Experimental Research Articles

Experimental design for sustainable tourism: a horizon 2050 paper

Purpose This paper aims to uncover the insights derived from past experimental studies in promoting sustainable tourism. It also advocates for leveraging future experimental designs to position tourism as a catalyst for positive change toward sustainable development goals. Design/methodology/approach A review of previous literature examines the contributions of experimental design in both tourist studies and employee studies within the tourism fields. Findings Previous experimental studies have explored effective methods shaping tourists’ sustainable behaviors and management strategies contributing to employees’ decent work. The importance of integrating digital technology in these interventions is highlighted. A future research agenda encompassing three dimensions – technological progress, theory development and practical implications and research design – is proposed to leverage experimental studies for fostering sustainable development within the tourism industry. Originality/value This study, through a comprehensive review, highlights the significant impacts of previous experimental studies on encouraging responsible consumption among tourists and championing improved working conditions for employees. It underscores the necessity for enhanced experimental design, which should integrate theoretical frameworks and prioritize technological innovations to address real-world challenges. These improvements are crucial for advancing the tourism industry toward greater sustainability.

Antiseptic management of critical wounds: differential bacterial response upon exposure to antiseptics and first insights into antiseptic/phage interactions - experimental studies.

With the antibiotic crisis, the topical antibacterial control including chronic wounds gains increasing importance. However, little is known regarding tolerance development when bacteria face repetitive exposure to the identical antiseptics as commonly found in clinical practice. We exposed clinical isolates foremost of chronic wounds in vitro to dilutions of two antisepctics used for wound therapy: polyhexanide or octenidine. Adaptive response was determined by growth/kill curves, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and whole genome sequencing. Antiseptic/bacteriophage combinations were studied by liquid-infection assays and bacterial plating. Polyhexanide acted stronger against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis while octenidine was more potent against Staphylococcus aureus. Otherwise, the antiseptic efficacy varied across isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Upon repetitive exposure with constant antiseptic concentrations P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis adaptation was evident by a reduced lag-phase and a two-fold increased MIC. Under increasing octenidine concentrations, P. aeruginosa adapted to an eightfold higher dosage with mutations in smvA, opgH and kinB affecting an efflux pump, alginate and biofilm formation, respectively. S. aureus adapted to a fourfold increase of polyhexanide with a mutation in the multiple peptide resistance factor MprF, also conferring cross-resistance to daptomycin. Antiseptic/bacteriophage combinations enhanced bacterial inhibition and delayed adaptation. Different bacterial species/strains respond unequally to low-level antiseptic concentrations. Bacterial adaptation potential at phenotypic and genotypic levels may indicate the necessity for a more nuanced selection of antiseptics. Bacteriophages represent a promising yet underexplored strategy for supporting antiseptic treatment which may be particularly beneficial for the management of critical wounds.

Hinge screw or no hinge stabilization provides decreased stability compared to hinge plate in a biomechanical evaluation of distal femoral derotational osteotomies.

Derotational distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) is the causal treatment for patients with femoral torsional deformity. The fixation is achieved by a unilateral angle-stable plate. Delayed- or non-unions are one of the main risks of the procedure. An additional contralateral fixation may benefit the outcome. Therefore, we hypothesize that primary stability in DFO can be improved by an additional fixation with a hinge screw or an internal plate. Derotational DFO was performed in 15 knees and fixed either with an angle-stable plate only (group 'None'), with an additional lateral screw (group 'Screw') or with an additional lateral plate (group 'Plate'). Biomechanical evaluation was carried out under axial loading of 150 N (partial weight bearing) and 800 N (full weight bearing), followed by internal and external rotation. After linear axial loading in step 1, a cyclic torsional load of 5 Nm was applied under constant axial load in step 2. In step 3, the specimens were unloaded. Micromovements between the distal and proximal parts of the osteotomy were recorded at each step for all specimens. In step 1, the extent of micromovements was highest in group 'None' and lowest in group 'Plate' without being significantly different. In step 2, group 'Plate' showed significantly higher stability, reflected by less rotation and lower micromovements. Increasing the axial load from 150to 800 N at step 2 resulted in increased stability in all groups but only reached significance in group 'None'. An additional contralateral plate significantly increased stability in derotational DFO compared to the unilateral angle-stable plate only. Contrary, a contralateral hinge screw did not provide improved stability. Experimental study. IV.

Reduced stress propagation leads to increased mechanical failure resistance in auxetic materials

Materials with a negative Poisson ratio have the counterintuitive property of expanding laterally when they are stretched longitudinally. They are accordingly termed auxetic, from the Greek auxesis meaning to increase. Experimental studies have demonstrated auxetic materials to have superior material properties, compared with conventional ones. These include synclastic curvature, increased acoustic absorption, increased resilience to material fatigue, and increased resistance to mechanical failure. Until now, the latter observations have remained poorly understood theoretically. With this motivation, the contributions of this work are twofold. First, we elucidate analytically the way in which stress propagates spatially across a material following a localized plastic failure event, finding a significantly reduced stress propagation in auxetic materials compared with conventional ones. In this way, a plastic failure event occurring in one part of a material has a reduced tendency to trigger knock-on plastic events in neighboring regions. Second, via the numerical simulation of a lattice elastoplastic model, we demonstrate a key consequence of this reduced stress propagation to be an increased resistance to mechanical failure. This is seen not only via an increase in the externally measured yield strain, but also via a decreased tendency for plastic damage to percolate internally across a sample in catastrophic system-spanning clusters.

Experimental study on the effect of water-heat-force triple-field coupling on the electrical and fatigue properties of cement stabilized layer power generation pavement

Road piezoelectric energy capture technology has developed rapidly in recent years. However, the research of road piezoelectric energy harvester (RPEH) in road environment has rarely been reported. Therefore, in this study, Cement stabilized layer power generation pavement were prepared. Firstly, the output performance of an RPEH under different environmental factors (load, temperature, and water immersion) was tested through indoor tests. Secondly, the 3D simulation model of cement stabilized layer power generation pavement has established, and the output performance of cement stabilized layer power generation pavement has simulated and analyzed under the coupled environment of water, heat and force. Then, the short-term fatigue performance of the RPEH under harsh environments was evaluated. Finally, the fatigue life of cement stabilized layer power generation pavement under extreme environment is predicted by 3D simulation model. The results reveal that the excitation load is the main factor affecting the electrical energy output of the RPEH; The voltage increase is 204.3 % when the excitation load is increased from 0.26 MPa to 1 MPa. Furthermore, an increase in temperature leads to a decrease in the equivalent force of cement stabilized layer and the effect of stress reduction is affected by water immersion environment; When the excitation load is 0.7 MPa, the temperature increases from 20℃ to 50℃, and the immersed environment is 500, 1000 and 1500 ml, the stress attenuation rates are 0.28 %, 0.34 % and −0.025 %, respectively. The water-immersed environment which attenuates the equivalent force and output voltage by more than 40 % and simultaneously attenuates the enhancement effect of the load and temperature on the voltage output of the RPEH. The short-term fatigue degradation rate of piezoelectric ceramics under high temperature and water immersion is 18.5 %, The accuracy of the 3D simulation model in extreme environment was verified through the comparison between the laboratory test results and the 3D simulation results, and the fatigue life of cement stabilized layer power generation pavement was predicted to be greater than five years. The results of this study provide an important reference for the construction design of RPEH for complex road environments.

Effect of ductility of flush end-plate connections on the behaviour of MRFs under fire conditions: An experimental study

The performance of beam-to-column connections is a key factor in the behaviour of moment-resisting frames (MRFs) under fire conditions. In this work, the behaviour and failure mechanisms of a half-scale 3D frame, composed of single-bay, single-storey MRFs and Braced Frames, in two perpendicular planes, equipped with 6 mm thick flush end-plate connections, under fire conditions was studied. A ‘scaled’ ISO 834 standard fire curve was followed during fire loading of the frame. The maximum reached temperature was 1100 °C. The temperatures of the elements of frames were measured at 2-minute time intervals. The rotations of the connections and the deflections of the MRFs’ beams at these time points were worked out using an image processing technique. Furthermore, the effect of the ductility of connections was investigated by comparing the results of this study with those of a previous one in which less ductile connections were used. The results showed that the connections used in this study could sustain large rotations of up to 0.7 radian and endure 65 min under fire. Moreover, it was found that using flexible connections (connections with thinner end-plates) enhances the ‘robustness’ of moment frames in fire.

Discrete Dynamic System Modeling for Simulated Moving Bed Processes

Although the simulated moving bed (SMB) process boasts advantages such as high productivity and low consumption, the cost of obtaining optimized parameters through practical experiments to control the separation process can be enormous due to its complex nonlinear characteristics. Consequently, the successful transformation of the SMB separation process into a mathematical dynamic model for computer simulation would greatly reduce the research costs associated with experimental studies. In this study, the Crank–Nicolson method was employed to discretize and dynamize the SMB process, enabling the simulation of processes under both linear and Langmuir isotherms. The results of the simulation experiments demonstrated the feasibility and high efficiency of this approach, thereby establishing a solid foundation for further advancements in online control strategies.

The Influence of Anti-scatter Grid Usage for Knee Computerized Radiography

Aims: This experimental study investigated the effect of using an anti-scatter grid in computerized knee radiography (CR) on image quality (IQ) and patient surface radiation dose (Equivalent Surface Air Kerma – Ka,e), measured with an ionization chamber. Place and Duration of Study: The experimental study was conducted between February 2024 and April 2024, in the radiodiagnosis laboratory belonging to the Medical Physics and Radiology Technology courses at the Franciscan University (UFN) in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Methodology: Utilizing a semi-anatomical knee phantom to simulate clinical examination conditions, ten images were acquired, with five obtained using technique 1 (70 kV, 200mA, and 20mAs) and another five with technique 2 (70 kVp, 200mA, and 5 mAs), with and without an anti-scatter grid, respectively. The phantom images were digitized in a CR system and quantified using a publicly available automatic analyzer software based on histograms and regions of interest (ROI), defined by signal and noise. The obtained results were used to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and radiographic contrast (RC), considered IQ descriptors. Results: As a selection criterion, the percentage deviation (D%) was chosen, considering technique 1 as the reference concerning technique 2. It was observed that technique 1 showed an SNR 1.20%, RC 3.86%, and Ka,e 73.68% higher than technique 2; on the other hand, technique 2 indicated a CNR 4.76% higher compared to technique 1. Conclusion: It is concluded that technique 2 without an anti-scatter grid may be preferable when considering the principle of optimization, where the dose is significantly reduced without a significant loss in IQ descriptors.

Efficacy of herbal extracts in the management of cactus pest, Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) is a drought-resistant plant and the source of food and income for many farmers during the rainy season, and the only option to feed livestock during the dry seasons, especially in the southern part of the Tigray region of Ethiopia. The region is currently suffering from a damaging parasitoid of cactus called Dactylopius opuntiae- ficus biotype. An experimental study was conducted from August 2022 to February 2023 to investigate the efficacy of herbal extracts against cochineal insects. The experiment was conducted on the insecticidal property of methanol extracts of Solanum linnaenum, Euphorbia tirucalli, Nerium oleander, Tephrosia vogelii, Calpurnia aurea, Argemone Mexicana, Datura stramonium and Ricinus communis. Herbs were extracted, and their efficacy and LC50 were determined. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites was performed. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean mortality of insects across the levels of the herbs (F (8, 71) = 57.812, p = 0.0001, ƞ2 = 0.867) and the experimental extract concentrations (F (1, 71) = 4198.3, p = 0.0001, ƞ2 = 0.983). The individual extracts of S. linnaenum and N. oleander caused average mortality rates of 99.3% and 97.4%, respectively, at 5% extract concentration. Tannins and saponins were the major metabolites found in the extracts. The present study demonstrated the promising insecticidal efficacy of herbal extracts against the damaging cacti pest D. opuntia-ficus biotype, providing insights into sustainable pest control strategies for protecting vital cactus resources in the Tigray region.

Influence of Weak Dynamic Disturbances on Rockburst Occurring in the Borehole Containing a Small-Scale Single Structural Plane: An Experimental Study

Influence of Weak Dynamic Disturbances on Rockburst Occurring in the Borehole Containing a Small-Scale Single Structural Plane: An Experimental Study

A Survey of Flow Field and Combustion Characteristics under Subatmospheric Pressure

This paper presents a summary of and introduction to research on high-altitude and subatmospheric combustion concerning turbine and scramjet engines. The investigation includes theoretical analysis, experimental studies, and numerical simulations. The analysis encompasses the flow field structure, fuel atomization, and combustion performance. Subsequently, recent research on the combustion performance of liquid fuels, solid fuels, and gaseous fuels under high-altitude and low-pressure plateau environments is reviewed. This includes an evaluation of flame height, flame temperature, combustion rate, fire spread rate, and heat radiation flux. Additionally, combustion performance prediction models for high-altitude environments based on experimental and theoretical analysis have been introduced. Lastly, issues in subatmospheric combustion in the aerospace and plateau fire fields are presented based on the current research.

Review on attenuation methods of low-frequency noise in passive silencers

Noise reduction in various industrial and building systems such as ventilation ducts, vehicles, wind tunnels, and test facilities for jet engines, automobiles, and factories has always interested engineers, especially the problematic noise reduction at low frequencies. This problem is even more important with passive silencers, which require absorbent materials and more space. Passive silencers include reactive and dissipative silencers. Among reactive silencers, Helmholtz resonators, expansion chambers, flute-like, drum-like, and plate silencers have proven effective at low frequencies. Combining some of these silencers with a dissipative silencer, called a hybrid silencer, can achieve excellent performance at a wide range of low to high frequencies. In these silencers, the reactive part reduces noise at low frequencies, and the dissipative part reduces noise at medium and high frequencies. The aim of this work, which focuses more on experimental studies, is to introduce the mentioned silencers, investigate the presented methods to improve the performance of these silencers at low frequencies, and offer the practical advantages and disadvantages of these methods.

Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of Two-Layered Unsaturated Sand Bearing Capacity

Pavement design methods based on principles of unsaturated soil mechanics take into account high soil shear strength due to matric suction resulting in more economical design especially in long roads. In this study, the bearing capacity of two-layer unsaturated sand was investigated using both analytical and experimental methods. At first, using the limit equilibrium method an analytical formula was proposed to determine the bearing capacity of two-layer unsaturated sand in which linear suction profile was considered in soil layers. It should be considered that the constant matric suction distribution assumed by the previous researchers doesn’t show the real profile of matric suction within the soil, sometimes resulting in miscalculated unsaturated bearing capacity. Also, the bearing capacity of two-layer unsaturated poorly graded sand was investigated experimentally in different suctions by a special unsaturated chamber apparatus (UCA) designed for this purpose. The results show more than double increase of unsaturated soil bearing capacity with Sr=25% compared to saturated soil. The formation of failure wedges in all experiments was investigated by image processing. An acceptable agreement was obtained between the theoretical and experimental bearing capacity results.

Acoustical analysis and optimization design of the hair dryers

Abstract The sound qualities and wind speeds of the four commercial hair dryers (Panasonic, Confu, Flyco, and Philips) were investigated through experimental methods in the present study. The sound qualities included loudness, sharpness, roughness, and fluctuation strength. The experimental results showed that the maximum sound pressure level (SPL) of all hair dryers occurred at about 200 Hz except Flyco hair dryer, which occurred at about 400 Hz. The highest loudness and highest sharpness were found when the hair dryers were set to hot mode and cold mode, respectively. No consistent relationship was found between the effect of room space and SPLs of the hair dryers. The Box–Behnken design method was used to design 13 pieces of oval and rectangular nozzles, and their sound levels and wind speeds were measured. Thereafter, these experimental results were used to derive correlation coefficients between the hair dryer nozzle area, aspect ratio, nozzle length, loudness, and wind speed using the Anova analysis method. Finally, an oval nozzle and a rectangular nozzle with an area of 0.0005 m 2 {}^{2} , an aspect ratio of 1, and nozzle lengths of 0.052 and 0.055 m, respectively, were designed and were tested. These nozzles managed to reduce the sound loudness by 15 and 9.6%, respectively, while maintaining the same level of wind speed.

Pluronic P123/DMSO Lyotropic Liquid Crystal for Incorporating Bioactive Substances for Topical Application.

Lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) have attracted considerably growing interest in drug delivery applications over the last years. The structure of LLC matrices is complementary to cell membranes and provides an efficient, controlled, and selective release of drugs. In this work, a complex of experimental methods was used to characterize binary LLCs Pluronic P123/DMSO and triple LLC systems Pluronic P123/DMSO/Ibuprofen, which are interesting as transdermal drug delivery systems. Liquid crystalline, thermal, and rheological properties of LLCs were studied. Concentration and temperature areas of the lyomesophase existence were found, and phase transition enthalpies were evaluated. Intermolecular interactions among the components were studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. In vitro studies of Ibuprofen (Ibu) release from various LLCs allow differentiation of its release depending on the polymer content. Atomic force microscopy and contact angle methods were used to characterize the surface morphology of the hydrophobic membrane, which was used as a stratum corneum model, and also evaluate the adhesion work of the LLCs. A complex analysis of the results provided by these experimental methods allowed revealing correlations between the phase behavior and rheological characteristics of the LLCs and release kinetics of ibuprofen. The proposed biocompatible systems have considerable potential for a transdermal delivery of bioactive substances.

Introducing regression discontinuity design to applied linguistics

Abstract This report presents regression discontinuity design (RDD) as a powerful analytical tool for use in applied linguistics showcased through our study of the impact of Japanese government study-abroad (SA) scholarships. RDD enables the estimation of causal effects in scenarios where a true experiment is not feasible by exploiting a naturally occurring cutoff point for treatment assignment. Because RDD may be novel to most readers in applied linguistics, this report provides a detailed step-by-step explanation of the standard RDD procedures our study exemplifies. The results section is crafted to reflect the conventional presentation style of RDD findings. Furthermore, the report’s concluding segment suggests scenarios within SA-related language learning research that could benefit from RDD application by enhancing the nuanced and precise interpretation of data in applied linguistics contexts.

Supramolecular Assemblies in Mn (II) and Zn (II) Metal–Organic Compounds Involving Phenanthroline and Benzoate: Experimental and Theoretical Studies

Two new Mn(II) and Zn(II) metal–organic compounds of 1,10-phenanthroline and methyl benzoates viz. [Mn(phen)2Cl2]2-ClBzH (1) and [Zn(4-MeBz)2(2-AmPy)2] (2) (where 4-MeBz = 4-methylbenzoate, 2-AmPy = 2-aminopyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, 2-ClBzH = 2-chlorobenzoic acid) were synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, TGA, spectroscopic (FTIR, electronic) and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystal structure analysis of the compounds revealed the presence of various non-covalent interactions, which provides stability to the crystal structures. The crystal structure analysis of compound 1 revealed the formation of a supramolecular dimer of 2-ClBzH enclathrate within the hexameric host cavity formed by the neighboring monomeric units. Compound 2 is a mononuclear compound of Zn(II) where flexible binding topologies of 4-CH3Bz are observed with the metal center. Moreover, various non-covalent interactions, such as lp(O)-π, lp(Cl)-π, C–H∙∙∙Cl, π-stacking interactions as well as N–H∙∙∙O, C–H∙∙∙O and C–H∙∙∙π hydrogen bonding interactions, are found to be involved in plateauing the molecular self-association of the compounds. The remarkable enclathration of the H-bonded 2-ClBzH dimer into a supramolecular cavity formed by two [Mn(phen)2Cl2] complexes were further studied theoretically using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the non-covalent interaction (NCI) plot index and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) computational tools. Synergistic effects were also analyzed using molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface analysis.

Mortality of Patients With Sepsis Administered Piperacillin-Tazobactam vs Cefepime.

Experimental and observational studies have suggested that empirical treatment for bacterial sepsis with antianaerobic antibiotics (eg, piperacillin-tazobactam) is associated with adverse outcomes compared with anaerobe-sparing antibiotics (eg, cefepime). However, a recent pragmatic clinical trial of piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime showed no difference in short-term outcomes at 14 days. Further studies are needed to help clarify the empirical use of these agents. To examine the use of piperacillin-tazobactam compared with cefepime in 90-day mortality in patients treated empirically for sepsis, using instrumental variable analysis of a 15-month piperacillin-tazobactam shortage. In a retrospective cohort study, hospital admissions at the University of Michigan from July 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018, including a piperacillin-tazobactam shortage period from June 12, 2015, to September 18, 2016, were examined. Adult patients with suspected sepsis treated with vancomycin and either piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime for conditions with presumed equipoise between piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime were included in the study. Data analysis was conducted from December 17, 2022, to April 11, 2023. The primary outcome was 90-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included organ failure-free, ventilator-free, and vasopressor-free days. The 15-month piperacillin-tazobactam shortage period was used as an instrumental variable for unmeasured confounding in antibiotic selection. Among 7569 patients (4174 men [55%]; median age, 63 [IQR 52-73] years) with sepsis meeting study eligibility, 4523 were treated with vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam and 3046 were treated with vancomycin and cefepime. Of patients who received piperacillin-tazobactam, only 152 (3%) received it during the shortage. Treatment groups did not differ significantly in age, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, or time to antibiotic administration. In an instrumental variable analysis, piperacillin-tazobactam was associated with an absolute mortality increase of 5.0% at 90 days (95% CI, 1.9%-8.1%) and 2.1 (95% CI, 1.4-2.7) fewer organ failure-free days, 1.1 (95% CI, 0.57-1.62) fewer ventilator-free days, and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.01-2.01) fewer vasopressor-free days. Among patients with suspected sepsis and no clear indication for antianaerobic coverage, administration of piperacillin-tazobactam was associated with higher mortality and increased duration of organ dysfunction compared with cefepime. These findings suggest that the widespread use of empirical antianaerobic antibiotics in sepsis may be harmful.

Copper Catalyzed Borylation of Alkynes: An Experimental Mechanistic Study.

The copper catalyzed hydroboration of alkynes with B2pin2 was studied by in detail studies of individual relevant steps along the catalytic pathway. A number of reaction steps were retraced by in situ NMR spectroscopy as well as central intermediates and side-products were isolated and comprehensively characterized. A copper boryl complex is central to the catalytic process by inserting the terminal alkyne substrate into the B-Cu bond. The selectivity of this step - depending on the NHC auxiliary ligand - determines the α/β selectivity observed in the product. The latter complex is protonated by the auxiliary alcohol reagent resulting in hydroboration product formation and formation of a Cu alkoxido complex. Reaction of the latter with B2pin2 results in the regeneration of the central copper boryl complex. This alcoholysis step depends on the acidity of the alcohol, in particular on the relative acidity of the alcohol vs. the alkyne substrate. A number of side reactions leading to the hydrogenation product of the alkyne substrate and a bis hydroborated product were identified and studied in some detail. It is concluded that the performance of a particular catalytic system depends crucially on the relative acidities of the reagents and generalizations may be difficult.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Membrane Residual Stress in Q690 High-Strength Steel Welded Box Section Compressed Member

High-strength steel (HSS) members with welded sections exhibit a notably lower residual compressive stress ratio compared with common mild steel (CMS) members. Despite this difference, current codes often generalize the findings from CMS members to HSS members, and the previous unified residual stress models are generally conservative. This study focuses on the membrane residual stress distribution in Q690 steel welded box sections. By leveraging experimental results, the influence of section sizes and welding parameters on membrane residual stress was delved into. A larger plate size correlates with a decrease in the residual compressive stress across the section, with a more pronounced reduction observed in adjacent plates. Additionally, augmenting the number of welding passes tends to diminish residual stresses across the section. Results showed that membrane residual stress adhered to the section’s self-equilibrium, while the self-equilibrium in the plates was not a uniform pattern. A reliable residual stress simulation method for Q690 steel welded box sections was established using a three-dimensional thermal–elastic–plastic finite element model (3DTEFEM) grounded in experimental data. This method served as the cornerstone for parameter analysis in this study and set the stage for subsequent research. As a result, an accurate unified residual stress model for Q690 steel welded box sections was derived.