At present, the composite dry separation technology is a successful technology in coal gangue discharge. In this paper, the mechanical structure of the novel composite dry separator (NCDS) was revealed, and the dynamic characteristics and vibration behaviors of the separator were deeply discussed by combining theoretical modeling and experimental testing methods. The dynamic mechanics mathematical model of the NCDS was established. The dynamic experiment of the separator was carried out by using the vibration testing system to reveal the space-time characteristics of the NCDS and compared with the theoretical results. The results show that the error between experimental data and theoretical data is less than 6.78 %. This work should be useful for optimal design and efficient operation of the composite dry separator.