Experimental Parametric Study Research Articles

Development of a finite strip method for efficient prediction of buckling and post-buckling in composite laminates containing a cutout with/without stiffener

One of the main methods for improving the strength of the notched laminates, which are commonly used in the engineering structures, is to employ a stringer in a proper configuration. To optimize the design of these perforated laminates under compression loading, accurate characterization of the effects of various parameters on the instability behavior plays a significant role. For this purpose, after a review on the main previous researches, a semi-energy finite strip method (SE-FSM) is developed in the framework of nonlinear deformation to analyze the buckling behavior of stiffened/unstiffened laminated composites having a circular notch. The developed SE-FSM is based on the semi-analytical solution of von Karman’s equations via Airy stress function and has the advantage of great versatility like the finite element method (FEM) and good economy like the Rayleigh-Ritz method. To verify the developed method and to examine the influence of various parameters (the thickness of specimen, the diameter of the hole and the thickness of stiffener) on the buckling behavior, a detailed experimental parametric study is performed and the extracted results are compared with those of the developed SE-FSM, the full-energy FSM and FEM. High accuracy and fast convergence of the developed method show its computational efficiency for prediction of stability behavior of composite laminates.

Parametric study of a rapid bridge assessment method using distributed macro-strain influence envelope line

Abstract Dynamic strain-based methods are promising for bridge status assessment; however, the influences of vehicle parameters variations on their capabilities for damage identification are usually indeterminate. In this paper, parametric study for highway bridge rapid assessment method is conducted under moving vehicle loads, which is based on the distributed macro-strain envelope line. First, the relationship between the average bending stiffness and macro-strain history is studied according to the theory of the strain influence line. To determine the influence of different vehicle parameters (velocity, weight and axle numbers) on the method, a 1:10 scale model of a bridge-vehicle system is established for the parametric experimental study. A type of long-gauge Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor is used in the experiment. The empirical mode decomposition method (EMD) is applied to extract the static macro-strain component, and the maximum values of the static macro-strain histories are accumulated as the long-gauge strain envelope line. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only effectively identifies the location of damage but also damage extent and is not affected by the parameters of the vehicle. This method has engineering significance in bearing capacity evaluation and post-bridge structure reinforcement design.

Experimental parametric study on low-frequency oscillating behaviour of pool fires in a small-scale mechanically-ventilated compartment

The purpose of this work is to study the unstable oscillatory behaviour, with frequency in the order of few mHz, that has been occasionally observed in mechanically-ventilated compartment fires. To address this challenge, a series of experiments using a small-scale compartment was conducted using heptane and dodecane as fuels. Results show that, after the fire is fully-developed, unstable and stable combustion regimes can occur depending on the fuel type, the pool size and the air renewal rate of the compartment (ARR). A special regime of unstable oscillatory combustion with low frequencies (LF), accompanied by thermodynamic pressure and ventilation flow rate variations and displacement of the flame outside the pan, is observed. The occurrence and persistency of LF oscillations results from the competition between oxygen supply and fuel vapor supply due to the heat feedback from the flame and enclosure to the fuel tray. The LF oscillation period depends mainly on time required for storing enough fuel vapor for strong combustion. Whatever the fuel type, it is found that i) the range of ARR where LF oscillations appear and the oscillation amplitude increase with the pool size, and ii) the frequency increases, while amplitude decreases, with increasing ARR independently of the pool size. It is also found that the more flammable the fuel, i) the smaller pool size for which LF oscillations appear and the higher the frequency for the same ventilation conditions, and ii) the wider the range of ARR where LF oscillations appear for a given pool size.

A new hybrid personal cooling system (HPCS) incorporating insulation pads for thermal comfort management: Experimental validation and parametric study

The hybrid personal cooling system (HPCS) incorporated with phase change materials (PCMs) and ventilation fans developed by the authors has shown good performance on heat strain alleviation for workers in hot environment (e.g., the maximum core temperature reduction could reach 0.4 °C as compared with the no cooling cases at 36 °C and 59% RH). Nevertheless, a recent numerical study has revealed that PCMs in the HPCS absorbed much heat from the hot environment during melting, which shortened the PCM melting duration significantly and thereby, reduced the total effective cooling time of the HPCS. In this study, the HPCS was redesigned by placing an insulation layer onto the outer surface of PCM packs to reduce the heat absorption from the hot environment. The Tanabe's thermoregulation model coupled with a heat and moisture transfer clothing model was modified to numerically investigate the cooling performance of the novel HPCS. The coupled model was validated by human wear trials. Further, a numerical parametric study was carried out to explore the thermal management performance of the new HPCS. Particularly, the effects of parameters such as the thermal resistance of the insulation layer, and the melting temperature & latent heat of the PCMs on heat and moisture transfer through the new HPCS were examined. Results showed that the insulation layer with greater thermal resistances and PCMs with high melting temperatures/latent heat are beneficial to the body cooling performance. This study may provide an important guideline for designing energy-efficient and high-performance HPCSs.

Experimental evaluation and theoretical analysis of the effective flexural stiffness of reinforced CFFT columns

This research work presents new design equations to adequately determine the effective flexural stiffness (EIe) of concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-tubes (CFFTs) columns. Based on an experimental parametric study and theoretical simulation, factors influencing the effective stiffness of reinforced CFFT columns are discussed. The main variables considered are: the axial load ratio (Pu/Po), the eccentricity to diameter ratio (e/D) and the slenderness ratio (L/D). Approximately 3,400 reinforced CFFT columns with different combination of specified variables, in symmetric single curvature bending were simulated to generate the stiffness data. Extensive comparison for the proposed stiffness expressions is made with the results of 74 experimental tests conducted by the authors and others. It is shown that the proposed stiffness equations have a good correlation with the test results. The proposed equations are applicable for any load levels including both service and ultimate loads. Since the proposed expressions give a realistic representation of the actual column behavior, they are recommended for general use in the design of FRP-confined concrete columns under different load levels.

Member distortional buckling behaviour of hybrid double-I-box beams

This paper compiles the experimental and finite-element parametric study on member distortional buckling behaviour of new built-up metal hybrid double-I-box beams (HDIBBs). The cross-section of this built-up beam is unique and looks similar to the shape of a double-I-box fabricated using four channel sections. The flange plates were provided with an intermediate stiffener. In these built-up beams there is more material in the flange portions far away from the horizontal centroidal axis of their cross-section. Hence, there is an increase in the flexural rigidity that enhances the moment capacity of the beam, under major axis bending. The geometry consists of torsionally rigid closed-box web portion that provides high resistance to minor axis lateral-buckling. The varying parameters considered were the ratio of yield stresses of the flange to the web steel plates, the ratio of breadth to the depth of the section, and the flange plate thickness. In the experimental programme, all the HDIBB members failed due to kinds of distortional buckling which was identified by web buckling and flange twist along edges. The results revealed that when flange plate slenderness increases there is a drop in the moment resistance capacity of the beams. The numerical study was performed using ABAQUS software. In comparison, there was good agreement between experimental and numerical results. The validated finite element models were further extended to perform parametric studies on ideal HDIBB models. Both the experimental and parametric study results were compared with the predicted strengths using effective width method equations specified in the Euro code standards EN 3-1-3. It was found that the current Euro code design rules slightly over-estimate the distortional buckling resistance capacity of closed form built-up cold-formed steel members. A new design equation was formulated and recommended for estimating the reduction in distortional buckling moment resistance capacity for HDIBBs.

Base-isolated structure equipped with tuned liquid column damper: An experimental study

Abstract In this study, a novel passive vibration control strategy is investigated experimentally, where a Tuned Liquid Column Damper protects a base-isolated structure. The Tuned Liquid Column Damper is attached to the base, in contrast to typical attachment points of passive energy dissipation devices in high-rise buildings at elevated levels. Experiments on a base-excited small-scale three-story shear frame are conducted in order to study effects of both control devices – base-isolation and Tuned Liquid Column Damper – on the structural model. The dynamic properties of the stand-alone shear frame and the base-isolation subsystem are derived using standard dynamic test methods based on displacement and acceleration response measurements. In the base-isolation subsystem both viscous damping and friction effects are identified. The water level of the Tuned Liquid Column Damper is tracked by means of computational image processing of video recordings, facilitating the identification of the fundamental liquid motion mode as well as the nonlinear damping properties. An experimental parametric study is conducted for three Tuned Liquid Column Damper devices with different frequency tuning ratios. The assessment of the hybrid control strategy is based on the determined transfer functions of the studied setups. Experimental outcomes confirm recent theoretical findings that a passive hybrid control strategy combining a base-isolation and a Tuned Liquid Column Damper reduces the displacement demand of the base-isolation subsystem as well as the total story acceleration demand if both control devices are properly tuned.

Experimental parametric studies on the performance and mixing characteristics of a low area ratio rectangular supersonic gaseous ejector by varying the secondary flow rate

A low area ratio rectangular supersonic gaseous ejector is subjected to parametric evaluation to calculate the performance parameters like stagnation pressure ratio, compression ratio, entrainment ratio and the mixing parameter known as non-mixed length for a wide range of operating conditions by varying the secondary flow rate. The operating conditions are achieved by varying the design Mach number of the primary flow nozzle, the total pressure of the primary flow and the secondary flow rate. Air is used as the working fluid in both the primary and secondary flow. The ejector is operated in the mixed regime. Mach number ratio is used as the non-dimensionalization parameter, and fully-expanded jet height is used as the scaling variable to collapse the huge set of obtained data for parametric studies. With variation in the secondary flow rate, staging is observed in the compression ratio, entrainment ratio, and also in the non-mixed length. Variation in the entrainment ratio and non-mixed length are observed to be linear, and it scales well with the fully-expanded jet height when there is a deficit in the secondary flow. Also, when there is no secondary flow, the non-mixed length is observed to be 80% lower in comparison with the case, where the secondary flow is uncontrolled. Schlieren visualization and wall static pressure measurements supplement the findings.

Experimental parametric study of a mixed-mode forced convection solar dryer equipped with a PV/T air collector

This paper presents an experiment and an examination of the performance of a mixed solar dryer with forced convection, which has been used to dry tomatoes. The studied system is composed of a photovoltaic-thermal air collector (PV/T) and drying room. Actually, the air flux enters in the aluminium tubular canals located under the PV panel and spreads simultaneously into an upper gap. Consequently, it provides heat exchange in both faces of the panel PV which helps to cool the photovoltaic cells and to carry the thermal energy to the drying room. What make this prototype important and original is that it provides an economic gain for farmers who previously used natural drying techniques. It grants them the chance to conserve the dried tomatoes for longer periods and to reduce the loss of crops. Furthermore, it provides more electrical energy supplies for the rural areas. Tomatoes were divided into two trays and dried with the forced convection mixed solar dryer. After that, a comparison was established with a naturally dried sample. Using the realized prototype, product moisture content dropped from 91.94 (%) to 22.32 (%) for tray 1 and to 28.9 (%) for tray 2, by against it dropped only to 30.15 (%) for open sun dryer. It is noted that the drying temperature is improved and the quality is enhanced. The experimental tests are carried out at the Laboratory of Electromechanical Systems in the National Engineering School of Sfax in Tunisia during September 2015.

Convection-driven cavity formation in ice adjacent to externally heated flammable and non-flammable liquids

A parametric experimental study on melting of ice adjacent to liquids exposed to various heat fluxes from above was conducted in order to understand the role of liquid properties in formation of cavities in ice. In previous experiments related to in situ burning (ISB) of crude oil contained in ice, the convective motion in the fuel layer was identified as a key parameter determining the amount of the ice melting. An experimental setup was designed to measure the melting rate of the ice and penetration speed of the liquid similar to the lateral cavity formation problem observed in ISB experiments. Lateral cavity formation is identified as a key factor reducing the removal efficiency of ISB. The experiments were conducted in a transparent glass tray (70 mm × 70 mm × 45 mm) with a 20 mm thick ice wall (70 mm × 50 mm × 20 mm) placed on one side of the tray. Liquids in the tray (water, n-pentane, dodecane, n-octane, m-xylene, and 1-butanol) that were adjacent to the ice wall were exposed to varying heat fluxes mimicking flame heat feedback from a pool fire. The results of ice melting rate among different liquids were found to vary significantly. The exposure of the liquids to the radiative heat flux led to temperature difference between the liquid and the ice, thereby creating a heat transfer pathway towards the ice that provided the required energy for the melting. It is suggested that Marangoni-driven convection caused by the temperature gradient near the ice and below the free surface of the liquid is influential in the ice melting. A scaling analysis of the surface flow was undertaken to elucidate the influence of surface tension effect (Marangoni convection). It was found that the surface flow velocity obtained from the surface tension effect at the liquid free surface correlates well to the melting front velocity.

Stability and moment-rotation behavior of cold-formed steel purlins with sleeved bolted connection

Long runs of cold-formed steel Z-section purlins are often segmented due to assemblage and transportation issues. The segments are commonly connected by bolts to a short cold-formed steel member similar to the purlin; this short member is typically called a sleeve; from a structural point of view, it does not guarantee a state of full continuity to the purlin. This study reports a series of 15 experiments on cold-formed steel Z-sections purlins with sleeved bolted connections tested in bending. These experiments vary cross-section height, thickness and length of sleeve, and span. This parametric experimental study seeks to better understand the flexural-buckling strength, collapse mechanism, and moment-rotation behavior of purlin-sleeve systems. Since the design of purlins with sleeved bolted connections is often limited by the serviceability limit state, in this case excessive displacement, special attention is given to accurately determining and understanding the moment-rotation behavior of purlin-sleeve systems. Based on the experimental results, an expression is proposed to predict non-linear moment-rotation behavior; the proposed expression is compared to expressions previously proposed in the literature. The proposed moment-rotation expression, when used in a simple rotation spring-beam model, leads to accurate prediction of displacement and bending moment in the purlin-sleeve system at any load stage.

Rice Husk Gasification: from Industry to Laboratory

Rice husk gasification (RHG) has been increasingly paid attention in rice-producing countries. Nevertheless, information related to this technology remains small and fragmented. In this paper, the status of RHG has been summarized, highlighting domestic and industrial applications, as well as a scientific review. Moreover, an experimental parametric study was performed to measure: a) the influence of temperature and heating rate on RH pyrolysis, and b) the role of temperature, partial pressure, and heating rate on RHG, under H2O or CO2 atmosphere. Regarding pyrolysis, an increase in the final pyrolysis temperature lowers the RH char yield but does not have much effect on the char morphology. Regarding gasification, an increase in the reaction temperature from 900 to 1000°C accelerates about 4.8 and 7 times the char conversion rate, under 0.2 atm of CO2 or H2O, respectively. The conversion rate decreases about 1.8 times when CO2 partial pressure decreases from 1 to 0.2 atm, and about 1.6 times when H2O partial pressure decreases from 0.4 to 0.1 atm. At 900°C and 0.2 atm, steam gasification was about 3.5 times faster than Boudouard reaction.

Oxygen plasma etching of hydrocarbon‐like polymers: Part II experimental validation

The objective in Part II is to verify whether the model developed in Part I for the etching of polymers in oxygen plasmas can apply to all types of polymers. The experimental parametric study of the etching of different polymers in oxygen plasmas and under distinct operating conditions confirms that their etching kinetics follow the general laws derived from the modeling: 1) under identical operating conditions, the etch rates of polymer films with equal carbon concentration are the same and 2) the activation energies for spontaneous etching are shown to be effectively independent of the plasma operating conditions, and their values, common to all polymers, are 0.76 ± 0.05 eV for CO2 desorption and 0.40 ± 0.05 eV for CO desorption.

Experimental parametric study on product gas and tar composition in dual fluid bed gasification of woody biomass

Tar measurements at two industrial-scale DFB gasification plants showed clear trends regarding the influence of the above mentioned parameters on the product gas and tar composition. Since data was gathered during tar measurement campaigns over the course of four years the density of information in industrial-scale was increased significantly. As different operation points, e.g. different capacities of the power plant, are included in the consideration, the verisimilitude is comparably high.It was shown, that reducing the operation temperature leads to an increase of the total tar amounts. However, while the concentration of the tar compounds benzofuran, styrene, and 1H-indene was increased when lowering the temperature, the concentration of naphthalene was decreased. These results were in good correlation with previous work from lab-scale investigations. The temperature did not have a measureable influence on the concentration of the tar compounds anthracene and ace-naphthalene, which was against former experience from lab-scale. The concentration of those larger PAHs anthracene and ace-naphthalene was more dominantly influenced by the bed height in the gasification reactor. Increasing the bed height led to a decrease of the concentration of larger PAHs while it did not have a distinctive influence on benzofuran, styrene, and 1H-indene.The reactor design was identified as an influencing effect, due to the presence of a moving bed section above the inclined wall, where no fluidization is ensured. Thus, additional fluidization nozzles were installed to reduce the effect of the inclined wall. Finally, two operation points for optimized long-term operation were derived from the results.

DSP-free 'coherent-lite' transceiver for next generation single wavelength optical intra-datacenter interconnects.

We propose a DSP-free coherent-lite system that requires neither high-speed DSP nor high-resolution signal converters for deployment inside datacenters over single mode fiber links with reaches of 10 km and less. The removal of converters and DSP, in which some subsystems are fundamental for successful coherent detection, is enabled by either replacing DSP subsystems with optics having equivalent functions or by re-engineering the system. We validate in a proof-of-concept experiment the proposed DSP-free system using 50 Gbaud DP-16QAM delivering 400 Gb/s over 10 km of single mode fiber (SMF) below the KP4 forward error correction (FEC) threshold of 2.2 × 10-4. In addition, we perform a detailed experimental parametric study of the coherent-lite system in which various system parameters are swept such as baud rate, reach, laser power and laser linewidth. Our results verify that the coherent-lite system can be realized using low-cost DFB lasers with linewidths of a few hundred kHz. Moreover, we compare the performance of the coherent-lite system with that of a conventional coherent transceiver leveraging the full DSP stack. Then, we evaluate the power consumption savings achieved by the coherent-lite scheme relative to a classic DSP-based coherent system. Assuming a CMOS node ranging from 28 to 7 nm for DSP implementation, our estimate shows that the coherent-lite scheme can save 95 to 78% of the power consumed by the following subsystems: analog-to-digital converters, chromatic dispersion compensation, 2 × 2 MIMO polarization demultiplexing and carrier recovery. Finally, we compare the power consumption of the coherent-lite scheme with more standard 400G IM-DD systems utilizing either eight or four parallel WDM lanes (8 × 50G and 4 × 100G). The coherent-lite system is found to have similar module power consumption requirements as a corresponding 4 × 100G IM-DD system while bringing the benefits of coherent detection including improved sensitivity and higher spectral efficiency leading to fewer light sources per transceiver module. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first experimental demonstration of a DSP-free coherent-lite system for single channel 400G datacenter 10 km interconnects, a potential attractive solution due to its scalability to future 800G and 1.6T intra-datacenter optical interconnects.

Printability Study of Bioprinted Tubular Structures Using Liquid Hydrogel Precursors in a Support Bath

Microextrusion-based bioprinting within a support bath material is an emerging additive manufacturing paradigm for complex three-dimensional (3D) tissue construct fabrication. Although a support bath medium enables arbitrary in-process geometries to be printed, a significant challenge lies in preserving the shape fidelity upon the extraction of the support bath material. Based on the bioprinting in a support bath paradigm, this paper advances quantitative analyses to systematically determine the printability of cell-laden liquid hydrogel precursors towards filament-based tissue constructs. First, a yield stress nanoclay material is judiciously selected as the support bath medium owing to its insensitivity to temperature and ionic variations that are considered in the context of the current gelatin-alginate bio-ink material formulation. Furthermore, phenomenological observations for the rheology-mediated print outcomes enable the compositions for the bio-ink material (10% gelatin, 3% alginate), in tandem with the support bath medium (4% nanoclay, 0.5% CaCl2), to be identified. To systematically evaluate the performance outcomes for bioprinting within a support bath, this paper advances an experimental parametric study to optimize the 3D structural shape fidelity by varying parameters such as the layer height, extrusion flowrate, printing temperature, and printhead speed, towards fabricating complex 3D structures with the stabilization of the desired shape outcome. Specifically, it is found that the layer height and printhead speed are determinant parameters for the extent of successive layer fusion. Moreover, maintenance of an optimal bath temperature is identified as a key parameter for establishing the printability for the hydrogel bio-ink. Studying this effect is enabled by the custom design of a PID temperature control system with integration with the bioprinter for real-time precision control of the support bath temperature. In order to qualify the printed construct, a surface irregularity metric, defined as the average height difference between consecutive local maximum and minimum points of the binary image contour for the printed structure, is advanced to evaluate the quality of the printed constructs. Complex one-to-four bifurcating tubular structure prints demonstrate the applicability of the optimized bioprinting parameter space to create exemplar 3D human vessel-like structures. Finally, a cell viability assay and perfusion test for a printed cell-laden tubular element demonstrates high cell survival rates and leakage-free flow, respectively.

Transonic Turbine-Vane Film Cooling with Showerhead Effect Using Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurement Technique

This work focuses on the parametric experimental study of film cooling effectiveness on the suction side of a scaled turbine vane. The experiments are performed in a five-vane annular sector cascade blowdown facility. The controlled exit Mach numbers are 0.7, 0.9, and 1.1, from high subsonic to transonic conditions. Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and an mixture are used to investigate the effects of density ratios, from 1.0, 1.5 to 2.0. Three row-averaged blowing ratios in the range of 0.7, 1.0, and 1.6 are studied. The test vane includes three rows of radial-angle cylindrical holes around the leading edge and two rows of compound-angle-shaped holes on the suction side. A pressure-sensitive paint technique is used to obtain the film cooling effectiveness distributions from suction-side holes and the contribution from leading-edge showerhead holes. This work shows the effects of the blowing ratio, density ratio, and exit Mach number on the film cooling effectiveness, as well as its interaction with a potential shock wave. The results indicate that, when the cooling holes are located in a critical region on the vane suction surface, the parametric effect on film cooling performance will significantly deviate from the common trend for a typical hole geometry.

Experimental performance evaluation and parametric study of a solar-ground source heat pump system operated in heating modes

The dual heat source coupling modes of solar-ground source heat pump system (SGSHPS) directly determine its operation characteristics. In this paper, the thermal performance of a SGSHPS operated in different dual heat source coupling modes were studied experimentally. The unit COP, solar collecting efficiency and inlet and outlet temperatures of GHE were tested for various modes. The results show that for the combination operation mode, solar and ground heat source are dynamically coupled by the water tank and plate heat exchanger, and the average unit COP and collecting efficiency are 3.61 and 51.5%, respectively. For the water tank heat storage mode, the inlet water temperature of evaporator in the daytime stop mode of GSHP is 1.85 °C higher than daytime operation mode of GSHP, and the average unit COP and collecting efficiency are respectively 3.43 and 34.8%, 3.91and 34.9% for the daytime stop mode of GSHP and daytime operation mode of GSHP. For the ground heat storage mode, the ground temperature can be improved effectively for ground continuous heat storage mode and the outlet temperature of GHE can be increased significantly for ground intermittent heat storage mode. The average unit COP and collecting efficiency are 3.65 and 47.9%, 3.8 and 41.5% for the ground intermittent and continuous heat storage mode, respectively. A TRNSYS dynamical simulation model of the SGSHPS was established to explore the influences of key parameters on the system performance. The results indicate that the collector area and GHE number have evident influences on the system efficiency, but the impact of water tank volume is very small. The suitable collector area and GHE number are found to be 80 m2 and 9, respectively, and the water tank volume should be set as small as possible with the permission of actual conditions.

Into the development of a model to assess beam shaping and polarization control effects on laser cutting

This paper offers an in-depth look into beam shaping and polarization control as two of the most promising techniques for improving industrial laser cutting of metal sheets. An assessment model is developed for the study of such effects. It is built upon several modifications to models as available in literature in order to evaluate the potential of a wide range of considered concepts. This includes different kinds of beam shaping (achieved by extra-cavity optical elements or asymmetric diode staking) and polarization control techniques (linear, cross, radial, azimuthal). A fully mathematical description and solution procedure are provided. Three case studies for direct diode lasers follow, containing both experimental data and parametric studies. In the first case study, linear polarization is analyzed for any given angle between the cutting direction and the electrical field. In the second case several polarization strategies are compared for similar cut conditions, evaluating, for example, the minimum number of spatial divisions of a segmented polarized laser beam to achieve a target performance. A novel strategy, based on a 12-division linear-to-radial polarization converter with an axis misalignment and capable of improving cutting efficiency with more than 60%, is proposed. The last case study reveals different insights in beam shaping techniques, with an example of a beam shape optimization path for a 30% improvement in cutting efficiency. The proposed techniques are not limited to this type of laser source, neither is the model dedicated to these specific case studies. Limitations of the model and opportunities are further discussed.

Experimental parametric study of solar still coupled with humidification– dehumidification desalination system

Experimental parametric study of solar still coupled with humidification– dehumidification desalination system