Experimental Research Model Research Articles

Drosophila as a Model for Human Disease: Insights into Rare and Ultra-Rare Diseases.

Rare and ultra-rare diseases constitute a significant medical challenge due to their low prevalence and the limited understanding of their origin and underlying mechanisms. These disorders often exhibit phenotypic diversity and molecular complexity that represent a challenge to biomedical research. There are more than 6000 different rare diseases that affect nearly 300 million people worldwide. However, the prevalence of each rare disease is low, and in consequence, the biomedical resources dedicated to each rare disease are limited and insufficient to effectively achieve progress in the research. The use of animal models to investigate the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis has become an invaluable tool. Among the animal models commonly used in research, Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an efficient and reliable experimental model for investigating a wide range of genetic disorders, and to develop therapeutic strategies for rare and ultra-rare diseases. It offers several advantages as a research model including short life cycle, ease of laboratory maintenance, rapid life cycle, and fully sequenced genome that make it highly suitable for studying genetic disorders. Additionally, there is a high degree of genetic conservation from Drosophila melanogaster to humans, which allows the extrapolation of findings at the molecular and cellular levels. Here, I examine the role of Drosophila melanogaster as a model for studying rare and ultra-rare diseases and highlight its significant contributions and potential to biomedical research. High-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, such as whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), are providing massive amounts of information on the genomic modifications present in rare diseases and common complex traits. The sequencing of exomes or genomes of individuals affected by rare diseases has enabled human geneticists to identify rare variants and identify potential loci associated with novel gene-disease relationships. Despite these advances, the average rare disease patient still experiences significant delay until receiving a diagnosis. Furthermore, the vast majority (95%) of patients with rare conditions lack effective treatment or a cure. This scenario is enhanced by frequent misdiagnoses leading to inadequate support. In consequence, there is an urgent need to develop model organisms to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases and to establish the genetic origin of these maladies. The aim of this review is to discuss the advantages and limitations of Drosophila melanogaster, hereafter referred as Drosophila, as an experimental model for biomedical research, and the applications to study human disease. The main question to address is whether Drosophila is a valid research model to study human disease, and in particular, rare and ultra-rare diseases.

The meaning of attention control.

Attention control has been proposed as an ability construct that explains individual differences in fluid intelligence. Evaluating this hypothesis is complicated by a lack of clarity in the definition of attention control. Here, I propose a definition of attention control, based on experimental research and computational models of what guides attention, and how cognitive processes are controlled. Attention is the selection of mental representations for prioritized processing, and the ability to control attention is the ability to prioritize those representations that are relevant for the person's current goal, thereby enabling them to think and act in accordance with their intentions. This definition can be used to identify appropriate and less appropriate ways to measure individual differences in attention control. An analysis of various approaches to measurement reveals that the current practice of measuring attention control leaves room for improvement. Aligning our psychometric measurements with a clear, theoretically grounded concept of attention control can lead to more valid measures of that construct. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The effect of transtheoretical model-based motivational interviewing on self-efficacy and belief perceptions in individuals with substance use disorder

ABSTRACT Background The aim of this study was to identify how transtheoretical model-based motivational interviewing affects self-efficacy and belief perception in individuals with substance use disorder. Methods The study was conducted between October 2021 and July 2022 using an experimental research model with pretest and posttest control group. The sample size was calculated using the G*Power 3.1.7 programme, and a total of 46 participants including 23 in the experimental group and 23 in the control group were included in the study. The data were collected using a Socio-demographic Characteristics Questionnaire prepared by the researcher, Self-Efficacy Scale (SES), and Beliefs about Substance Use Scale (BSU). Results While the self-efficacy total mean score of the experimental group was 83.39 ± 13.13 before the experimental, it increased to 91.43 ± 11.17 after the experimental and a statistically significant difference was found between them (p < .05). BSU total mean score of the experimental group was 42.30 ± 22.42 before the experimental and significantly decreased to 25.52 ± 7.56 after the experimental, and a statistically significant difference was established between them (p < .05). Conclusion This method was found to be effective in changing individuals’ self-efficacy and beliefs about quitting substances.

Content Analysis of Postgraduate Theses About the Relationship Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Physical Activity in Türkiye in 2010-2023

The aim of this study is to evaluate the postgraduate theses on the relationship between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and physical activity registered at the YÖK National Thesis Center between the years 2010-2023 and to examine these theses using the headings of descriptive features, content and methodology. A total of sixty-one (61) theses, forty-four (44) master's theses and seventeen (17) doctoral theses, on the relationship between ASD and physical activity between the years 2010-2023 were included in the study. The data of the study were obtained by using the document review model, which is one of the qualitative research methods, and analyzed by the content analysis method. Within the scope of the findings obtained from the study, it is seen that the postgraduate theses were mostly published between the years 2019-2023 and most of them were completed at Gazi University. The findings obtained show that the master's (49.9%) and doctoral (47%) theses were mostly carried out in Health Sciences Institutes. Thirty-three (33) studies were conducted in the Department of Physical Education and Sports, including twenty-one (21) master's theses (47.7%) and twelve (12) doctoral theses (70.5%). In addition, four (4) master's theses (9%) and two (2) doctoral theses (11.7%) were conducted in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching. A total of twenty-seven (27) studies, nineteen (19) master's theses (41.3%) were conducted by advisors with the title of Assistant Professor, while ten (10) doctoral theses were conducted under the leadership of advisors with the title of Prof. Dr. (%47.6). The sample group of the master's and doctoral studies mostly consists of individuals/children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In addition, the sample group in master's theses (51.5%) and doctoral theses (28.2%) consisted of parents. Of the master's theses in the years 2014-2018 and 2019-2023, 29-30% were studies completed in the field of motor skills and 11-12% in the field of social skills. Of the doctoral theses in the years 2019-2023, 36.8% were studies completed in the field of motor skills and 15.7% in the field of social skills. It was seen that the examined master's and doctoral theses were mostly completed in metropolitan cities such as Istanbul and Ankara. Again, it was understood that postgraduate theses were mostly completed in special education and rehabilitation centers. Quantitative research was mostly applied in postgraduate theses (79.5% of master's degrees, 64.6% of doctoral studies) and the majority used the criterion sampling method (47.7% of master's degrees, 76.4% of doctoral studies). It was also seen that both master's and doctoral theses were conducted in experimental and case study research models. While test battery (41%) and scale (17.9) were used in master's theses, observation form (19.9) and scale (19.9) were used in doctoral theses. Finally, criterion sampling and random sampling methods were preferred in both master's and doctoral theses. As a result, it was seen that the studies completed on individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) increased between 2019-2023 and focused especially on motor skills and social skills.

Zebrafish as a Model System for Brugada Syndrome.

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inheritable cardiac arrhythmogenic disease, associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. It is most common in males around the age of 40 and the prevalence is higher in Asia than in Europe and the United States. The pathophysiology underlying BrS is not completely understood, but several hypotheses have been proposed. So far, the best effective treatment is the implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), but device-related complications are not uncommon. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve diagnosis and risk stratification and to find new treatment options. To this end, research should further elucidate the genetic basis and pathophysiological mechanisms of BrS. Several experimental models are being used to gain insight into these aspects. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a widely used animal model for the study of cardiac arrhythmias, as its cardiac electrophysiology shows interesting similarities to humans. However, zebrafish have only been used in a limited number of studies on BrS, and the potential role of zebrafish in studying the mechanisms of BrS has not been reviewed. Therefore, the present review aims to evaluate zebrafish as an animal model for BrS. We conclude that zebrafish can be considered as a valuable experimental model for BrS research, not only for gene editing technologies, but also for screening potential BrS drugs.

Shear strength of hybrid GFRP-steel reinforced concrete corbels without vertical stirrups: Experimental research and prediction models

This paper investigates the behavior and predicts the shear strength of concrete corbels reinforced with hybrid glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)/steel reinforcement bars. For this purpose, the study consists of two main parts: the first part was an experimental study carried out on eight hybrid reinforced concrete corbels and four GFRP reinforced concrete corbels with a shear span to depth ratio (a/d) of 0.7 and 1.0; in the second part, a nonlinear finite element model (NFEM) was developed and validated against experimental results. Comprehensive parametric studies based on the validated NFEM were conducted to assess the impact of main parameters on the shear capacity. As a result, an empirical formula predicting the shear capacity of hybrid RC corbels was proposed. Furthermore, a softened strut-and-tie model (SSTM) was further developed to predict the shear capacity of hybrid RC corbels. The test results indicate that increasing the steel reinforcement ratio significantly enhances the shear strength. The width of the inclined crack band narrows as a portion of GFRP reinforcement is replaced with steel reinforcement. The NFEM shows good agreement with test results in terms of load-deflection curve, strain of rebar and failure modes. The proposed empirical formula and extended SSTM accurately predict the shear capacity of hybrid RC corbels compared to test results and numerical simulations.

The Effect of Dynamic Warm-Up Exercise Durations on Different Jump Types in Young Male Boxers

This study was conducted to determine the effects of various durations of dynamic warm-up exercise on different jump types in young male boxers. Fourteen young male athletes (mean age: 16.86±1.03 years, height: 172.57±11.34 cm, body weight: 65.21±16.42 kg) voluntarily participated in the study, which employed a pretest-posttest experimental research model, a quantitative method, without a control group. The athletes were instructed to run for 5 minutes at an average heart rate of 120 beats/min, followed by dynamic stretching consisting of 10 different exercises for durations of 5, 10, and 15 minutes on different days. After each period of different dynamic exercises, the participants performed drop jump, countermovement jump, and squat jump tests. The SPSS package program was used to analyze the data obtained from the research. Repeated Measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni test, a post-hoc test, were applied to normally distributed data. Examining the drop jump test results, a significant difference was detected between the various dynamic warm-up times (p &amp;lt; .05), with the distance measured after the 10-minute exercise period higher than those following the 5- and 15-minute warm-up periods. There were no significant differences between the dynamic warm-up times (p ˃ .05) for the countermovement jump and squat jump tests. As a result, dynamic warm-up exercises were determined to improve the drop jump performance of young male boxers, with the 10-minute exercise duration more positively affecting drop jump performance than either the 5- or 15-minute warm-up periods.

Heterogeneity of Wnt1-Cre-marked and Pax2-Cre-marked first branchial arch cranial neural crest cells in mice.

This study aimed to explore the heterogeneity and gene ontology of Wnt1-Cre-marked and Pax2-Cre-marked first branchial arch cranial neural crest cells (CNCs) in mice. The embryos of Wnt1-Cre;R26RmTmG and Pax2-Cre;R26RmTmG at embryonic day (E)8.0-E9.25 were collected for histological observation. We performed immunostaining to compare green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive CNCs in Pax2-Cre;R26RAi9 and Wnt1-Cre;R26RAi9 mice at E15.5. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to analyze the first branchial arch GFP-positive CNCs from Wnt1-Cre;R26RmTmG and Pax2-cre;R26RmTmGmice at E10.5. Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was performed to validate the differential genes. Wnt1-Cre-marked and Pax2-Cre-marked CNCs migrated from the neural plateto first and second branchial arches and to the first branchial arch, respectively, at E8.0. Although Wnt1-Cre-marked and Pax2-Cre-marked CNCs were found mostly in cranial-facial tissues, the former had higher expression in palate and tongue. The results of scRNA-seq showed that Pax2-Cre-marked CNCs specifically contributed to osteoblast differentiation and ossification, while Wnt1-Cre-marked CNCs participated in limb development, cell migration, and ossification. The q-PCR data also confirmed the results of gene ontology analysis. Pax2-Cre mice are perfect experimental animal models for research on first branchial arch CNCs and derivatives in osteoblast differentiation and ossification.

Influence of Anesthetic Techniques on Colorectal Cancer Recurrence: A Comprehensive Review.

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a significant risk of recurrence following surgical treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that perioperative factors, particularly anesthetic techniques, may influence cancer recurrence rates. This comprehensive review aims to critically analyze the impact of various anesthetic techniques on colorectal cancer recurrence. We explore the distinct immunomodulatory and inflammatory effects of general, regional, and combined anesthetic approaches and their potential influence on tumor biology. The review synthesizes findings from clinical studies, experimental research, and theoretical models, highlighting the differential impact of anesthetic choices on long-term oncological outcomes. By examining recurrence rates, immune responses, and inflammatory markers associated with different anesthetic techniques, this review provides a holistic understanding of the role of anesthetic management in colorectal cancer surgery. Our findings suggest that anesthetic techniques can modulate the immune and inflammatory responses in ways that may affect tumor recurrence, underscoring the need for further research to optimize anesthetic protocols. The review offers clinical recommendations based on current evidence and identifies gaps in knowledge, proposing directions for future investigations. This comprehensive analysis aims to inform clinical practice and guide future research, ultimately improving long-term outcomes for colorectal cancer patients.

The Effects of Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises on Visual Reaction Times and Certain Motor Skills in Young Male Boxers

This study aimed to determine the effects of open kinetic chain (OKC) and closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises on visual reaction times and certain motor skills in young male boxers. Twelve young male athletes (mean age: 16.92±1.08 years) voluntarily participated in this study, which employed a pretest-posttest experimental research model, a quantitative research method, without a control group. The Ethics Committee Approval required for the research was received from Muş Alparslan University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee with decision number 9/73 dated 08.11.2023. Prior to and following training in OKC and CKC exercises, the athletes were tested on visual reaction times, vertical jumping, and flexibility. The paired samples t-test was applied to normally distributed data. According to our findings, there were no significant differences in the visual reaction time and flexibility tests with respect to the pre- and post-test results for the OKC exercises (p ˃ .05), although a significant difference was detected for the vertical jump test (p ˂ .05), with the post-test values determined to be lower than the pre-test values. While there were no significant differences in the CKC exercise pre-and post-test results for the vertical jump and flexibility tests (p ˃.05), a significant difference was observed in the visual reaction test (p ˂ .05), for which the post-test values were lower than the pre-test values. Based on these results, OKC exercises were determined to have a negative impact on jumping ability, whereas CKC exercises exhibited positive effects on visual reaction times. The use of CKC exercises can thus be recommended for studies aimed at improving visual reaction performance in young male boxers.

Effects of telephone nursing education and counselling on discharge satisfaction level and self-care strength of patients after coronary artery bypass grafting.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nursing education and counselling provided by telephone to individuals undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery on their discharge satisfaction levels and self-care power levels. The study was conducted using a randomized controlled experimental research model with a pre-test-post-test control group (30 individuals in the experiment group and 30 individuals in the control group). Routine nursing care was applied to the patients in the control group throughout their attendance, and no training or intervention was made after discharge. By contrast, in addition to routine nursing care, the for 4 weeks in the experimental group received nursing education and counselling services by phone in the post-discharge period. A 'Personal Information Form,' 'Discharge Training Satisfaction Scale,' and 'Self-Care Strength Scale,' which were prepared by the researchers and included the personal information of the patients, were used to collect the data. The difference between the pre-test self-care power scale and discharge education satisfaction scale sub-dimensions of the groups and the mean score of the total score was not statistically significant. The post-test self-care power scale and discharge education satisfaction scale sub-dimensions and total score averages of the patients in the experimental group were higher than in the control group, and the difference between them was statistically significant (P <0.05). The nursing education and counselling services given to the patients on the phone increased their self-care skill levels and discharge satisfaction levels.

Implementing the predictor-corrector approach to examine the thermo-solutal convection for buongiorno eyring-powell nanofluid model with squeezed microcantilivier surface

The Buongiorno nanofluid model serves as a foundational model for theoretical and experimental research in the field of nanofluids, and this model can be applied to various engineering problems, including heat exchangers, biomedical applications, solar collectors, nuclear reactors, and different cooling systems in the automotive and electronics industries. The use of nanofluids in the Eyring-Powell fluid over a squeezed sensing surfaces is a vital area of research for the design and improvement of microfluidic devices and sensors, which find widespread usage in industrial and medical applications. The main purpose of this work is to note the augmentation in thermal conductivity by using the Buongiorno nanofluid model along with the natural convective flow of non-Newtonian Eyring-Powell fluid that is moving on the squeezed sensory surface along with slip velocity. The viscosity of a fluid is assumed to be dependent on temperature. The Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux and chemical reaction are assumed to determine the combined effect of heat and mass transport. The governing model of equations is in the form of dimensional partial differential equations, and we have to convert these equations into ordinary differential equations; therefore, a set of similarity transformations is adopted for making the equations into dimensionless form. The numerical results were obtained by adopting the predictor and corrector multistep method, namely the ‘Adams-Bashforth’ technique, in Matlab software. The use of natural convective flow enhances the velocity region. The velocity slip parameter increases the velocity of the fluid, whereas the viscosity parameter drops the velocity profile. The thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters are the sources of the increment in the temperature region. The thermal relaxation and solutal relaxation parameters are the sources of decline in the temperature region. The squeezing parameter is the source of reduction in the skin friction, whereas the result indicates that the fluid parameter, Grashof number, and viscosity coefficients increase the skin friction.

Energy Absorption Capacity of Soil Reinforced with Processed Plant-Derived Fibers: Experimental Research and Predictive Models

Energy Absorption Capacity of Soil Reinforced with Processed Plant-Derived Fibers: Experimental Research and Predictive Models

Experimental research and artificial neural network-based prediction model on compressive strength of hardened cement pastes containing fly ash and silica fume at high temperatures

Experimental research and artificial neural network-based prediction model on compressive strength of hardened cement pastes containing fly ash and silica fume at high temperatures

Development and validation of novel keloid-derived immortalized fibroblast cell lines.

Keloids are a common connective tissue disorder with an ill-understood etiopathogenesis and no effective treatment. This is exacerbated because of the absence of an animal model. Patient-derived primary keloid cells are insufficient as they age through passaging and have a limited supply. Therefore, there is an unmet need for development of a cellular model that can consistently and faithfully represent keloid's pathognomic features. In view of this, we developed keloid-derived immortalized fibroblast (KDIF) cell lines from primary keloid fibroblasts (PKF) by transfecting the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene. The TERT gene encodes the catalytic subunit of the telomerase enzyme, which is responsible for maintaining the cellular replicative potential (cellular immortalization). Primary fibroblasts from keloid-specific lesional (peripheral, middle, and top) as well as extralesional sites were isolated and evaluated for cell line development and comparative cellular characteristics by employing qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Moreover, the immortalized behavior of KDIF cell lines was evaluated by comparing with cutaneous fibrosarcoma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans cell lines. Stable KDIF cell lines with elevated expression of hTERT exhibited the cellular characteristics of site-specific keloid fibroblasts. Histochemical staining for β-galactosidase revealed a significantly lower number of β-gal-positive cells in all three KDIF cell lines compared with that in PKFs. The cell growth curve pattern was studied over 10 passages for all three KDIF cell lines and was compared with the control groups. The results showed that all three KDIF cell lines grew significantly faster and obtained a fast growing characteristic as compared to primary keloid and normal fibroblasts. Phenotypic behavior in growth potential is an indication of hTERT-mediated immortalized transformation. Cell migration analysis revealed that the top and middle KDIF cell lines exhibited similar migration trend as site-specific PKFs. Notably, peripheral KDIF cell line showed significantly enhanced cell migration in comparison to the primary peripheral fibroblasts. All KDIF cell lines expressed Collagen I protein as a keloid-associated fibrotic marker. Functional testing with triamcinolone inhibited cell migration in KDIF. ATCC short tandem repeat profiling validated the KDIF as keloid representative cell line. In summary, we provide the first novel KDIF cell lines. These cell lines overcome the limitations related to primary cell passaging and tissue supply due to immortalized features and present an accessible and consistent experimental model for keloid research.

Industrial Based Learning for Improving Problem Solving Skill for Technical Workforce Labour

Objective: The research aims to develop the industrial based learning in vocational diploma program improving problem solving skill and actual work in the workplace, assess the problem solving skill of students, evaluate the efficiency of learning of the industrial based learning in vocational diploma program for actual work in the workplace, analyze advanced abilities of students, evaluate the industrial requirements for project workpieces of students and evaluate student’s achievement. Method: Experimental research model followed IBL integrated with ADDIE with MIAP and questioning teaching method and 7 steps of problem based learning: PBL that comprise of determination of population and sampling group, competency creation and topic analysis and creation of research tools. Results and Discussion: Industrial based learning improve problem solving skill for technical workforce labour, the efficiency of IBL were above 80/80 established criteria. The advanced abilities increased more than before learning and abilities that met their requirements, the project workpieces were good level. Originality/Value: Industrial based learning was applied Phradabos school and other school which implement diploma program, improved problem solving skill of Phradabos students which is necessary skill for workforce labour.

Biomechanical gait analysis in sheep: kinematic parameters.

Animals have been used as models to help to better understand biological and anatomical systems, and pathologies in both humans and non-human species, and sheep are often used as an in vivo experimental model for orthopedic research. Gait analysis has been shown to be an important tool in biomechanics research with clinical applications. The purpose of this study was to perform a kinematic analysis using a tridimensional (3D) reconstruction of the sheep hindlimb. Seven healthy sheep were evaluated for natural overground walking, and motion capture of the right hindlimb was collected with an optoelectronic system while the animals walked in a track. The analysis addressed gait spatiotemporal variables, hip, knee and ankle angle and intralimb joint angle coordination measures during the entire walking cycle. This study is the first that describes the spatiotemporal parameters from the hip, knee and ankle joints in a tridimensional way: flexion/extension; abduction/adduction and inter/external rotation. The results of this assessment can be used as an outcome indicator to guide treatment and the efficacy of different therapies for orthopedic and neurological conditions involving the locomotor system of the sheep animal model.

New insight and experimental study of ineffective void in hydrodynamic performance of countercurrent‐flow packing column

AbstractExtensive experimental research and hydrodynamic models have been proposed to guide the design of superior packings. However, most research has concentrated on the effective void (ε − H) of packing while ignoring the ineffective void (ε − H − HL), which causes discrepancies in hydrodynamic performance compared to actual observations. This study evaluated the hydrodynamic performance under diverse conditions considering the liquid holdup (H), pressure drop (ΔP), and gas flooding velocity (uf). A novel approach to hydrodynamic model construction is introduced by incorporating an ineffective void. The results indicate that at a constant hold‐up area, liquid flow (L) and viscosity (μ) significantly influence liquid hold up, moderated by the gas velocity in the flooding area. The pressure drop rises as the viscosity, gas flow rate, and liquid flow rate increase. Notably, a considerable pressure drop initiates flooding at the bottom of the absorber. Elevated liquid flow rates and viscosities correlate with higher ineffective void values (HL) in the packing column. At low gas flow rates, the gas flow rate marginally affects HL values. However, after the flooding point was achieved, the values of HL rapidly increased as the gas flow rate increased. Moreover, a linear relationship emerges between the liquid holdup and HL, as evidenced by the consistent variation in the liquid holdup and the F‐factor. Utilizing the ineffective void yields a more accurate fit for the experimental data, reducing the average absolute relative deviation to 10.2%, 7.4%, and 10.8%, respectively.

Metabolic disorders induced the changes in the expressions of TNFα, E-cadherin and ultrastructural alteration of liver cells in a typical animal model of type 2 diabetes: Psammomys obesus

By using a unique animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Psammomys obesus induced by a high-calorie diet (HCD) for nine months, we showed for the first time, in the liver, the impact of inflammation on the remodeling of intercellular junction molecules E-cadherins during the progression of steatohepatitis. Under the effect of HCD, the expressions of immunohistochemical markers, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) and E-cadherins were inversely correlated. Ultrastructural examination revealed the involvement of destabilization and loss of E-cadherins in the process of hepatic pathogenesis. This mechanical maintenance stress was favored by the recruitment of immune cells which contributed to the triggering and progression of fibrosis by the enlargement of the intercellular space and the invasion of collagen fibers. Furthermore to escape cell death, loss of E-cadherins played a major role in mediating fibrosis.Psammomys obesus is a promising model for experimental research, enabling the extrapolation of observed structural and functional alterations in humans, the objective to find new therapeutic targets. The physiological resemblance between Psammomys obesus and humans enhances the precision and relevance of biomedical research efforts.

THE EFFECT OF THERAPEUTIC GAME EDUCATION ON PHYSICAL HEALTH IN CHILDREN WITH BACK MUSCLE WEAKNESS

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of therapeutic play training on physical health in 10-12 year old children with back muscle weakness. Experimental research model was used in the study. According to the results of the Functional Movement Screening test, 16 children (8 Study, 8 Control) with back muscle weakness were included in the study as participants. According to the pre-test analysis results, children with weak back muscles were given therapeutic play training with 7 different games adapted to increase healthy posture and physical development for 8 weeks and 3 days a week. At the end of the therapeutic game education application process, the FMS test (post-test) was administered to the children again and the results were recorded. The groups were homogeneously distributed, independent sample t-test was used to determine the difference between the research and control groups, and paired sample t-test was used to compare the data within groups. All statistical values obtained were evaluated at 95% confidence interval and significance was evaluated at p&amp;lt;0.05 level. According to the findings obtained from the study, a statistically significant difference was found when the FMS pre-test-post-test results of the children in the study group, in which therapeutic games were applied, were analyzed (p&amp;lt;0.05). As a result of the FMS pre-test before the education program was started, it was determined that 7 of the 8 participants, who could not reach a sufficient score and whose back muscles were found to be weak, reached a sufficient score according to the FMS post-test results after the applications, and only 1 participant showed positive development although he could not get a sufficient score. When the FMS pre-post test results applied to the control group were examined, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference p&amp;gt;0.05.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0758/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;