Mothers In Experimental Group Research Articles

Effect of Sacral Warm Compress on Perception of Labour Pain among Parturient Mothers during First stage of Labour at Selected Hospital, Coimbatore

An interventional study was conducted to assess the effect of sacral warm compress on the perception of labour pain among parturient mothers during the first stage of labour at Sri Ramakrishna Hospital, Coimbatore. Quasi- experimental pre-test post-test control group design was adopted for the study. Purposive sampling method was used and 40 parturient mothers were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Every alternative sample was assigned to experimental group [n=20] and control group [n=20]. The pre-test was conducted to assess the perception of labour pain by using questionnaire and numerical pain rating scale. Sacral warm compress was applied for 20 minutes at every 1-hour interval during the active phase of the first stage of labour. The post-test was conducted using the same tool to find the effect of sacral warm compress on parturient mothers during the first stage of labour. The mean and standard deviation pre-test and post-test pain score of mothers in the experimental group were (7.13, 5.09) and 0.849, 0.875 respectively with a mean difference of 2.04. It proves that there is an effect of sacral warm compress on the perception of labour pain among parturient mothers in the experimental group (t= 3.883; p=0.001). The mean and standard deviation of post test scores of mothers in the experimental and control group were 5.09, 7.495 and 0.875, 0.467 respectively with a mean difference of 2.405. It proves that there is an effect of sacral warm compress on perception of labour pain among parturient mothers in experimental group (t=10.48; p = 0.001). The findings reveal that application of sacral warm compress is highly significant and effective in reducing the perception of labour pain among parturient mothers during active phase of the first stage of labour. Keywords: Parturient Mothers during first stage of labour, Perception of labour pain, Sacral Warm Compress.

A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Prone Position on Afterpains and Involution of Uterus among Primi Mothers Delivered in Shri Vinoba Bhave Civil Hospital, Silvassa

All postnatal mothers experience pain in some form or the another. Crampy pain in the abdomen known as afterpains is a determinant of the uterine involution which is a more evident clinically in the first four days of the postpartum period. And uterine involution is a natural process that involves your pregnant uterus returning to its pre- pregnancy state. The process begins after you deliver your baby and placenta and takes about six weeks to complete. AIMS: The main aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of prone position on afterpains and involution of uterus among primi postnatal mothers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Quasi-experimental time series non- equivalent control group design was adopted for the study. 100 primi postnatal mothers were selected by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. RESULTS: The result shows that obtained data of effectiveness of prone position on afterpains and involution of uterus are significant at the level of P< 0.05 as there is significant difference between the control group and Experimental group scores. So both the research hypothesis H1 and H2 are accepted for association of after pain with educational status and place of living and is rejected in all other variables. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the prone position was effective on afterpains and involution of uterus among primi postnatal mothers in experimental group.

To Assess the Effectiveness of Lavender Oil on Episiotomy Wound among Postnatal Mothers Admitted in Selected Maternity Hospitals

A quasi-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of lavender oil on episiotomy wound among postnatal mothers admitted in selected maternity hospitals. Objectives: 1. To assess the episiotomy wound among postnatal mothers in control and experimental group. 2. To assess the effectiveness of lavender oil on episiotomy wound in experimental group. Review of literature: 1. Studies related to episiotomy. 2. Studies related to effectiveness of lavender oil. Hypothesis: H0-There will be no significant difference in the effect of lavender oil on episiotomy wound among postnatal mothers. H1- There will be significant difference in the effect of lavender oil on episiotomy wound among postnatal mothers.

Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Natural Birthing Methods among Antenatal Mothers

Background:This study aims to assess the effectiveness of self -instructional - module on knowledge regarding natural birthing methods among antenatal mothers of selected hospitals. It is quasi experimental research. Purpose of the study was to know the pre assessment knowledge regarding natural birthing methods followed by the intervention, which included administration of self-instruction-module, which was based on the content related to natural birthing methods. After administration post evaluation of the knowledge score was done to compare the effectiveness of the intervention.
 Material and method: A quasi experimental research design was used while the approach utilized was quantitative. Pre-test- post-test control group research design was used for the study. The study was done at tertiary hospital of a cosmopolitan city, while the samples were antenatal mothers who were attending the OPD’s. Data collection tool used was a structured questionnaire on natural birthing methods which included demographic questions and knowledge based questions. Analysis was done by using descriptive inferential statistics.
 Result:Results revealed that experimental group knowledge score in pre-test was 9.2 as compared to 11.2 in the post-test for the p-value of 0.05. In control group, knowledge score in pre-test was 8 as compared to 8.5 in the post-test. Association was found with the demographic variable of education
 Conclusion: Average mean difference in knowledge score in antenatal mothers in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group hence It is evident that the self-instructional module is significantly effective in improving the knowledge among antenatal mothers regarding natural birthing methods.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Childbirth Process Among Primi Gravida Mothers Admitted in Labour Ward, Rmmch

Background: Child bearing in any society is a biological event and birth experience is socially constructed as it take place within a cultural context and gets shaped by the perceptions and practices. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to quantify the knowledge of primigravida mothers in labour ward. Materials and method: Quasi experimental design was adopted for the study with the independent variable being the child birth preparation and the dependent variable was level of knowledge of primi gravida mothers on child birth process and coping ability. The tool for data collection was prepared by the investigator and it was validated by experts. Results: In pre-test 75% of mothers were in experimental group and 50% in control group are had inadequate knowledge and 25% of mothers in experimental group and 50% in control group were moderately adequate knowledge where as in post-test the mean level is 29.2 compare to pre-test mean level 17.6 which showed that the structured teaching programme on child birth process was effective and coping ability was better in experimental group than control group. Conclusion: Fear associated with pregnancy and child-birth can have serious consequences. Women, who experience significant fear during the antenatal period, run an increased risk of suffering severe emotional imbalance after the baby is born, which can have negative impact on the relationship between the mother and the child. Child birth preparation, which deals with the information on pre-monitory signs, stages of labour, preparations for labor, relaxation techniques, bearing down techniques should be provided to the mothers for better coping during labour and to have a healthier labour experience.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Perineal Massage on Labour Outcome among Primi mothers at selected Hospital, Erode

Background: Child birth is a painful and stressful event in a woman's life. Pregnant women commonly worry about pain during labour and birth. Labour pain is considered as one of the most intense forms of pain. Psychological challenge such as anxiety can contribute towards women’s perception of pain and may also affect their labor and birth experience. There are modern many non-invasive methods to relieve pain during childbirth. Among these methods is aromatherapy which is the most popular complementary therapy during child birth. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of aromatherapy massage using lavender oil on the level of pain and anxiety during labor among primi gravida women. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of perineal massage on labour outcome among primigravida mothers in both the groups. Design: The research design selected for the present study was true experimental design where posttests only with control group design. Setting: The study was conducted in private maternity hospital, Erode district. Sample: The sample consisted of 30 (15 control and 15 experimental group) primi mothers attending antenatal OPD in private maternity Hospital, Erode District, were selected by simple random technique. Data collection procedure: The data were collected for 4 weeks in the month of June 2021.From both group the personal data were collected and to the experimental group external perineal massage was taught to the primi mother by demonstration. Post test was conducted for both control and experimental group with maternal outcomes observational rating scale while mother was admitted in labour ward with pain and assessed labour outcome. Results: The findings revealed that after the perineal massage the ongoing assessment tool to evaluate maternal outcome was fair and more effective during labour among the primi mothers in experimental group. In both control and experimental group there was no significant association between maternal outcome and demographic variables such as age, education, occupation, income per month, type of family, living area and previous source of information. Conclusion: The perineal massage was more effective in improving maternal outcome during labour among the primi mothers in experimental group.

EFFECT OF EARLY AMBULATION ON MATERNAL OUTCOME AMONG POST CAESAREAN MOTHERS

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of early ambulation on maternal outcome among post caesarean mothers. The objectives of the study was to assess the effect of early ambulation on maternal outcome among post caesarean mothers and to nd out the association between the maternal outcome among post caesarean mothers with selected demographic variables. This study was based on Roy's adaptation theory. The research design adopted for the study was post-test only control group design. 60 post caesarean mothers who fullled the inclusion criteria were selected for the study, out of which 30 post caesarean mothers were in experimental group and 30 post caesarean mothers were in control group. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples. The tool used to assess the effect of early ambulation was post caesarean bio physiological health parameters chart. The study was conducted in General Hospital, Neyyattinkara. The effectiveness of early ambulation was assessed by comparing the maternal outcome of post caesarean mothers in experimental group and control group. The result shows that there was a signicant difference in the maternal outcome among post caesarean mothers in the experimental group after performing early ambulation and there was an association between the maternal outcome among post caesarean mothers with selected demographic variables except in case of period of gestation

EFFECTIVENESS OF LUKEWARM WATER COMPRESS ON BREAST ENGORGEMENT AMONG PRIMI POSTNATAL MOTHERS AT S.V.S HOSPITAL, MAHABUBNAGAR TELANGANA

The present study was undertaken to evaluate effectiveness of lukewarm water compress on breast engorgement among primi postnatal mothers at s.v.s hospital, mahabubnagar, telangana. The study objectives aim at 1. Assess the level of breast engorgement among primi postnatal mothers in experimental group and control group.2. Plan and implement lukewarm water compress on breast engorgement among primi postnatal mothers in experimental group.3. Evaluate the effectiveness of lukewarm water compress on breast engorgement among primi postnatal mothers.4.compare post test scores of lukewarm water compress on breast engorgement among both control and experimental group.the data collection procedure was carried out and the samples were taken from s.v.s hospital mahabubnagar district, yenugonda, telangana. Sample size was 40 primi postnatal mothers with breast engorgement who were admitted in s.v.s. Hospital, mahabubnagar, telangana. The result of the study were the mothers were divided into two groups one is experimental group and other control group. The score between 4-5 and severeengorgement indicates the score of 6. 4 (20%) were under mild engorgement level in pretest whereas 9 (45%) were mild engorgement level in post test, 9 (45%) were under moderate engorgement level in pretest whereas in post test were 3 (15%), 7 (35%) were under severe engorgement level in pretest whereas in post test were found nil, noengorgement level in pretest were found nil whereas 8 (40%) were under no breast engorgement.

Effectiveness of Breast Crawl on Initiation of Breastfeeding among Newborn and Mother’s Self Satisfaction in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kochi

Introduction: Breast milk is a divine gift for a baby and breast feeding is the nature’s best way to nurture the newborn. Immediately after the delivery breast feeding encourages the bonding of the mother to her baby. The International Organizations like WHO, UNICEF and WABA recommend that breast feeding should be initiated in the first hour of birth. One of the methods for early initiation of breast feeding was breast crawl. Breast crawl is the natural instinctive behaviour of the newborn and everything in breast crawl is perfectly designed by nature. The present study intends to evaluate the effectiveness of breast crawl technique on initiation of breast feeding among newborns and mothers self-satisfaction in a tertiary care hospital, Kochi. Objectives: The study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of breast crawl on initiation of breast feeding among newborns, compare the time of initiation of breast feeding among newborns in two groups and assess the self-satisfaction of mothers in experimental group. Materials and Methods: A quasi experimental study, with Post-Test only Control group design and quantitative approach conducted in labour room of AIMS, Kochi among 60 full term newborns and born through normal vaginal delivery and selected by using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Among the 60 newborns, 30 were allocated to both experimental and control group. The breast crawl technique proposed by UNICEF IN 2018 was performed to experimental group and assessed the initiation of breast feeding by LATCH breast feeding assessment tool. Routine hospital care and health education regarding importance of breast feeding was given to the control group. Results: The mean LATCH breast feeding score was 8.87±0.681 in experimental group and 6.50±0.861 in control group which was found to be significant at p˂0.001. About the time duration for initiation of breastfeeding among the two groups, the mean score was 34.57±5.5 in experimental group and 75.23±4.6 minutes in control group which was found to be significant with p˂0.001. Among the mothers in the experimental group, 57% were highly satisfied, 43% were moderately satisfied and none of the mothers had less satisfaction. Conclusion: Breast crawl technique was found to be effective in breast feeding initiation among the newborn and increased maternal satisfaction among experimental group and expressed that breast crawl was totally a new experience and will suggest it to others. Clinical Significance: Based on the study findings, breast crawl technique can be implemented and practiced in clinical settings for initiation of breast feeding among newborns.

Effectiveness of Cold Pack Application on Reduction of Pain Perception during Active Phase of Labour among Parturient Mothers

Pregnancy is the period of gestation from the fertilization of an egg, through development of a fetus, and ending at birth of the baby. A woman’s desire for, and cold pack of, pain relief during labour are influenced by many factors, including her expectations, the complexity of her labour and the severity of her pain. Objectives: To assess the pre-test and post-test level of pain perception during active phase of labour among parturient mothers both in experimental and control group, effectiveness of cold pack on reduction of pain perception during active phase of labour among parturient mothers in the experimental group, association between the level of pain perception during active phase of labour among parturient mothers with their selected demographic variables. Methods: An experimental research design was adopted for the study with 60 samples who met the inclusion criteria were selected by purposive sampling technique. Semi structured interview method was used to collect the demographical and obstetrical data, Wong Baker Scale tool was used to measure the level of pain. Result: The study shows that there is a significant difference between the posttest levels of pain perception during active phase of labour among parturient mothers in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion: There was a significant association in the post test level of pain perception among parturient mother in the experimental group than in the control group at p<0.01 and p<0.001 level. Thus the cold pack application is an effective non-pharmacological method which can be used to manage the level of pain perception during labour.

Impact of a birth training programme on knowledge and anxiety among expectant couples in a selected hospital, Bangalore

Pregnancy and childbirth are major event which happens in the life of a woman. Fear and anxiety are very common in couples.Feelings of protectiveness towards the partner and child also can be anxiety producing for the expectant father. Each task depicts the inherent change in both structure and function of the male's family role which is influenced by society and the family unit. A birth training programme was conducted among expectant couples and assessed their knowledge and anxiety level in a selected hospital Bangalore. By purposive sampling technique 20 couples were selected and allotted into experimental and control group. Knowledge and anxiety of mothers and their husbands were assessed. Findings revealed that there was a significant difference in knowledge between experimental and control group (p <0.001) mothers and husbands. There was a significant difference in anxiety level between experimental and control group (p<0.001) mothers and husbands. The study reveals that a training programme to be conducted for a couple in order to help them to manage and face the pregnancy period and labour process without anxiety and fear.

Impact of a birth training programme on knowledge and anxiety among expectant couples in a selected hospital, Bangalore

Introduction: Pregnancy and childbirth are major event which happens in the life of a woman. Fear and anxiety are very common in couples.Feelings of protectiveness towards the partner and child also can be anxiety producing for the expectant father. Each task depicts the inherent change in both structure and function of the male's family role which is influenced by society and the family unit. A birth training programme was conducted among expectant couples and assessed their knowledge and anxiety level in a selected hospital Bangalore. Methods and materials: By purposive sampling technique 20 couples were selected and allotted into experimental and control group. Knowledge and anxiety of mothers and their husbands were assessed. Findings revealed that there was a significant difference in knowledge between experimental and control group (p <0.001) mothers and husbands. There was a significant difference in anxiety level between experimental and control group (p<0.001) mothers and husbands. Conclusion: The study reveals that a training programme to be conducted for a couple in order to help them to manage and face the pregnancy period and labour process without anxiety and fear.

A study to assess the effectiveness of antenatal Exercises in reduction of labour pain among primi mothers in selected hospital, Erode.

Giving birth is a life-changing event, and the care that a woman receives during labour has the potential to affect her both physically and emotionally the short and longer term. Therefore, improving the quality of maternity care in both developed and developing countries is an important part of attempts made to decrease maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. In obstetric care, many interventions are complex, containing a number of different components which may have an effect on the impact of the interventions in healthcare settings. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of antenatal exercises in reduction of labour pain among primi gravida mothers in both the groups. Methodology: A quantitative approach and evaluate in nature and true experimental design where post test only with control group design. The study population were Primi mothers, 30(15 control and 15 experimental group) mothers attending antenatal OPD in private maternity Hospital, Erode District. Visual analog scale was used to assess the level of pain. Result: The findings revealed that after the antenatal exercise the visual analog pain scale score was reduced in experimental group compared to the control group among primi mothers. In control group there was no significant association between the level of labour pain and demographic variables. In experimental group there was no significant association between the level of pain and demographic variables such as age, family, living area, habit of regular exercise and previous source of information and highly significant association in education, occupation and income. Conclusion: The antenatal exercise was more effective in reduction pain during labour among the primi mothers in experimental group.

Enhancing safe motherhood: Effect of novel partograph on labor outcomes and its utility: An Indian perspective.

Safe motherhood ensures safe pregnancy and childbirth. One of the noteworthy causes of maternal morbidity and mortality is the complications arising from prolonged or obstructed labour. World Health Organization recommends the use of partograph to significantly reduce the maternal mortality crisis. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel partograph in terms of maternal and perinatal outcomes along with its utility. A total of 400 intranatal women were selected in a non-randomized control trial to evaluate the effectiveness of novel partograph on selected maternal and perinatal outcomes. Subjects in experimental group (n=200) received care with newly developed partograph whereas subjects in control group (n=200) received standard care. Effectiveness was determined at a significance level of α ≤ 0.05. Utility of the novel partograph was determined as perceived by nurses. There was significant reduction in the duration of the 1st and 2nd stage of labour (P=0.023 and 0.006 respectively) and number of vaginal examinations performed during labour (P=0.017) among mothers in the experimental group. Significant improvement in the Apgar score (P=0.005) was also observed among the infants of mothers in experimental group. Novel partograph was considered as of having extreme utility by 71% nurses. Study concluded that subjects monitored by the partograph experienced improved maternal and perinatal outcomes. It was found to be having extreme utility.

A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Structured Cognitive Stimulation on Cognitive Functioning Among Women with Early Symptoms of Dementia in Selected Areas of Panipat, Haryana

Background of the study: The stressful life of women is gaining more attention and has come into limelight as a prominent cause of dementia. Dementia is a concern for many women. The women in menopausal transition also seem to be most fearful of developing breast cancer, closely followed by Alzheimer’s dementia. Dementia is one of the leading problems faced by the people worldwide now a days and a matter of worry too.Objective of the Study: To evaluate the effectiveness of structured cognitive stimulation on cognitive functioning among women.Research Methodology: True experimental research design was used in this study; sampling size was 60 mothers. Sampling technique used was simple random sampling method. Data were collected in Babarpur and Dadlana Villages in Panipat District. Haryana. Mini Mental Status Examination were used for data collection. Structured Cognitive Stimulation Program were given for 14 days to the mothers in experimental group. For the mothers in control group no special programs were administered. Data collected were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: In experimental group the post-test mean and standard deviation dementia score was 24.47 + 2.389. the control group post-test mean and standard deviation dementia score was 18.00 + 3.129. the mean difference value was 6.47 Paired ‘t’ test score was 8.997 for the degree of freedom 58. The ‘P’ value was 0.000, it was statistically significant at the level of significance < than 0.05.Conclusion: This research demonstrated the cognitive function score on cognitive functioning. However, the subjects with moderately cognitive score were positively benefitted and shifted towards questionably significant level of cognition. This provides a set of baseline data that can be cited for further studies. The Structured Cognitive Stimulation could be incorporated into pre-services or in-service education program in order to evaluate its effectiveness in different populations and settings.

Effectiveness of Zone therapy on Pain among Post Caesarean Mothers

AIM: A study to assess the effectiveness of Zone therapy on pain among post caesarean mothers in selectedhospital at Mangaluru.OBJECTIVES:• To determine the pain among post caesarean mothers using Numerical Pain Rating Scale in experimental andcontrol group.• To find the effectiveness of Zone therapy on pain among post caesarean mothers in experimental group.• To find the association between post-test score among experimental group and selected demographicvariables.METHODOLOGY: Quantitative research method with Quasi -experimental design was used for this study. Atotal of (40) sample are assigned as experimental (20) and control(20) group were selected using non probabilitypurposive sampling technique. Data collection was done using Demographic Performa and Numeric Pain ratingscale. Formal written permission was obtained from the authorities prior to the data collection process. The data wasanalyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics on the basis of objectives and hypothesis of the study.RESULT: The mean post-test pain score (2.95±0.825) were less than that of mean pre- test pain score (8.55±0.604)in the experimental group. The findings revealed that the calculated ‘t’ value (15.41) was greater than the tablevalue (t19=2.09) at 0.05 level of significance. In experimental group the mean post-test pain score (2.95±0.825)was less than that of the control group (4.6±0.97). Unpaired ‘t’ test was used ,the findings revealed that thecalculated unpaired ‘t’ value (7.5) was greater than the table value (t38=2.02) at 0.05 level of significance. Hence,the researcher concludes that Zone therapy is effective in reducing the post caesarean pain.

Effectiveness of ginger tea on nausea, vomiting and retching among antenatal mothers residing in rural community of East Sikkim

Background: Nausea, vomiting and retching is a common medical condition in pregnancy affecting women worldwide which occur during the first trimester of pregnancy. Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is recognized as a popular non-pharmacological treatment for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). The present study examined the effectiveness of ginger tea on nausea, vomiting and retching among antenatal mothers residing in rural community of East Sikkim. Methods: This study was conducted in rural community of East Sikkim among 60 antenatal mothers having nausea, with or without vomiting or retching within 8th to 12th weeks of gestational period. True experimental pre-test post-test design was adopted, and the participants were selected using simple random sampling comprising 30 antenatal mothers each in experimental and control group. Demographic and obstetrical data were used to collect personal information and Rhodes Index of nausea, vomiting and retching scale was used to assess the level of symptoms. Experimental group was demonstrated to drink 500 mg of ginger tea twice a day and the control group did not receive any intervention. The post-test was conducted for both the groups after 4 days to assess the level of nausea, vomiting and retching.Result: The findings of the study showed that in the pre-test, majority 53.4% in experimental group had moderate symptoms, 33.3% had mild symptoms and 13.3% had severe symptoms whereas in control group majority 50% had mild symptoms, 36.6% had moderate symptoms, 6.7% had severe symptoms and 6.7% had no symptoms. After the administration of ginger tea to the experimental group, majority 63.3% were having mild symptoms, 20% had no symptoms and 16.7% had moderate symptoms whereas in control group majority 46.7% had moderate symptoms, 43.3% had mild symptoms, 6.7% had severe symptoms and remaining 3.3% had no symptoms in the post-test. There was a significant difference between the post-test level of nausea, vomiting and retching among antenatal mothers in experimental and control group (t= 3.762, p

Effect of Fenugreek on Lactation among Postnatal Women’s of Selected Hospital at Vadodara

Background of the Study: Breast feeding is the pleasant vitamins for infants. Most of the postnatal moms face the trouble of inadequate breast milk which influences the wellness of an infant. Hence the researcher had taken up this study, used fenugreek among the postnatal mother who has insufficient breast milk secretionas an effective way to boost the production of breast milk.
 Methods: A quantitative research approach with experimental pre-test post-test control group design was used to assess effect of fenugreek on lactation among postnatal woman. The study was conducted among 60 postnatal mothers in a selected hospital, Vadodara.
 Results: The present study revealed that in experimental group in pre-test, majority 25(83.3%) had insufficient lactation and only 5(16.7%) had sufficient lactation while in post-test 20(66.7%) had sufficient lactation and 10(33.3%) had insufficient lactation. The impact of fenugreek on lactation amongst experimental group turned into examined through the usage of paired t test with obtained t value (t=8.348, df=29, p=0.001) turned into statistically highly significant at p<0.05 level of significance. The post-test lactation revealed that in control group mean score was 22.97±3.755 and in experimental group mean score was 30.03±5.334 with mean difference of 7.06 with obtained t value (t=5.934, df=58, p=0.001) was statistically significant at p<0.05 level. The association between pre interventions lactation of postnatal woman of experimental and control group with selected demographic variables such as age, educational status, occupational status, religion, residency, type of family and food habits were found statistically not significant at p<0.05 level with pre interventions lactation of postnatal woman of experimental and control group. 
 Conclusion: The overall effect of fenugreek on lactation among experimental group was tested by using paired t test with obtained t value (t=8.348, df=29, p=0.001) was statistically highly significant at p<0.05 level of significance. Study findings revealed that fenugreek was effective in promoting lactation of postnatal mothers in experimental group as compared to control group.

A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Sitz Bath on Episiotomy Wound Healing among Postnatal Mothers in Aravindan Hospital at Coimbatore

Statement of the problem: ‘A study to evaluate the effectiveness of sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers in Aravindan hospital at Coimbatore. Objectives of the study: 1. To assess the episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers both in experimental and control group. 2. To administer Sitz Bath Application to mothers in Experimental Group. 3. To evaluate the effectiveness of sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers in experimental group. 4. To compare the effectiveness of sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers between experimental and control group. 5. To find out the association between the post observational episiotomy wound healing scores of postnatal with selected demographic variable. Methodology: The quantitative approach - quasi-experimental, non- equivalent control group pre-test. Post-test design was selected to evaluate the effectiveness of sitzbath on Episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers The researcher adopted non probability convenient sampling technique and 60 postnatal mothers were selected for the study from Aravindan hospital Coimbatore. They are divided into two groups, 30 in experimental group and 30 in control group. The investigator used Reeda Scale and visual Analog pain scale to assess the episiotomy wound healing. Results: The findings reveal that application of sitz bath is highly effective on severe redness (63.3%), severe oedema (876%), severe ecchymosis (83.3%), severe discharge (93.3%) and poor approximation of wound (90%). Posttest on 5th day revealed that they had moderate redness (30%), moderate oedema (34.3%), mild ecchymosis (27.6%), moderate discharge (38.6%) and improved approximation of wound (27.6%). For all parameters of REEDA calculated t-value >p-value, which infers that application of sitz bath is statistically highly effective for healing of episiotomy at 0.05 level of significance. The calculated t-value is 22 > 2.05, which infers that application of sitz bath is statistically highly effective for healing of episiotomy wound at 0.05 level of significance. The application of sitz bath is highly effective in experimental group based on REEDA parameters as per redness (45%) in experimental group when compared to control group redness (90%), discharge (38.6) in experimental group when compared to control group discharge (53.3%), edema (34%) in experimental group when compared to control group odema. 6%), ecchymoseis 7.6%) in experimental group when compared to control group ecchymosis (53.3%) and on approximation of wound (27.6%) when compared to control group approximation of wound(47.6%). Hence H2 is accepted. Conclusion: This information shows that Application of Sitz Bath is effective in episiotomy wound healing process

Effectiveness of hand and foot massage on pain reduction among post-caesarean mothers at selected hospitals of Hubballi, Dharwad

Objectives: To assess the level of pain among post-caesarean mothers in experimental group before hand and foot massage. To assess the level of pain among post-caesarean mothers in control group. To evaluate the effectiveness of hand and foot massage on level of pain among experimental group in terms of pain reduction. To find out an association between pre-test pain scores of experimental group with their selected socio-demographical variables. To find out an association between pre-test pain scores of control group with their selected socio-demographical variables. Research design: A quasi-experimental; Pre-test post-test control group design was used to select 20 post-caesarean mothers, who were divided into two groups (experimental group & control group). Tool: The demographic Proforma were collected using structured interview schedule & Modified Mcgill Pain Questionnaire to measure the level of pain. Data obtained in these areas were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results showed that, There was statistical difference in post-test and pre-test score regarding pain reduction among post-caesarean mothers in experimental group at 0.05 level of significance. There was statistical difference in the post-test score regarding pain among post-caesarean mothers in experimental group and control group at 0.05 level of significance. There was no significant association between pre-test pain score of both experimental and control group with their and selected demographic variables. This indicated that the post-test pain score of control group was greater than the experimental group who were exposed to Hand and Foot Massage. Conclusion: Therefore, the study concluded that hand and foot massage was effective, in-expensive and easily applied strategy for reduction of pain among post-caesarean mothers.