Experimental Investigation Research Articles

Experimental Investigation for the Preparation of Taro Leaf Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Method and its Characterization

Abstract: In the present work, nano particles of Taro leaf were successfully synthesized chemically by modified Sol-gel method. Methanol is used as a solvent and buffers are added to take care for the homogeneity and PH value of the solution. Compared to micro particles, Nanoparticles have advanced characteristics and distinctly different properties. Taro leaf nanoparticles are one of the leaves nanoparticles which has varied and different properties when compared to other. Taro Leaf nanoparticles have considerable attention due to their attractive physical and chemical properties, Silver nitrate is taken as the metal precursor and sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. This preparation is simple, but the great care must be exercised to make stable particles. Here the Taro leaf nanoparticles are synthesized by sol gel process. Therefore the nanoparticles are characterized by the different techniques like SEM to find the size morphology and composition of leaf nanoparticles, XRD to know the lattice parameters. The peaks in the XRD pattern are in good agreement with the standard values.

Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete using Waste Glass Powder

Abstract: The construction industry is the second largest industry in the world & concrete is prime material used in it [5]. The use of concrete generates lots of heat during hydration process. It directly contributes to global warming. Also cement is costly material & its storage is also difficult. The cement plays important role of binding in concrete. It contains lime as main constituents. So to reduce this ill effect of cement one must find the alternatives for cement which can perform the same role in concrete. This study represents the experimental investigation of effect of partial replacement of cement by glass powder on strength of concrete & other factors like workability, water cement ratio, and heat of hydration. Glass contains lime as its one of main constituent. The cement was replaced with glass powder by 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The compressive strength, flexural strength & split tensile strength are tested for these replacements. Also economical aspect is observed along with. It is observed that physical & chemical properties of glass are almost similar to cement. So in this study an attempt is made to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cement by glass powder in concrete to make it as a special concrete

Thermal Transport Phenomena in PEGDA-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels Using Atomistic and Experimental Techniques.

Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel is a very peculiar, fascinating material with good chemical stability and biocompatibility. However, the poor thermal transport phenomenon in PEGDA, limits its performance in cartilage replacement and developing therapies for treating burns. In this article, a combined experimental and atomistic approach was adopted to investigate the thermal transport phenomena in PEGDA hydrogel with different weight concentrations of boron nitride nanoplatelets as a function of water content. The incorporation of boron nitride nanofillers helps in enhancing the thermal conductivity of PEGDA hydrogels, and the reinforcement effect was more dominating at lower water content. Experimental investigation was complemented with molecular dynamics-based studies to capture the effect of defective (bicrystalline) boron nitride nanosheets on the interfacial thermal conductance in PEGDA hydrogels. It can be concluded from the simulations that defective nanosheets are superior reinforcement for enhancing the thermal transport in PEGDA hydrogels, and this is independent of the water content. These biocompatible boron nitride nanoparticle (BNNP)-incorporated PEGDA hydrogels with enhanced thermal conductivity are promising materials in addressing locally overheating tissues such as cartilage replacement. They may have comprehensive utility for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensors, and burn therapy.

Effect of 3D printed skeleton shapes on strength behavior, stress evolution and microstructural response of cement-based tailings backfills

The inherent brittle behavior of cement-based tail backfill (CTB) poses some challenges that can significantly impact the safety and effectiveness of underground mining operations. Due to its propensity for abrupt and catastrophic failure without considerable deformation, CTB can endanger both the structural solidity of mined-out cavities and workers’ security. Hence, implementing appropriate strategies is critical to mitigate the risks associated with the brittle nature of CTB. An experiment investigation was commenced to consider the influence of diverse 3D printed polymer reinforcement geometries - specifically, hexagon, staggered quadrilateral, and rhomboid shapes - on strength behavior, stress evolution, and microstructural response of CTB via peak compression strength test plus scanning electron microscope observations. Lab findings specified a decrease in fill strength upon adding these polymer reinforcements. Specifically, the N-3D-PP-reinforced CTB exhibited a strength of 0.61 MPa. In comparison, the reinforced samples showed lower strengths of 0.39 MPa for the hexagon shape, 0.44 MPa for the staggered quadrilateral shape, and 0.45 MPa for the rhomboid shape. The toughness of CTB incorporating 3D-PP was higher than that of N-3D-PP ones. The optimal shape for an ideal toughness was the rhomboid shape, with a value of 58.06 KJ.m−3. N-3D-PP-reinforced CTB specimens exhibited a semi-brittle behavior, while 3D-PP-reinforced CTBs displayed a more ductile response with high total and dissipative energies. Cracks in N-3D-PP reinforced CTB were tensile, and mainly a combination of tensile and shear in 3D-PP reinforced CTB. Despite enhanced toughness, the presence of pores, the poor interfacial bonding between the CTB matrix and the 3D-PP, the low volume of polymer reinforcement, and the potential disruption of cement particle packing compromised the CTB’s overall strength. This research highlights the potential of 3D-printed reinforcements in transforming the landscape of mining backfill technology. The findings pave the way for the widespread adoption of 3D-printed polymer-reinforced CTB in metalliferous mines, promoting safer, more productive, and, ultimately, more profitable underground mining operations.

Experimental investigation and thermodynamic analysis of application of hybrid nanofluid in a parabolic solar trough collector.

In this research, thermal modeling has been done to investigate the effect of nanofluid on the performance of the linear parabolic collector. Therminol vapor/liquid phase fluid (VP-1) has been used as a base fluid; iron oxide nanoparticles have been used to produce mono-nanofluid; and iron oxide multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite has been used as nanoparticles to produce hybrid nanofluid. The fluid flow inside the absorber tube of the collector is assumed to be turbulent. The results show that when hybrid nanofluid and mono-nanofluid are used, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the collector are higher than those for the conditions of using the base fluid, but their amount is slightly lower with the use of hybrid nanofluid than when the working fluid is mono-nanofluid. According to the obtained results, the highest energy efficiency of the linear parabolic collector using nanofluid and mono-nanofluid is 70.2% and 70.4%, respectively, and the highest exergy efficiency is 35.7% and 35.9%, respectively. Despite this, the friction coefficient of mono-nanofluid compared to hybrid nanofluid was obtained on average about 9% higher. The results showed that the criterion for evaluating the performance of the collector (hydrodynamic thermal efficiency) when hybrid nanofluid is used is more than when mono-nanofluid is used.

Radiationless decay spectrum of O 1s double core holes in liquid water.

We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the radiationless decay spectrum of an O 1s double core hole in liquid water. Our experiments were carried out using liquid-jet electron spectroscopy from cylindrical microjets of normal and deuterated water. The signal of the double-core-hole spectral fingerprints (hypersatellites) of liquid water is clearly identified, with an intensity ratio to Auger decay of singly charged O 1s of 0.0014(5). We observe a significant isotope effect between liquid H2O and D2O. For theoretical modeling, the Auger electron spectrum of the central water molecule in a water pentamer was calculated using an electronic-structure toolkit combined with molecular-dynamics simulations to capture the influence of molecular rearrangement within the ultrashort lifetime of the double core hole. We obtained the static and dynamic Auger spectra for H2O, (H2O)5, D2O, and (D2O)5, instantaneous Auger spectra at selected times after core-level ionization, and the symmetrized oxygen-hydrogen distance as a function of time after double core ionization for all four prototypical systems. We consider this observation of liquid-water double core holes as a new tool to study ultrafast nuclear dynamics.

Experimental investigation of photothermal conversion and thermal conductivity of broadband absorbing gold nanoblackbodies and graphene oxide nanoparticles for plasmonic photothermal cancer therapy

The choice of nanomaterial is crucial for achieving desired thermal ablation of a tumors, considering nanoparticle dose/concentration and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation parameters during plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT). Most studies prioritize use of nanoparticles with high photothermal conversion efficiency (η) for PPTT without emphasizing the thermal conductivity (κ) within a solid tumor. Herein, two broadband absorbing nanoparticles, i.e., gold nanoblackbodies (AuNBs) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles, are compared for η under similar NIR irradiation and nanoparticles dose. Further, the effect of photothermal conversion and κ are studied through tumor-tissue mimicking phantoms mimicking invasive ductal carcinoma embedded with nanoparticles, surrounded by normal tissue region. Under similar conditions, η is higher in AuNBs (73.2%) than GO nanoparticles (63.7%), while κ of GO nanoparticles embedded phantom (0.62 W/mK) surpasses AuNBs embedded phantom (0.59 W/mK) by 5.08%. Photothermal response through tumor-tissue mimicking phantoms shows that GO nanoparticles achieve higher temperatures within the entire tumor region than AuNBs due to their high κ, despite having lower η. This finding suggests that η is not the sole parameter, and it is the coupled effect of η and κ for the choice/suitability of a nanoparticle to attain desired temperatures throughout the tumor for PPTT.

Viability of an Open-Loop Heat Pump Drying System in South African Climatic Conditions

Drying agricultural produce consumes a considerable amount of energy. As an energy-efficient system, a heat pump can improve the energy efficiency of the drying process and hence reduce the energy consumption, especially in South Africa, where both sub-tropical and temperate weather conditions dominate. The objective of this research is to experimentally investigate the impacts of weather conditions on the operational conditions and thermal performance of an open-loop air-source heat pump drying system. The experimental investigation was conducted in a climate chamber where the climate conditions were simulated from −10 °C to 20 °C with an interval of 10 °C for the typical temperature range of the harvesting season in South Africa. The findings indicate that ambient temperatures have a significant impact on both the operating conditions and thermal performance of an open-loop heat pump system; the change in ambient temperatures from −10 °C to 20 °C leads to a 141.6% improvement in the suction pressure, a 214.2% increase in the discharge pressure, and 30.1% increase in the compression ratio, as well as a consequent increase of 130.6% in the refrigerant mass flow rate (from 0.0067 to 0.0155 kg/s), resulting in a corresponding increase in the coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump drying system by about 42.1%. Therefore, this study suggests that, while using an open-loop air-source heat pump drying system utilising R134a refrigerant is feasible in South Africa, it may be practically limited to regions with warm climates or during warmer seasons.

Experimental investigation of spray cooling heat transfer with microcapsule phase change suspension

This paper reveals the spray cooling heat transfer mechanism with the microencapsulated phase change suspension as the working fluid based on an experimental investigation. The heat transfer performances between the spray cooling and jet impinging with suspension are compared. A series of key parameters affecting the heat transfer are analyzed, including suspension concentration, nozzle diameter, spray height, inlet temperature, and spray inclined angle. It concludes that the spray cooling of suspension has a stronger heat transfer capability relative to the jet impinging, but the pressure loss is correspondingly larger. Compared with the water, the spray cooling heat transfer of phase change suspension is superior owing to the latent heat ability of particle core, and the maximum improvement in the current tests is 33.9 %. However, excessive suspension concentration can result in the deterioration of heat transfer because of the larger viscosity. There is an optimal volumetric flow rate and an optimal spray height for the spray cooling, where a suitable spray cone angle is present so that the heating surface may be exactly covered by the liquid-film. The latent heat absorption characteristic of phase change core leads to the existence of an optimal spray inlet temperature, which is about 10 °C lower than the melting peak temperature of the particle core. For the cases of incomplete-coverage, the decrease of the spray inclined angle may enlarge the liquid-film covering area and thence improve the heat transfer. A theoretical analysis indicates that the suspension in current tests has a high complete-melting rate (σ ≥ 93.7 %) when using in the spray cooling. The results may provide the beneficial support for the potential application of spray with phase change suspension for the cooling of electronic devices.

Experimental investigation on electric discharge-assisted surface modification of Ti6Al4V with comparative analysis between different polarities in ecofriendly dielectric deionised water

ABSTRACT Electric discharge machining (EDM) is the most widely used non-conventional machining process for machining difficult-to-cut materials in complex geometries and intricate cavities with less cost. The main problem associated with EDMed part is its increased surface roughness (SR). This article made an attempt on surface modification of Ti6Al4V by reducing SR with different polarities of EDM in deionised water, an eco-friendly dielectric. Experiments were performed on both straight and reverse polarities in full factorial with varying two factors (voltage and current) in two levels. The substrate processed with the reverse polarity possesses minimum (1.26 µm) SR of about 2.15 times than that of the straight polarity (2.64 µm) at the parametric conditions of 60 V, 10 A and 100 µs. Enhanced microhardness (300–450 HV1) and specific wear rate (2.4 × 10−4 mm3/Nm) were observed with the straight polarity due to the microstructural changes along with higher SR and defects. Contact angle analysis reveals that both straight and reverse polarity processed parts are hydrophilic in nature. Reverse polarity can be used as an effective tool for surface modification with less SR and defects and with slight increase in microhardness (300–400 HV1) and specific wear rate (2.6 × 10−4 mm3/Nm). The presence of enriched titanium oxide (rutile) observed on the reverse polarity surface increases its applicability, especially in biomedical industries.

Computational and experimental investigations on structural, electronic and optical properties of scheelite compounds

Abstract Oxide of tungstate has consistently been pursued for use in optoelectronic applications. This study details the synthesis of AWO4 (A=Ba, Sr and Ca) using a high-temperature solid-state method. Additionally, theoretical calculations highlight its electronic structure, density of states, photoelectric properties, and vibrational modes. The X-ray diffraction of AWO4 (A=Ba, Sr and Ca) was meticulously introduced by the utilization of Rietveld for refinement. The refined lattice parameters substantially verified AWO4 (A=Ba, Sr and Ca) as a tetragonal system of scheelite with the spatial group of I41/a, and demonstrated significant alteration with the discrepancy in the radius of alkaline earth metal (A-site) ions. The electronic configuration and optical attributes of AWO4 (A=Ba, Sr and Ca) possessing scheelite-like structure were explored using density functional theory (DFT) based computational techniques. The theoretical blueprint was derived by optimizing the structure based on defects. The postulated optical bandgap energy confirms the occurrence of direct electronic transitions at Brillouin region G points. Calculations suggested the direct band gaps of BaWO4, SrWO4, and CaWO4 at 4.385, 3.123 and 3.813 eV. This was attributed to the energy levels produced by O and A-site atoms in the valence band, and W and O atoms in the conduction band. An examination of the polarization effect and uneven electronic charge distribution between [CaO8]6- and [WO4]2- clusters brought about by structural defects in AWO4 (A=Ba, Sr and Ca) was performed. Moreover, advanced investigations have been conducted on the elastic constants and mechanical durability of AWO4 (A=Ba, Sr and Ca). This research extensively calculated the elastic moduli of various matrices utilizing DFT. The critical Pugh's ratio value was found to be>1.75, it indicated that AWO4 (A=Ba, Sr and Ca) has significant potential as a resilient material.

Fabrication and characterization of transdermal delivery of ribociclib nanoemulgel in breast cancer treatment.

The objective of this study is to create a nanoemulgel formulation of Ribociclib (RIBO), a highly selective inhibitor of CDK4/6 through the utilization of spontaneous emulsification method. An experimental investigation was conducted to construct pseudo-ternary phase diagram for the most favourable formulation utilizing rice bran oil, which is known for its diverse anticancer properties. The formulation consisted of varying combination of the surfactant and as the co-surfactant (Tween 80 and Transcutol, respectively) referred to as Smix and the trials were optimized to get the desired outcome. The nanoemulsion (NE) formulations that were developed exhibited a droplet size of 179.39 nm, accompanied with a PDI of 0.211. According to the data released by Opt-RIBO-NE, it can be inferred that the Higuchi model had the most favourable fit among many kinetics models considered. The results indicate that the use of nanogel preparations for the topical delivery of RIBO in breast cancer therapy, specifically RIBO-NE-G, is viable. This is supported by the extended release of the RIBO, and the appropriate level of drug permeation observed in Opt-RIBO-NE-G. Due to RIBO and Rice Bran oil, RIBO-NE-G had greater antioxidant activity, indicating its effectiveness as antioxidants. The stability of the RIBO-NE-G was observed over a period of three months, indicating a favourable shelf life. Therefore, this study proposes the utilization of an optimized formulation of RIBO-NE-G may enhance the efficacy of anticancer treatment and mitigate the occurrence of systemic side effects in breast cancer patients, as compared to the use of suspension preparation of RIBO.

Semigroups, keis and groups induced by knot diagrams: an experimental investigation with automated reasoning

AbstractWe apply automated reasoning to investigation of finite factors of algebraic structures associated with knot diagrams. We refute “double size” conjecture about cancellative semigroups and keis.

Experimental investigation on the influence of temperature on the fracture surface variations of granite after Brazilian splitting tests

Understanding the variation in the morphology of rock fracture surfaces after high-temperature is of great significance for evaluating the strength, deformation, and seepage characteristics of deep engineering rock masses. In this study, the variations in the granite fracture surface roughness after exposure to different temperatures (25–800 °C) were investigated, and the damage deterioration mechanism was revealed. The results showed that the maximum fluctuation (Z) and root mean square of the first derivative (Z2) of the granite fracture surface tended to increase with increasing temperature, whereas the fractal dimension (D) decreased, suggesting that the higher temperature contributed to greater roughness of the fracture surface. The anisotropy of the fracture surface was more evident at higher temperatures and had greater roughness in the 45°–75°, 105°–135°, and 155°–170° directions after different temperatures. Physicochemical reactions, such as dehydration, quartz phase transformation, and mineral oxidation, occurred in the granite owing to high temperatures. These reactions changed the crystalline state of the minerals and facilitated the increase and expansion of microcracks, thereby weakening the cementing property between mineral particles. Fracture surfaces with higher roughness were formed after tensile failure of the rock. The research results may provide theoretical references for the construction and operation of deep engineering.

An experimental investigation into the drag reduction performance of dimpled plates in a fully turbulent channel flow

Dimpled surfaces have gained increasing attention in recent years for their potential to reduce turbulent skin friction, a capability previously acknowledged for its beneficial implications on heat transfer. As a passive drag reduction method, dimpled surfaces offer significant advantages for marine applications due to their effectiveness and practical applicability. However, despite numerous studies, conflicting opinions and inconsistent drag reduction rates persist in the literature. This paper addresses these ambiguities and offers valuable insights into the effectiveness of dimpled surfaces for drag reduction in fully turbulent flows. We conducted an extensive experimental investigation involving various dimple configurations, including different depth-to-diameter ratios, diameters and orientations, utilising a specialised Fully Turbulent Flow Channel facility and a Particle Image Velocimetry system. Our findings demonstrated that circular dimple geometries, particularly those with low depth ratios, can achieve significant drag reduction of up to 27% as the Reynolds number increases. These results highlight the substantial potential of dimpled surfaces for improving energy efficiency in marine applications, where skin friction accounts for a significant portion of the total drag experienced by large vessels.

Implementation of Live Forensic Method on Fusion Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Solid State Drive (SSD) RAID 0 Configuration TRIM Features

One of the solutions used for access speeds is to maximize non-volatile storage functions by a conventional Hard Disk Driver with Solid State Drive that has the TRIM architecture using the Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks 0 configuration or the commonly known RAID 0. RAID 0 is a stripping technique that has the highest speed among other RAID configurations. However, this configuration has a disadvantage in that when there is damage to one of the storage disks all the data will be corrupted and lost. It's becoming one of the challenges in digital forensic investigation when it comes to computer crime. Furthermore, this research uses experimental practices using live forensic methods to perform analysis and examination against the merger of HDD and SSD configuration RAID 0 TRIM features. The expected is an overview of the characteristics of recovery capability to find out the authenticity integrity values of files that have been lost or permanently deleted on both TRIM SSD functions disable and enable. Furthermore, this research is expected to be a solution for the experimental and practical investigation of computer crime especially in Indonesia given the increasing development of technology that is directly compared with the rise in computer crime.

Experimental thermal performance investigation of air-type solar collector with PCM-rod embedded in vacuum tube

Based on an evacuated tube collector, this study designs a direct flow channel, a spiral tube structure, and a PCM-rod, which are combined to form an air-type direct flow evacuated tube collector integrated with a phase change material. In this study, the thermal performance of the proposed collector is tested and a new method of calculating the instantaneous thermal efficiency (η) by the equivalent thermal efficiency of the PCM (ηpcm) was proposed. Meanwhile, the heat storage effect of the PCM-rod and the influence of series or parallel connections and air supply mode on the thermal efficiency are analysed. The results demonstrate that the PCM-rod causes a more gradual temperature change in the collector, and the maximum temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the collector reached 129.1 °C. When the radiation intensity is weak at 18:00, the outlet temperature of the collector can still reach 70.2 °C, which is 21.8 °C higher than that of the collector without a PCM-rod. At the same time, the use of PCM-rods can effectively improve the η of the collector and exhibit more gradual changes in η, and the maximum η is 285 %. In addition, the ηpcm can reach 225 %, which transfers heat efficiently and plays the role of peak cutting and valley filling. The η of the series-connected collector is lower than that of the parallel-connected collector during the day, but the opposite is true when the radiation intensity is weak. On the other hand, we should choose the upper air supply for the collectors connected in series, and then the lower air supply is more suitable when connected in parallel.

Effects of environmental humidity on the gap of mortise-tenon joints: experimental and numerical investigations

Mortise-tenon (MT) joints play a vital role in the lateral deformability and seismic performance of traditional timber structures. However, moisture exposure can cause shrinkage-induced gaps and then affect the durability of MT joints. Limited knowledge exists on the humidity response of MT joints. To investigate the effect of environmental humidity on the gaps between mortise and tenon, multiple measurements of moisture content (MC) and shrinkage deformation were conducted on straight MT joints that were subjected to humidity variations. Different ambient conditions and exposure levels were taken into account. Three-dimensional numerical models were established to simulate the humidity response of MT joints. Model validation was then performed by comparing the simulation and experimental results in terms of moisture distribution and gaps. On this basis, quantitative analysis was made to reveal the development mechanism and main influence factors of moisture-induced gaps. Results show that straight MT joints are vulnerable to environmental humidity changes. The observed gap is estimated to cause a decrease of up to 23.1% in the initial elastic stiffness. Although only contributed by the shrinkage deformation of tenons, the vertical gap is theoretically larger than the horizontal one which is attributed to a combination of both mortise and tenon. A clear linear relationship is found between the vertical gaps and the MC decrease, with the product of the radial shrinkage coefficient and tenon height as the theoretical ratio. Controlling the moisture exposure is considered the most effective way to reduce moisture-induced gaps in MT joints.

High Strain Rate Hardening of Metallic Cellular Metamaterials

AbstractStrain rate hardening caused by the changed deformation mode is a fascinating phenomenon in cellular metamaterials where the material’s stiffness and energy absorption capabilities increase as the strain rate increases. This unique behaviour is attributed to a combination of micro-inertia effects, base material’s strain rate hardening and inertia effects. At high strain rates, the metamaterial’s inertia influences its deformation response, which changes to shock mode. This work briefly presents the geometry and fabrication of different metallic metamaterials. Then, it evaluates their mechanical response at different strain rates, ranging from quasi-static to intermediate dynamic and shock, determined by experimental and computational investigation. The three deformation modes can be separated into two critical loading velocities, unique for each metamaterial, which are also presented and compared in this work for various metamaterials. The investigations show that the deformation mode change in metallic metamaterials depends on their porosity. The critical velocities separating the deformation modes decrease with increasing porosity, i.e., decreased density of the metamaterial results in reduced critical loading velocities. The shock deformation mode in cellular metamaterials is thus attainable at much lower loading velocities than in homogeneous (nonporous) materials.

Bio-based ionic liquid as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 5% HCl solution: Experimental and theoretical investigation

In pickling conditions, corrosion inhibitors are commonly used to mitigate the corrosive effects of the acidic environment on metal surfaces. Green corrosion inhibitors are substances that provide corrosion protection while being environmentally friendly, often derived from renewable resources or having minimal environmental impact. Ionic liquids are a class of green corrosion inhibitors that have gained attention for their potential in corrosion protection due to their unique properties. In this study, we synthesized a bio-based choline hexanoate ionic liquid (referred to as ChH) and used FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy to elucidate its structure. Further the effectiveness of ChH IL was examined in preventing MS corrosion in 5% HCl at 20–80 °C. The corrosion behavior of MS was examined using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and EIS measurements. Increasing inhibitor concentration and temperatures improved the inhibition performance. The highest efficiency i.e., 98.16% was observed at 3.3 × 10−3 M of ChH at 60 °C. To verify the adsorption of ChH on the MS further investigations were done using FT-IR, Raman, and XPS analysis.