Experimental Laboratory Models Research Articles

Experimental laboratory models as tools for understanding modifiable dementia risk.

Experimental laboratory research has an important role to play in dementia prevention. Mechanisms underlying modifiable risk factors for dementia are promising targets for dementia prevention but are difficult to investigate in human populations due to technological constraints and confounds. Therefore, controlled laboratory experiments in models such as transgenic rodents, invertebrates and in vitro cultured cells are increasingly used to investigate dementia risk factors and test strategies which target them to prevent dementia. This review provides an overview of experimental research into 15 established and putative modifiable dementia risk factors: less early-life education, hearing loss, depression, social isolation, life stress, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol use, smoking, air pollution, anesthetic exposure, traumatic brain injury, and disordered sleep. It explores how experimental models have been, and can be, used to address questions about modifiable dementia risk and prevention that cannot readily be addressed in human studies. HIGHLIGHTS: Modifiable dementia risk factors are promising targets for dementia prevention. Interrogation of mechanisms underlying dementia risk is difficult in human populations. Studies using diverse experimental models are revealing modifiable dementia risk mechanisms. We review experimental research into 15 modifiable dementia risk factors. Laboratory science can contribute uniquely to dementia prevention.

Green and red fluorescent strains of Xenorhabdus griffiniae HGB2511, the bacterial symbiont of the nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum (India).

Steinernema entomopathogenic nematodes form specific, obligate symbiotic associations with gram-negative, gammaproteobacteria members of the Xenorhabdus genus. Together, the nematodes and symbiotic bacteria infect and kill insects, utilize the nutrient-rich cadaver for reproduction, and then reassociate, the bacteria colonizing the nematodes' anterior intestines before the nematodes leave the cadaver to search for new prey. In addition to their use in biocontrol of insect pests, these nematode-bacteria pairs are highly tractable experimental laboratory models for animal-microbe symbiosis and parasitism research. One advantageous feature of entomopathogenic nematode model systems is that the nematodes are optically transparent, which facilitates direct observation of nematode-associated bacteria throughout the lifecycle. In this work, green- and red-fluorescently labeled X. griffiniae HGB2511 bacteria were created and associated with their S . hermaphroditum symbiotic nematode partners and observed using fluorescence microscopy. As expected, the fluorescent bacteria were visible as a colonizing cluster in the lumen of the anterior intestinal caecum of the infective stage of the nematode. These tools allow detailed observations of X. griffiniae localization and interactions with its nematode and insect host tissues throughout their lifecycles.

The dispersion of various pollutants emitted from truck and passenger vehicles: a wind-tunnel study.

In recent years, investigation of the dispersion of exhaust gas from vehicles has received increasing attention in various studies using various approaches, including on-field measurements, experimental laboratory models, and software simulations. This study aimed to investigate the effects of changes in vehicle traffic conditions, fuel type used in an engine, and vehicle size on the emission and dispersion of gaseous pollutants from the exhaust pipe in a wind tunnel. The results showed that pollutant concentration decreases along the tailpipe centerline as the exhaust gas moves backward and the flow pattern changes significantly from 11.5 to 15 m/s. However, for the passenger car, the small recirculation region in the near-wake region at an inflow air velocity of 11.5 m/s carries away more particles compared to an incoming velocity of 15 m/s, resulting in lower gaseous concentrations in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The gaseous dispersion behind the truck and the car is wider for an inflow air velocity of 11 m/s, especially for NO, NO2, and SO2. The results also showed that the pollutant concentrations of the truck exhaust plume were higher than those of the passenger car in lower inflow air velocity in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The lower concentration of dispersed gaseous pollutants behind the passenger car model compared to the truck model may be attributed to the shape and height of the truck model, which can trap more particles behind the vehicle. Finally, the dispersion pattern of SO2 is almost identical to that of NO2, and the dispersion of the exhaust gas plume related to CO and NO pollutants is more prolonged than that of CO2 and NO2 particles along the tailpipe centerline. The findings of this study may help in estimating the concentration of pollutants along urban highways.

The Hazards of Regeneration: From Morgan's Legacy to Evo-Devo.

In his prominent book Regeneration (1901), T.H. Morgan's collected and synthesized theoretical and experimental findings from a diverse array of regenerating animals and plants. Through his endeavor, he introduced a new way to study regeneration and its evolution, setting a conceptual framework that still guides today's research and that embraces the contemporary evolutionary and developmental approaches.In the first part of the chapter, we summarize Morgan's major tenets and use it as a narrative thread to advocate interpreting regenerative biology through the theoretical tools provided by evolution and developmental biology, but also to highlight potential caveats resulting from the rapid proliferation of comparative studies and from the expansion of experimental laboratory models. In the second part, we review some experimental evo-devo approaches, highlighting their power and some of their interpretative dangers. Finally, in order to further understand the evolution of regenerative abilities, we portray an adaptive perspective on the evolution of regeneration and suggest a framework for investigating the adaptive nature of regeneration.

Neurobiology of fine motor skills. Up-to-date status

The main goal of the current overview is to assess major trends in studying of fine motor skills neurobiology.Materials and techniques. PubMed (MedLine), Embase databases have been used for Information search. Search depth is 5 years (2016 – 2021). 12 papers that are more relevant to the topic have been chosen from the primary paper array (n=49). MAXQDA (Verbi Software GmbH, Germany) has been used for content analysis.Results and discussion. The current state is characterized by interdisciplinary integration using both complex experimental laboratory models and modern bionic and information technologies.Conclusion. Contemporary trends in the problem studying is the widespread utilization of information technologies and the development of approaches to neurorehabilitation with motor deficiency consideration. Fine motor skills recovery in patients with CNS lesions requires further interdisciplinary integration.

Current Updates on Potential Role of Flavonoids in Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Cardiac Injury Model.

Clinically, timely reperfusion strategies to re-establish oxygenated blood flow in ischemic heart diseases seem to salvage viable myocardium effectively. Despite the remarkable improvement in cardiac function, reperfusion therapy could paradoxically trigger hypoxic cellular injury and dysfunction. Experimental laboratory models have been developed over the years to explain better the pathophysiology of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, including the in vitro hypoxia-reoxygenation cardiac injury model. Furthermore, the use of nutritional myocardial conditioning techniques have been successful. The cardioprotective potential of flavonoids have been greatly linked to its anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties. While several studies have reviewedthe cardioprotective properties of flavonoids, there is a scarce evidence of their function in the hypoxia-reoxygenation injury cell culture model. Hence, the aim of this review was to lay out and summarize our current understanding of flavonoids' function in mitigating hypoxia-reoxygenation cardiac injury based on evidence from the last five years. We also discussed the possible mechanisms of flavonoids in modulating the cardioprotective effects as such information would provide invaluable insight on future therapeutic application of flavonoids.

Aging of transformer insulation of experimental transformers and laboratory models with different moisture contents: Part II — moisture distribution and aging kinetics

Part II of the paper presents the results of the experimental data processing presented in Part I dedicated to distribution of water content in the standard Kraft paper along the height of HV windings during aging of experimental transformers and comparisons of paper aging rates of experimental transformers and laboratory models. The dependence of aging constant (pre-exponential factor of Arrhenius equation) on the moisture content of cellulose insulation is introduced. The developed functional dependence is obtained by detailed processing of the data — hot-spot temperature, moisture and degree of polymerization of cellulose insulation during 460 days of aging experiment of two transformers on load, with conductor insulation moisture of ca. 1 % and ca. 4 % and 300 days of aging experiment on corresponding laboratory models. Based on the results shown in this paper, aging curve, i.e. change of degree of polymerization during transformer operation insulated with Kraft paper and inhibited mineral oil was proposed, including varying water contents during aging. Using this equation it is possible to evaluate aging rate of solid insulation, starting from known hot-spot temperature and moisture content in cellulose insulation. Good comparison of aging curves of experimental transformers and laboratory models, i.e. measured and calculated values of degree of polymerization of paper to existing literature findings was obtained.

Aging of transformer insulation — experimental transformers and laboratory models with different moisture contents: Part I — DP and furans aging profiles

The paper presents the results of a comparative study on accelerated aging of specially designed experimental transformers and their corresponding laboratory models. The experimental transformers are 300 kVA, with insulation in line with medium size and large mineral oil immersed power transformers, having different initial water contents in the standard Kraft paper insulation of ca. 1 and 4 %. These transformers were subjected to the rated current and voltage conditions, operating in the irregular parallel operation, whereby the temperature of windings were measured with fiber optics sensors and kept at 105 °C for 460 days. Each transformer was equipped with a removable tank which allowed access to the outer surface of the HV windings. Laboratory experiments were simulating experimental transformers and were performed in Erlenmeyer flasks, containing oil, paper materials, copper and iron in the same proportions as in the active part of the experimental transformers. The parameters that were monitored during aging were the following: degree of polymerization of paper, hot-spot temperature of transformers, water content in paper, and water and furans content in the oil. Estimations of water content in solid insulation of experimental transformers using frequency domain spectroscopy and the Perrier-Lukic moisture equilibrium chart were performed. The experimental results show that shortening of the insulation life, defined by the value of degree of polymerization, increased 2.5 times with increasing moisture content in the cellulose from ca. 1 to 4 %. For both experimental transformers and laboratory models, the relationships between the paper degree of polymerization and the furans content for dry and wet insulation was developed and is presented in the paper.

Behavior Science and Environmental Health Policy

Environmental levels of hazardous chemicals, including methylmercury (MeHg), are manyfold higher now than during the preindustrial era. Behavior analysis and other basic and clinical sciences have contributed significantly to identifying and characterizing the neurobehavioral effects of these chemicals, often well before knowing the biological mechanisms of toxicity. The study of MeHg illustrates how our contemporary understanding of the motor, sensory, and cognitive effects of exposure has come from experimental laboratory models using advanced behavioral techniques, as well as carefully planned studies of exposed populations. These have informed environmental policies related to MeHg’s release into the environment and human consumption of this contaminant. Toxicity assessments based on only existing approaches to human cognitive testing, however, might underestimate its adverse effects because they do not reflect the complete picture of MeHg’s behavioral toxicity. Basic and applied behavioral science should have a future role in environmental policy decisions.

Zika Virus Infection in Pregnancy, Microcephaly, and Maternal and Fetal Health: What We Think, What We Know, and What We Think We Know.

-The global epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has emerged as an important public health problem affecting pregnant women and their infants. -To review the causal association between ZIKV infection during pregnancy and intrauterine fetal infection, microcephaly, brain damage, congenital malformation syndrome, and experimental laboratory models of fetal infection. Many questions remain regarding the risk factors, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and timing of maternal-fetal transmission and disease. These include mechanisms of fetal brain damage and microcephaly; the role of covariables, such as viral burden, duration of viremia, and host genetics, on vertical transmission; and the clinical and pathologic spectrum of congenital Zika syndrome. Additional questions include defining the potential long-term physical and neurobehavioral outcomes for infected infants, whether maternal or fetal host genetics influence the clinical outcome, and whether ZIKV infection can cause maternal morbidity. Finally, are experimental laboratory and animal models of ZIKV infection helpful in addressing maternal-fetal viral transmission and the development of congenital microcephaly? This communication provides current information and attempts to address some of these important questions. -Comprehensive review of published scientific literature. -Recent advances in epidemiology, clinical medicine, pathology, and experimental studies have provided a great amount of new information regarding vertical ZIKV transmission and the mechanisms of congenital microcephaly, brain damage, and congenital Zika syndrome in a relatively short time. However, much work still needs to be performed to more completely understand the maternal and fetal aspects of this new and emerging viral disease.

Intracellular receptor regulation of adipose metabolism by the isoflavone genistein

than 50,000 μg/kg/day inhibit adipose deposition [2, 3] in male and female mice, and at 200 mg/kg/day, it shows an inhibitory effect comparable to that observed with the natural estrogen estradiol [4]. In the attempt to interpret the dose-dependent variations in adipose weight as are described by a Gaussian curve in mice fed genistein in the range of 50–200,000 μg/kg/ day [4, 5], we may look for a correlation with the dosedependent transcriptional regulation curve that is driven in vitro by ligand-activated nuclear receptors [6]. Genistein is an affinity ligand for a few NRs (ERs, AR, PPARg, LXRs and PXR and membrane-bound ERs and AR) [7–10], and the dose of this isoflavone together with its different affinity for different NRs is a critical element for its ability to regulate receptor-mediated cellular processes. Among the mentioned receptor systems which recognize genistein, the most characterized beyond the ERs, is PPARγ. PPARγ is a central switch for adipose metabolism. It does its work also by regulating estrogen-dependent modulatory functions through a negative cross-talk with the ERs [11]. Through regulating both the ERs and PPARγ, genistein can alter cell functions and modulate systemic homeostatic controls [12]. Experimental in vivo data indicate that the ERs and PPARγ-mediated transcriptional regulation of genistein depends on the dose and the tissue [4–6] and the different affinity for these receptors. Studying the adipose tissue in mice we have observed that at low doses, genistein induces enzymes directly involved in lipid storage such as the lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an effect that it is likely to be produced through the activation of PPARγ, a regulator of LPL. At higher supra-nutritional or pharmacological doses, it strongly inhibits the same enzymes, including LPL through a mechanism likely involving the ERs since its effects are very similar to that elicited by estradiol although not targeting the same promoters ([4], and the paper under discussion In the last few lines of his letter, Dr. Chirumbolo concludes that the complex action of genistein in the modulation of adipose metabolism and growth is dependent on several factors among which the most relevant are its plasma concentration, its nuclear receptor-mediated signaling and the gender. I would add that the dietary background is itself a factor that may shift the variable effect of genistein on adipose metabolism from negative (inhibitory control) to positive (stimulation), influencing the gut microbiota and intestinal metabolization, absorption and bioavailability. To investigate the effect of genistein on the adipose metabolism, experimental laboratory models have been established to reproduce the consumption of amounts of genistein as they are occurring in populations eating moderate-to-high quantity of soy or soy-derived products [1]. Dietary amounts of genistein are present in standard soy-containing rodent diets at average concentrations of 200 ppm which produce serum levels of about 70 ± 9 nM. This falls between the serum concentrations obtained in mice fed genistein at the nutritional doses of 500 and the 5,000 μg/ kg/day on an estrogen-free dietary background (66 ± 7, 74 ± 7 nM). At these doses, genistein induces a significant increase in the epididymal and renal fat pads of male mice. The same doses do not affect either the abdominal or the renal fat pads of intact females, thus indicating gender-specific effects of this isoflavone on adipos metabolism. Higher serum levels of genistein produced by feeding doses higher

Special issue on the Impact of endocrine disrupters on reproductive health

This special issue of Reproduction contains articles based on presentations at the 7th Copenhagen Workshop on Endocrine Disrupters, which took place in May 2013. The workshop was the seventh in the series of successful meetings held at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen since 2000 with the aim of bringing together leading scientists across disciplines to discuss the latest aspects of endocrine disruption with focus on human health, particularly on reproduction. More than 200 scientists from all over the world and from a wide variety of disciplines including endocrinology, basic science, toxicology, reproductive biology, immunology, chemistry, environmental health, and epidemiology gathered for 4 days during the meeting. The papers in this special issue reflect the diversity in the fields of science that contribute to our knowledge on how environmental factors can affect hormone systems and thereby compromise health. Reports on the associations between human exposures and different health outcomes from epidemiological and clinical research are accompanied by reports from studies on experimental animal and laboratory models. One of the sessions at the workshop was dedicated to species differences in endocrine-disrupting effects, including a report of comparative studies that calls for caution in the extrapolation of effects between species (Habert et al. 2014). Comprehensive new data on human exposures to a range of mainly non-persistent chemicals present in our daily environment are also presented (Frederiksen et al. 2014) including a study showing that aniline, to which whole populations are exposed, is a hitherto overlooked

Immunological memory≠protective immunity.

So-called 'immunological memory' is, in my view, a typical example where a field of enquiry, i.e. to understand long-term protection to survive reexposure to infection, has been overtaken by 'l'art pour l'art' of 'basic immunology'. The aim of this critical review is to point out some key differences between academic text book-defined immunological memory and protective immunity as viewed from a co-evolutionary point of view, both from the host and the infectious agents. A key conclusion is that 'immunological memory' of course exists, but only in particular experimental laboratory models measuring 'quicker and better' responses after an earlier immunization. These often do correlate with, but are not the key mechanisms of, protection. Protection depends on pre-existing neutralizing antibodies or pre-activated T cells at the time of infection-as documented by the importance of maternal antibodies around birth for survival of the offspring. Importantly, both high levels of antibodies and of activated T cells are antigen driven. This conclusion has serious implications for our thinking about vaccines and maintaining a level of protection in the population to deal with old and new infectious diseases.

Molecular Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare primary neoplasms of the pancreas and arise sporadically or in the context of genetically determined syndromes. Depending on hormone production and sensing, PNETs clinically manifest due to a hormone-related syndrome (functional PNET) or by symptoms related to tumor bulk effects (non-functional PNET). So far, radical surgical excision is the only therapy to cure the disease. Development of tailored non-surgical approaches has been impeded by the lack of experimental laboratory models and there is, therefore, a limited understanding of the complex cellular and molecular biology of this heterogeneous group of neoplasm. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of tumorigenesis of familial and sporadic PNETs on a cellular and molecular level. Open questions in the field of PNET research are discussed with specific emphasis on the relevance of disease management.

Exobiology and Planetary Protection of icy moons

The outer solar system is an important area of investigation for exobiology, the study of life in the universe. Several moons of the outer planets involve processes and structures comparable to those thought to have played an important role in the emergence of life on Earth, such as the formation and exchange of organic materials between different reservoirs. The study of these prebiotic processes on, and in, outer solar system moons is a key goal for exobiology, together with the question of habitability and the search for evidence of past or even present life. This chapter reviews the aspects of prebiotic chemistry and potential presence of life on Europa, Enceladus and Titan, based on the most recent data obtained from space missions as well as theoretical and experimental laboratory models. The habitability of these extraterrestrial environments, which are likely to include large reservoirs of liquid water in their internal structure, is discussed as well as the particular case of Titan’s hydrocarbon lakes. The question of planetary protection, especially in the case of Europa, is also presented.

Rasagiline: A second-generation monoamine oxidase type-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of rasagiline are reviewed. Rasagiline is a novel, investigational propargylamine that irreversibly and selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B). Rasagiline demonstrates complete and selective inhibition of MAO-B and is at least five times more potent than selegiline. Unlike selegiline, which is metabolized to amphetamine derivatives, rasagiline is biotransformed to the nonamphetamine compound aminoindan. Clinical studies have revealed that rasagiline is associated with improved outcomes in patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD) and also reduces "off" time in patients with moderate to advanced PD with motor fluctuations. Rasagiline is rapidly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. The optimal therapeutic dosage is 0.5-1 mg administered orally once daily. Rasagiline appears to be well tolerated, although elderly patients may be more prone to treatment-emergent adverse cardiovascular and psychiatric effects. At the recommended therapeutic dosage of up to 1 mg once daily, tyramine restriction is unnecessary. In addition to MAO-B inhibition, rasagiline has demonstrated neuroprotective properties in experimental laboratory models. The mechanisms whereby rasagiline exerts neuroprotective effects are multifactorial and include upregulation of cellular antioxidant activity and antiapoptotic factors. Rasagiline is an investigational selective and irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B that has demonstrated efficacy and safety for the treatment of PD. Whether rasagiline is associated with clinically significant neuroprotection is the subject of ongoing clinical trials.

The dream of a vaccine against tuberculosis; new vaccines improving or replacing BCG?

In the last 10 yrs, work with experimental laboratory models has developed many new vaccine candidates against tuberculosis (TB). They include subunit vaccines, modified bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Phase I clinical trials of new TB vaccine candidates have begun for the first time after 80 yrs of use of BCG. Many of these new trials involve recombinant BCG or improve BCG immunity by boosting with vaccines consisting of subunits or attenuated vaccinia virus expressing TB antigens. However, effective vaccination against TB presents diverse and complex challenges. For example, TB infection can become reactivated years later and infection does not guarantee resistance to a subsequent second infection. A truly effective TB vaccine may, therefore, have to elicit an immune response that is greater than that induced by natural infection. In addition, various different populations have to be protected including those vaccinated with BCG and those infected with M. tuberculosis or HIV. The goal is a new generation of vaccines effective against respiratory forms of tuberculosis. As a first step, good candidate vaccines able to boost bacille Calmette-Guérin and thereby improve protection could be a reality in the near future. Tuberculosis vaccine candidates, able to replace the currently used bacille Calmette-Guérin and/or make the eradication of tuberculosis feasible, can only be expected in the long-term, and safe live vaccines could be promising candidates.

Bladder cancer.Advances in laboratory innovations and clinical management, with emphasis on innovations allowing bladder-sparing approaches for patients with invasive tumors

In the present decade important progress has been made in the understanding of the biology and management of bladder cancer. Experimental laboratory models and new investigative tools have revealed potentially important prognostic markers and have led to an improved understanding of the histogenesis of the disease. Advances in the management of superficial bladder cancer (intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy, improved urinary cytology, laser technology, flexible fiberoptic cystoscopy, and photodynamic therapy) have, in some subgroups, improved tumor control while decreasing patient complications. For invasive bladder cancer (invasive of bladder muscle or beyond) improved techniques of cystectomy and radiotherapy have reduced the complications of treatment and may have contributed small but important improvements in cure. A major improvement in the last decade has occurred in objective remission rates with chemotherapy for patients with metastatic bladder cancer. From 20% to 40% of patients achieve a complete remission, and 10% to 20% may survive for more than 3 years. Randomized Phase III trials are currently in progress and must be completed to define the true role of multidrug chemotherapy in patients with metastatic disease and to validate data from the regimens of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and vincristine (CMV) and methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (M-VAC) before any of these approaches to treatment can be considered of proven benefit. Preliminary data from the Massachusetts General Hospital are presented of a potentially effective approach to select patients with invasive tumor for successful bladder preservation. In this approach transurethral debulking surgery is combined with upfront CMV chemotherapy plus cisplatin and 4000 cGy. If tumor is found on cystoscopic reevaluation with biopsy and cytology immediately following cisplatin and 4000 cGy, cystectomy is performed; if not, consolidation by a radiation boost to 6480 cGy plus cisplatin is given. The approach is fairly well tolerated, allows cystectomy without undue complications, has yielded a 88% complete response rate in patients selected for bladder preservation, and resulted in 90% of patients free of distant metastases with follow-up ranging from 6 to 30 months. A randomized Phase III trial with and without neoadjuvant MCV chemotherapy for selective bladder preservation is now under way and accruing well.

Intermediary Metabolism of the Liver.

This book is a collection of individual contributions by ten authors on selected aspects of hepatic intermediary metabolism. The topics include observations on protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism in the context of acute toxic liver injury, with carbon tetrachloride as a model of action on peroxidative decomposition of lipids in cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATP) depletion as a causative factor in several human hepatic disorders is discussed in relation to the concept that derangement of central energy metabolism has a profound effect on major protein, lipid, and carbohydrate bodily mechanisms. Depletion of hepatic ATP induced by ethionine, methionine, fructose, orotic acid, and tryptophan in experimental laboratory models is reviewed. The author is careful to note that ATP concentrations in human hepatic cells have not been measured often, although ATP concentrations can be determined in human red blood cells. The implication that hypophosphatemia may greatly alter cellular energy

The Sensory Receptors of Tribolium Larvae

Previous article No AccessThe Sensory Receptors of Tribolium LarvaeM. F. Ryan and M. BehanM. F. Ryan Search for more articles by this author and M. Behan Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 46, Number 3Jul., 1973 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.46.3.30155605 Views: 5Total views on this site Citations: 13Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Björn Trebels, Stefan Dippel, Brigitte Goetz, Maria Graebner, Carolin Hofmann, Florian Hofmann, Freya-Rebecca Schmid, Mara Uhl, Minh-Phung Vuong, Vanessa Weber, Joachim Schachtner Metamorphic development of the olfactory system in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum, Herbst), BMC Biology 19, no.11 (Jul 2021).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01055-8Marleen Klann, Magdalena Ines Schacht, Matthew Alan Benton, Angelika Stollewerk Functional analysis of sense organ specification in the Tribolium castaneum larva reveals divergent mechanisms in insects, BMC Biology 19, no.11 (Feb 2021).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-00948-yBenjamin Wipfler, Katharina Schneeberg, Andreas Löffler, Frank Hünefeld, Rudolf Meier, Rolf G. Beutel The skeletomuscular system of the larva of Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophilidae, Diptera) – A contribution to the morphology of a model organism, Arthropod Structure & Development 42, no.11 (Jan 2013): 47–68.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2012.09.005A. Giglio, P. Brandmayr, E.A. Ferrero, P.G. Giulianini, E. Perrotta, F.F. Talarico, T. Zetto Brandmayr Ultrastructure of the antennal sensorial appendage of larvae of Ophonus ardosiacus (Lutshnik, 1922) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and possible correlations between size and shape and the larval feeding habits, Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology 247, no.33 (Jul 2008): 209–221.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2007.12.001M. A. Alekseev, E. E. Sinitsina, S. Yu. Chaika Sensory organs of the antennae and mouthparts of beetle larvae (Coleoptera), Entomological Review 86, no.66 (Jul 2006): 638–648.https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873806060042David M. Craig Stimuli governing intraspecific egg predation in the flour beetles, Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum, Population Ecology 28, no.22 (Nov 2018): 173–183.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02515448R.G. Bland Sensilla on the antennae, mouthparts, and body of the larva of the alfalfa weevil, hypera postica (gyllenhal) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae), International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 12, no.5-65-6 (Dec 1983): 261–272.https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(83)90022-3R.F. Chapman Chemoreception: The Significance of Receptor Numbers, (Jan 1982): 247–356.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2806(08)60155-1Armand T Whitehead Ultrastructure of sensilla of the female mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins (Coleoptera : scolytidae), International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 10, no.11 (Jan 1981): 19–28.https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(81)90010-6 Bibliography, (Jan 1981): 699–745.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-196050-6.50027-0Peter S. Dawson EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN EGG‐EATING BEHAVIOR OF FLOUR BEETLES IN MIXED‐SPECIES POPULATIONS, Evolution 33, no.22 (May 2017): 585–594.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04712.xMary Behan, M.F. Ryan Ultrastructure of antennal sensory receptors of Tribolium larvae (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae), International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 7, no.33 (Jan 1978): 221–236.https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(78)90005-3M.Hani Soliman Phenyl-thio-carbamide perception by adult Tribolium castaneum, Journal of Stored Products Research 11, no.3-43-4 (Dec 1975): 203–209.https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(75)90031-4