators working in the directorates of education in Zarqa Governorate / Jordan was medium, and the fields were ranked in descending order, respectively (the domain of experience, the domain of formality, the domain of information, the domain of reference, the domain of reward and the domain of punishment). The results also showed that there were statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) due to job title variable, on the domains (reward strength, experience strength, reference strength, and information strength) and overall score, and the differences were in favor of the department member’s name. There were no differences in the impact of the job title on the rest of the fields. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) due to the variables of gender, educational qualification and years of experience. In light of the results, the researchers recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: Strengthening the practice of the source of expertise based on professional reference by increasing the degree of awareness of the requirements of the job role.

Mechanisms of Political Responsiveness: The Information Sources Shaping Elected Representatives' Policy Actions

This study examines the micro-level foundations of how policy responsiveness may come about. Our study builds on the assumption that elected officials' information source use shapes their policy actions. We analyze the variation in information sources elected officials rely on for agenda-setting and policy formulation, distinguishing between public opinion sources, advocacy sources, and expert sources. Additionally, we examine how elected officials' public opinion sources vary across individuals, parties, and political systems. Based on a 2015 survey with 345 Members of Parliament in Belgium and Canada, the results indicate that the actions of elected representatives are more affected by public opinion sources like citizens and the mass media when they initially prioritize issues for policy action, while interest groups are prominent in both stages, and parties and expert sources are more used in the policy formulation phase. Furthermore, politicians in majoritarian systems, those belonging to the opposition and members of populist parties, tend to rely more on public opinion sources than their peers in proportional systems, those in the majority and non-populist parties.

Gendered framing and representation of women in Irish political television programming during the 2020 formation of the government of Ireland

ABSTRACT The ways in which women are incorporated into Irish political programming is vital in understanding the visibility of women in mainstream media, but also the gendered nature of politics, which tend to be dominated by men. This research investigates how three Irish current affairs television programmes frame and represent women, questioning whether Irish political programmes are gendered. This research employed a quantitative and qualitative content analysis case study of one month of broadcasts from Virgin Media’s The Tonight Show and RTÉ ‘s The Week in Politics and Prime Time. The findings indicate the representation of women was constituted through three dominant themes. Firstly, women are marginalised by being numerically underrepresented. Secondly, women receive significantly less airtime than men, even in relation to their numerical representation and thirdly, female participants are represented in a restrictive and limited manner. Women are more likely to be consulted for their personal experience or opinion, with questions aimed at them centring around “soft” topics. Female participants are also considerably less likely to be portrayed as expert sources. This research outlines the critical need for further and continuous monitoring of political media in Ireland, particularly regarding gender bias and female participation in political programming on television.