Expert Authority Research Articles

Where are the Parents? The Drama of Youth Crime in the Media an Australian Focussed Discourse Analysis

The language in media stories surrounding the high drama of juvenile and youth crime is very alarmist and continues to fuel political debates and demands for tougher penalties rather than the proverbial slap on the wrist for young offenders. Further there are fear discourse elements that suggest that for some politicians cited in the daily news cycle as being “out of control”. In opposition to this fear and alarmist discourse in the notion that the media news cycle highlights youth crime for its sensationalist perspectives and poor reporting of youth courts and their judgments in such matters. A comprehensive discourse analysis of youth crime reporting may suggest that media must take the blame for some of the inappropriate focus on youth crime as being selective. This yearlong study suggests that the public need more information to see for themselves whether the current moves and political debates need to be reviewed and refreshed. In addition, family supports are a signal to consider as presented by expert authorities involved in decision making and reporting.

Construction of an index system of core competence assessment for otolaryngology nurse specialists in China: A Delphi study

BackgroundClinical nurse specialists play a vital role in the work quality, patient safety and team development of nurses. However, there is currently no prior study constructing the index of core competence assessment for otolaryngology Nurse Specialists. ObjectivesTo establish an index system for the evaluation of Chinese otolaryngology Nurse Specialists' core competence. DesignA Delphi study. SettingsThe study was mainly conducted in a university-affiliated hospital in China. ParticipantsTwenty-two experts with otolaryngology knowledge and practical experience from different regions and organizations in China. MethodsWe used literature reviews and expert meetings to establish a draft index system . Subsequently, a two-round Delphi survey was utilized to consult opinions from 22 experts about the index for the evaluation of otolaryngology nurse specialists' core competence and provide qualitative comments on their ratings. Consensus was predefined as a mean important score of 4.0 or above and a coefficient of variation is not above 0.25 among the participants. ResultsThe final evaluation indexes of the core competencies for otolaryngology Nurse Specialists included 5 first-level indexes (clinical competence, critical thinking competence, leadership, professional development competence, professionalism), 19 second-level indexes, and 85 third-level indexes. The effective response rates of the two expert consultation rounds were 100 %. The expert authority coefficients were 0.864 and 0.859 in the first and second rounds of consultation, respectively. In the second round of consultation, the first, second and third indexes of Kendall's coefficient of concordance were 0.357, 0.330, and 0.232, respectively (P < 0.001). ConclusionsThe constructed evaluation indexes of the core competencies of otolaryngology Nurse Specialists are scientific, reasonable, comprehensive, and specific and may provide references for the training and evaluation of otolaryngology Nurse Specialists.

Establishing entrustable professional activities for psychiatry residents in China

PurposeThe authors established entrustable professional activities for psychiatry residents in China.MethodsThe authors conducted a literature research and two expert consultation rounds following the Delphi method in 2022 to screen and optimize entrustable professional activities for psychiatry residents.ResultsThe effective questionnaire recovery rate in the two consultation rounds was 100% (44/44). The expert authority coefficients of the first and second consultation rounds were 0.861 and 0.881, respectively. The Kendall harmony coefficients of the first and second expert consultation rounds were 0.279 (χ2 = 405.43, P < .001) and 0.389 (χ2 = 3456.83, P < .001), respectively. The arithmetic means of the various indicators’ evaluation results in the two consultation rounds ranged between 3.61 and 4.93, and the full score rates were between 13.6% and 93.2%. The authors established 17 entrustable professional activities for psychiatry residents and their contents with phase-based modularization and formulated the entrustable level of each at various stages.ConclusionsCombined with standardized psychiatry training characteristics, the authors preliminarily established phase-specific and modular entrustable professional activities for psychiatry residents. The formulated entrustable professional activities are suitable for the practice and clinical environment of standardized psychiatry training in China. The devised system has good observability and measurability and provides a simple and feasible competency evaluation method for standardized psychiatry resident training.

Expert legitimacy and competing legitimation in Italian school reforms

Abstract In the face of the complexities of problem-solving , experts are gaining centrality in policymaking (Weiss, 1979). At the same time, they are increasingly challenged in their legitimacy, which is not only technical but also political. Challenges to the legitimacy of experts suggest that other types of legitimacy are important for policymaking. Issues of legitimacy are particularly important for sound policymaking when the authority of experts and the value of evidence are contested and when the debate over policy solutions is particularly conflictual and ideological. In this paper, I use three exploratory cases of the use of expertise in education policy in Italy to show how policymakers design different advisory committees to enhance different types of legitimacy (epistemic, bureaucratic, and political). The findings suggest that while policymakers design advisory committees primarily to meet their legitimacy needs, the legitimacy of a decision requires different types of sources to generate consent and to allow for the impact of expertise.

Quality evaluation index development for nutritional management in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during peri-radiotherapy

ObjectivesIt is necessary to construct an evaluation index for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during peri-radiotherapy to provide a reference for the evaluation of the quality of nutritional management of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during peri-radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to construct a set of scientific, comprehensive, and feasible indicators for evaluating the quality of nutrition management in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during peri-radiotherapy to provide a unified reference basis for objective nutritional evaluation of these patients during the peri-radiotherapy period and to provide insights to the clinical treatment and care of these patients. MethodsA multidisciplinary research team was set up from December 2021 to April 2022. We took the three-dimensional quality structure model as the theoretical framework; based on the literature review, the first draft of the nutrition management quality evaluation index for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during peri-radiotherapy was formed by a semi-structured interview. The Delphi correspondence method was used to survey 18 experts from 12 cities in China. The multidimensional analytical hierarchy process was used to determine the evaluation index and weight of nutrition management quality of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during peri-radiotherapy. ResultsThe effective questionnaire recovery rates of the two rounds of letters were 90.005% and 100%, respectively, and the expert authority coefficients were 0.906 and 0.918, respectively. The Kendall harmony coefficients of the two rounds of letters were 0.271 to 0.313 and 0.309 to 0.349, respectively. The nutrition management quality evaluation index of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during peri-radiotherapy was constructed and included 3 first-level indexes, 10 second-level indexes, and 71 third-level indexes. ConclusionThe evaluation index of the nutrition management quality of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during peri-radiotherapy is scientific and reliable, and it may have a certain guiding significance for nurses to evaluate the quality of nutrition management of these patients during this period.

Construction of an evaluation index system of core competencies for critical care blood purification nurses in China: A Delphi study

AimThe purpose of this study was to construct a core competencies evaluation index system for critical care blood purification nurses in China. BackgroundWhile nursing is an integral part of critical care blood purification treatment, there are no established indicators to evaluate the core competencies of critical care blood purification nurses. DesignA Delphi study. MethodsAn initial draft of the competencies evaluation index system for critical care blood purification nurses was developed through a literature review and semi-structured interviews. From February 2023 to March 2023, a two-round Delphi survey was conducted to consult with 18 experts in the field of critical care blood purification from eight provinces in China to rate the importance of each item and propose modifications to the evaluation index system. ResultsThe effective questionnaire recovery rates in two rounds of expert consultation were 94.4 % and 94.1 % and the average expert authority coefficients were 0.88 in both rounds. The core competencies evaluation index system of critical care blood purification nurses consisted of 39 items in five domains, namely theoretical knowledge, practical skills, professional development capability, critical thinking ability and personal qualities and attributes. The Kendall’s W coefficients for the first- and second-level indicators were.21 and.20 in the first round and.23 and.25, respectively, in the second round of consultations (p < .01). ConclusionThe core competencies evaluation index system of critical care blood purification nurses is scientific and reliable and can provide references for the recruitment, training and management of critical care blood purification nurses.

Paired ensemble and group knowledge measurement for health evaluation of wind turbine gearbox under compound fault scenarios

To simultaneously identify the specific single or compound faults and evaluate the health condition of wind turbine gearbox accurately, a novel health evaluation method is proposed based on paired ensemble (PE) and group knowledge measurement (GKM). In this method, PE is constructed for the compound fault diagnosis, and the fault probability distribution is derived and translated into the status membership function to quantify the fault statue membership accurately. Then, a fuzzy derivation method named GKM is proposed to estimate the fault influence weights for gearbox’s behavior, and abundant condition-based factors can be considered such as decision-making style and expert authority level. Meanwhile, the health indicator is defined by the ratio system to evaluate the health condition of wind turbine gearbox by integrating estimation information. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on a compound fault test platform of wind turbine gearbox. The experimental results indicate that compared with the existing methods, the proposed method is competitive in terms of diagnostic accuracy and evaluation reliability.

For Medicinal Purposes: Whose Advice Exerts Authority on Medical Marijuana?

Citizens are embedded in legal systems in which the authority of different experts is normally given preference over citizens' opinions about medical marijuana and other medical issues. Yet, citizens may reject expert authority if they consider themselves to be competent based on their knowledge or social position. Thus, we are led to ask: In the context of direct democracy, what forms of expert authority—if any—does a historically privileged subset of citizens recognize when reasoning about medical marijuana? Our analysis is based on rich‐qualitative data that analyzes how white male citizens reason about a medical marijuana ballot initiative in Arizona. By using a comprehensive content coding of citizens' arguments about the ballot initiative, we analyze how this privileged subset of citizens reasons about following or ignoring various authorities on the issue of medical marijuana. The article uses an exploratory abductive analysis of secondary semi‐structured interview data to understand citizens' reasoning on this issue and to expand theories of expert authority in direct democratic settings. We find a variety of different ways in which white male citizens accept or reject expert medical authority on medical marijuana in the context of Arizona Proposition 203 (2010).

How Should College Physical Education (CPE) Conduct Collaborative Governance? A Survey Based on Chinese Colleges

Background and Aim: College physical education (CPE) is a Key Stage in the transition from school physical education to national sports. Collaborative governance is an effective new type of social participation, but there is not much research on CPE collaborative governance. The purpose of this study is to describe the interrelationship of multiple subjects in the College Physical Education (CPE) collaborative governance and explore the specific influencing factors that affect the effect of CPE collaborative governance. Materials and Methods: This study uses the Delphi method. A total of 18 experts conducted two rounds of expert consultation questionnaires with the Delphi method and completed the CPE Collaborative Governance Scale. The scale includes four dimensions: Government-led multi-sectoral coordination, CPE internal governance, and external synergy, System design of CPE collaborative governance, and Mechanism construction of CPE collaborative governance. Three criteria for the inclusion of experts have been established, including educational background, professional title, and management experience, ensuring the authority of experts. Results: The theoretical model of CPE collaborative governance constructed shows the interrelationships among multiple subjects of CPE. The four dimensions of collaborative governance in college physical education are government-led multi-sector collaboration, internal governance and external collaboration of CPE, the institutional design of CPE collaborative governance, and the mechanism construction of CPE collaborative governance. The results show that after the expert consultation and verification of the Delphi method, the 4 Indicator Dimensions and 28 Specific Items in the revised CPE collaborative governance Indicator System have significance and reference value for CPE collaborative governance. Conclusion: The relationship between multiple subjects of CPE collaborative governance revealed in this study, as well as the quantified and validated indicators of collaborative governance effectiveness, have certain reference values for CPE to carry out collaborative governance work. CPE managers can use the results of this study to carry out CPE collaborative governance work based on the current situation.

Development of a Perioperative Enteral Nutrition Program for Gastric Cancer Surgery

Objective: This study aimed to summarize the current evidence-based approach to perioperative enteral nutritional (EN) program for gastric cancer (GC) surgery and to develop a staged and operable EN management scheme based on the evidence to provide clinical guidance for improving perioperative EN management in patients with GC. Methods: First, we synthesized expert consensuses, systematic reviews, and guidelines related to GC patients who had undergone surgery, based on a review of the literature and expert meetings. Subsequently, after carefully evaluating and selecting relevant EN management data, we created a preliminary draft of a perioperative EN program. Following Delphi expert consultations, the final version of the perioperative EN program was constructed after revision. Results: After two rounds of consultation, the expert opinions tended to be consistent. The expert positive coefficient was 1.00, and the expert authority coefficient was 0.90. After the second round of consultation, the coefficient of variation of the importance score ranged from 0.05 to 0.20, and the coefficient of variation of the feasibility score ranged from 0.09 to 0.23. The Kendall harmony coefficients were 0.338 and 0.392, and the difference between them was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The final practice plan includes 4 first-level, 16 s-level, and 64 third-level items. Conclusions: The perioperative EN program constructed in this study is comprehensive in content, feasible, and evidence-based, and can provide insights for clinical improvement.

Development of Computer Based Test (CBT) Website-based Chemistry National Exam for Students of Islamic High School (MA)

Computer Based Test (CBT) website-based chemistry national exam is an online-based chemistry exam system in terms of test prep and practice for a national exam, provided with item analysis. The results of the item analysis serve to determine the indicators of questions that are considered difficult by students so that the deepening of the materials is more accurate to the students’ needs. This research aims to develop a computer-based test (CBT) for students of Islamic High School (MA). The product is also categorized as Computer Based Test (CBT) because a computer is required to implement the exam. The development of CBT used the Borg and Gall model with five stages: (1) research and information collecting, (2) planning, (3) developing preliminary products (4) preliminary field testing, and (5) primary product revision. The instruments used were product validation sheets under the authority of media and IT experts, quality assessment sheets from reviewers (chemistry teacher of MA), and student response sheets. Based on the assessment of reviewers (chemistry teachers of MA), the developed product, website-based chemistry test obtained an ideal percentage of 91% with the very good category (VG), and student response was 92% with the very good category (VG). Therefore, it can be concluded that the website-based chemistry test is feasible for national exam practice.

Construction of a competency framework of dental hygienists: A Delphi study

AimTo explore the basic and core competencies of dental hygienists, construct a systematic and scientific competency framework for dental hygienists taking into account China’s national conditions and provide a theoretical basis for the future training in China and other countries that have not yet established the competencies of dental hygienists. BackgroundThe establishment of dental hygienists role is essential for the public to improve the dental health level. Currently, more than 50 countries around the world have established the role of dental hygienists and defined the core competencies needed by dental hygienists. However, studies on developing a standardized and unified consensus of competencies of dental hygienists are lacking in China. MethodsBased on the literature review and theoretical research, this study explored the theoretical basis and fundamental principle of constructing the competency framework for dental hygienists. Moreover, a correspondence questionnaire on dental hygienists’ competency framework was initially constructed to clarify the specific content of each competency. Finally, the Delphi method was adopted to establish the indicators of the dental hygienists’ competency framework according to the principle of expert selection and inclusion criteria. ResultsThe three rounds of Delphi consultation experts were from nursing, stomatology and management and other fields. Three rounds of Delphi results showed that the expert authority, enthusiasm and coordination coefficients were high. Thereafter, a competency framework of dental hygienists with 4 primary indicators, 15 secondary indicators and 50 tertiary indicators was constructed, which included theoretical knowledge, professional skills, professional abilities and occupational qualities. ConclusionLiterature and theoretical research methods along with Delphi expert consultation were used to construct the competency framework of dental hygienists based on the onion model. The competency framework of dental hygienists was scientific, reasonable and practical, which is consistent with the current health situation in China and has distinct Chinese characteristics. Some of our findings, offer ideas for other developing countries that have not yet set up the role of dental hygienists or are in an initial stage.

The development of a Cancer Pain Belief Modification Program for patients with oral cancer in China: a feasibility study

BackgroundAcceptance-based pain management interventions have been receiving growing attention in cancer pain care. This study aimed to develop a cancer pain management program based on belief modification to improve the cancer pain experience of Chinese oral cancer survivors and to explore the acceptability and preliminary outcomes of the Cancer Pain Belief Modification Program (CPBMP).MethodsA mixed-methods approach was applied to develop and revise the program. The CPBMP was developed and revised using the Delphi technique, and its further improvement was explored with a one-group pre- and post-trial designed with a sample of 16 Chinese oral cancer survivors, and semi-structured interviews. Research instruments included Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Chinese version of Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised for Cancer Pain (IPQ-CaCP), and the University of Washington Quality of Life assessment scale (UW-QOL). Descriptive statistics, t-test, and Mann–Whitney U test were used to analyse the data. The semi-structured questions were analysed using content analysis.ResultsThe six-module CPBMP was endorsed by most experts and patients. The expert authority coefficient value was 0.75 in the first round of the Delphi survey and 0.78 in the second round. The “pain intense”, “negative pain beliefs” scores of pre- and post-testing decreased from 5.63 ± 0.48 to 0.81 ± 0.54 (t = -3.746, p < 0.001); from 140.63 ± 9.02 to 52.75 ± 7.27 (Z = 12.406, p < 0.001); and the “positive pain beliefs”, “quality of life” scores increased from 55.13 ± 4.54 to 66.00 ± 4.70 (Z = -6.983, p < 0.001); from 66.97 ± 15.01 to 86.69 ± 8.42 (Z = 7.283, p < 0.001). The qualitative data also indicated that CPBMP was well acceptable.ConclusionOur study showed the acceptability and preliminary outcomes of CPBMP patients. CPBMP improves the pain experience of Chinese oral cancer patients and provides a reference for cancer pain management in the future.Trial registrationThe feasibility study has already been registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) (www.chictr.org.cn) in 11/09/2021. (ChiCTR2100051065).

Constructing an emergency preparedness evaluation index system for public use during major emerging infectious disease outbreaks: a Delphi study

BackgroundThe major emerging infectious diseases (MEIDs) have occurred frequently and become increasingly serious in the world. Sufficient personal emergency preparedness is critical for the general people in efficiently responding to and recovering from MEIDs. Nevertheless, few specific indicators are available for assessing the individual emergency preparedness of the general public during these periods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to construct an index system for comprehensively evaluating the personal emergency preparedness of the public regarding MEIDs.MethodsBased on the global national-level emergency preparedness index framework and a literature review, a preliminary index system was constructed. From June 2022 to September 2022, a panel of 20 experts from nine provinces and municipalities across multiple research areas participated in this Delphi study. They rated the importance of pre-defined indicators using a five-point Likert scale and provided their qualitative comments. According to the feedback of each round of experts, the indicators of the evaluation index system were revised.ResultsAfter two rounds of expert consultation the evaluation index system reached a consensus, containing five first-level indicators, cooperating with prevention and control work, improving emergency response capacity, securing supplies and equipment, preparing economic resources, maintaining physical and mental health with affiliated 20 s-level indicators and 53 third-level indicators. The expert authority coefficient of consultation was 0.88 and 0.90. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance of expert consultations was 0.294 and 0.322, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionA valid, reliable and scientific evaluation index system was established. This personal emergency preparedness index system, as a precursor form, will further lay the foundation for the formation of an assessment instrument. At the same time, it could provide a reference for future education and training of emergency preparedness for the general public.

What did COVID-19 really teach us about science, evidence and society?

What did COVID-19 really teach us about science, evidence and society?

I Know That I Know: Online Health Information Seeking, Self‐Care and the Overconfidence Effect1,2

The increasing access to online health information and the use of this information for self‐medication or self‐diagnosis can foster a discounting of the epistemic authority of experts, as well as an over‐reliance on laypersons' expertise. However, the emerging cognitive bias—the overconfidence effect—is poorly investigated in the sociological field. This study offers a novel contribution to the role of overconfidence bias in online health information‐seeking behavior and self‐care practices. A cross‐sectional study was conducted through an online survey on a sample of 783 Italian university students. Univariate linear regression and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis were performed on the collected data. The findings suggest that overconfidence and self‐care practices are predictors of health information seeking online. The multiple linear regression model revealed that the association between overconfidence bias and online health information seeking is mediated by self‐care behaviors. Therefore, the overconfidence effect influences health information seeking to the extent that the search for information is aimed at self‐care practices. This study could trigger further research on implementing the overconfidence effect and self‐care in theoretical models of health information seeking.

Developing online medical service quality indicators in China from the perspective of online-offline integration: a modified Delphi-AHP study.

Online medical services are developing rapidly worldwide, and policies encourage the integrated development of online and offline services in China. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic quality indicators for online medical services to ensure patients' safety. This study aimed to construct a set of quality indicators from the perspective of online-offline integration, to provide a basis for the evaluation and management of online medical service quality. Based on the literature review, we included 53 potential indicators. In two rounds of consultations, we invited 21 and 19 experts, respectively, to rate the importance and feasibility of each indicator via email. We used the modified Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process to determine the final indicators and their weights. We used experts' positive coefficient, authority coefficient, and opinion coordination degree to test the reliability and validity of experts. After two rounds of Delphi consultation, the experts' positive coefficients were 90.48% and 89.47%, and the authoritative coefficients were both over 0.7. An online medical service quality index system for public hospitals in China was developed with 4 primary indicators, 13 secondary indicators, and 34 tertiary indicators. Among the primary indicators, the weights of structure, process, outcome, and integration quality were 0.22, 0.26, 0.34, and 0.18, respectively. We constructed the first set of online medical service quality indicators for public hospitals in China from the perspective of online-offline integration. It could be applied as a standardized and meaningful guide for online medical service evaluation and quality development.

The mediating role of teacher's effective feedback in the relationship between teaching methods and students' achievement motivation, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr branch

Background and purpose: teacher's feedback can have an impact on students' academic activities outside the academic environment and can have an effective role in motivating academic progress. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of the practical feedback of the professor in the relationship between teaching methods and the motivation of the students of Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr branch. Methodology: The current research was a correlational descriptive study. The statistical population of the current research was all the professors and students of Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr branch, in the academic year 2015-2016. Based on Morgan's table, the statistical sample included 377 students, and 302 professors were selected using the available sampling method. In this research, students answered questionnaires about effective feedback and improvement motivation, and professors answered questionnaires about teaching methods. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients, regression, and path analysis. Results: The analysis of the results showed a significant relationship between feedback type, feedback structure, and feedback time with all five teaching styles and motivation to progress, and the components of feedback type, feedback structure, and feedback time could predict motivation to progress. Also, specialized teaching style, formal authority teaching style, and personal model teaching style were able to predict career motivation in students. Conclusion: The results showed that in the path analysis, the direct effect of feedback type, feedback structure, and feedback time, as well as expert style, authority style, interactive style, personal style, and facilitative style, on the motivation to progress was significant at the level of 0.01.

Women Experts and Gender Bias in Political Media.

Widely held gender stereotypes present obstacles for women experts, who are generally evaluated less positively than equally qualified men across a range of fields. While audiences may view women as better equipped to handle certain feminine-stereotyped issues, Role Congruency Theory suggests that expert authority in politics may be incongruent with traditional feminine gender roles, leading to a subsequent backlash. Building upon the latter theory, I hypothesize that when cued to consider the expertise of a news source, the (in)congruence of gender-stereotyped roles will activate gender biases which increase the gap in evaluations and trust of women and men. Using selection experiments, I assess the relationship between domain-relevant expertise and gender biases across a range of gender-stereotyped issues. I find that women experts are rewarded less for additional expertise and punished more severely for a lack of expertise, exacerbating gender-based biases relative to the control. I find that this pattern is consistent across both masculine- and feminine-stereotyped issues, including issues that disproportionately impact women, such as women's health care and the gender wage gap. The addition of competing partisan cues, however, overwhelms the influence of gender. The normative implications suggest women in the media often face an uphill battle to advocate for their interests on key issues that affect them even when they may have more direct relevant experience in addition to their qualifications.

Development and validation of medical adhesive-related skin injury risk assessment scale at peripherally inserted central catheter insertion site in oncology patients.

To construct a risk assessment scale for medical adhesive-related skin injuries (MARSI) at the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) insertion site in oncology patients and test its reliability and validity. The STARD 2015 statement guided this study. Literature research and a modified Delphi method were adopted in this study. A total of 31 experts participated in two rounds of consultation to build the assessment scale. A convenient sampling method was used to select 195 oncology patients at the PICC clinic from January to June 2022. Inter-rater reliability was used to test the reliability of the scale. Validity was evaluated using the content validity index (CVI) and predictive validity. After the two rounds of consultation, the assessment scale with five dimensions and 13 primary entries and 36 secondary entries was developed, and the expert authority coefficients for both were 0.90. The inter-rater reliability was 0.968. The CVIs of the items ranged from 0.83 to 1.00. The area under the subject's work characteristic curve was 0.757, and the sensitivity and specificity of the scale were 80.0% and 65.6%, respectively, at a cutoff score of 15.5.