Experimental Study Design Research Articles

Examining the Effects of Family-Implemented Literacy Interventions for School-Aged Children: A Meta-Analysis

There is considerable research evaluating the effects of family members implementing shared book reading interventions, especially during early childhood. However, less is known about the effects of family members providing instruction to help their school-aged children develop literacy skills, including both code-focused and meaning-focused skills that facilitate reading comprehension. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to describe and evaluate recent research examining the effects of at-home, family-implemented literacy interventions for school-aged children. A total of 25 interventions across 22 studies (12 with group designs and 10 with single-case experimental designs) were analyzed. The average effect on combined literacy outcomes was estimated as g = 0.36 (p < .01; Q = 191.83; I2 = 36.17) for group design studies and g = 1.50 (p < .01; Q = 114.58; I2 = 38.58) for single-case experimental design studies. Notably, for group design studies, effects varied by literacy outcome type. The mean effect for code-focused outcomes (i.e., PA, decoding/word reading, spelling, text reading) was g = 0.28 (p < .01) and the mean effect for meaning-focused outcomes (i.e., vocabulary, listening comprehension, reading comprehension) was g = 0.41 (p < .01). Overall, these findings support the implementation of family-delivered literacy interventions to improve literacy outcomes for school-aged children. At the same time, this meta-analysis revealed the paucity of research examining the effects of family-implemented literacy interventions, especially for older children, indicating a need for more research on this topic.

Adverse effects of antinutrients on human health: a systematic review

Antinutrients are naturally occurring compounds found in various foods that can interfere with the absorption or utilization of nutrients in the body. There are many studies about various antinutrients and or on some particular antinutrients. The aim of our systematic review is to provide wholesome information about most of the antinutrients. Many plants and vegetables contain a variety of harmful compounds (cyanide, nitrate, phenols, etc.) and anti-nutrients (phytate, oxalate, etc.). The detrimental effects on the absorption of minerals and micronutrients in diet are caused by anti-nutrients. Chemicals known as "anti-nutrients" lower the body's ability to use certain nutrients, including proteins, vitamins, and minerals. This prevents the nutrients in food from being used to their full potential and lowers the meal's nutritional value. A systematic search was done using various search engines like Google Scholar, PubMed, science direct. Database was collected between the years of 2010 to 2023 for the English literature using different keywords like antinutrients, lectins, phytates. A total number of 80 articles selected during search out of them 15 studies were taken after screening in the review with experimental and non-experimental study design. Our study suggests that we can reduce the antinutrient content in food by different methods like soaking, fermentation, boiling, and washing.

Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance among Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Clinical Samples

Aims: One major thing that promotes antimicrobial resistance among bacteria is their potential to produce enzymes and biofilms, which remain noteworthy elements in their pathogenicity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance Staphylococcus species isolated from different clinical samples. Study Design: The study employed independent measures experimental study design. Place and Duration of Study: Staphylococcus species originating from clinical samples were obtained from the microbiology laboratory of two teaching hospitals in Ogbomosho, Oyo State, between April and October, 2023. Methodology: Twenty-six (26) pre-identified (by the hospital Laboratories) Staphylococcus spp. were obtained from the microbiology laboratories of two teaching hospitals in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. The isolates were subjected to microscopic, and biochemical tests to confirm their identities. The testing for antibacterial susceptibility was carried out using the Kirky-Bauer disk diffusion technique. A modified crystal violet biofilm assay was used to determined the ability of the isolates to produce biofilm. Molecular characterization was carried out to identify bacteria with very high resistance to the used antibiotics using 16S rRNA. The isolates were subjected to enzyme production assay like pectinase, protease, keratinase, cellulose and collagenase assay. Results: All the Staphylococcus species in this study showed varied degrees of prevalence. All the clinical bacterial isolates also showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin/Clavulanate, Cefuroxime, Cloxicillin Meropenem, and Doxycycline, while the slightest resistance was observed for Gentamicin with 29.17%. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) for all the isolates was between 0.3 to 1.0, which is higher than the safe limit of 0.2, with a high percent (95.8%) of the bacteria being MAR. The result shows that 77.8% of these isolates could produce one or more enzymes. Conclusion: The biofilm and enzyme production abilities of the clinical bacteria were major factors that led to expanded resistance, as observed in this study.

Myoelectric pattern recognition with virtual reality and serious gaming improves upper limb function in chronic stroke: a single case experimental design study

BackgroundMyoelectric pattern recognition (MPR) combines multiple surface electromyography channels with a machine learning algorithm to decode motor intention with an aim to enhance upper limb function after stroke. This study aims to determine the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a novel intervention combining MPR, virtual reality (VR), and serious gaming to improve upper limb function in people with chronic stroke.MethodsIn this single case experimental A-B-A design study, six individuals with chronic stroke and moderate to severe upper limb impairment completed 18, 2 h sessions, 3 times a week. Repeated assessments were performed using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), grip strength, and kinematics of the drinking task at baseline, during, and post intervention. The results were analyzed by using visual analysis and Tau-U statistics.ResultsAll participants improved upper limb function assessed by FMA-UE (Tau-U 0.72–1.0), and five out of six improved beyond the minimal clinical important difference (MCID). Four participants improved ARAT and grip strength scores (Tau-U 0.84–1.0), with one reaching the MCID for ARAT. Three out of four participants in the kinematic analysis achieved improvements beyond the MCID in movement time and smoothness, two with a Tau-U > 0.90, and two participants improved trunk displacement beyond the MCID (Tau-U 0.68). Most participants showed some deterioration in the follow-up phase.ConclusionsMPR combined with VR and serious gaming is a feasible and promising intervention for improving upper limb function in people with chronic stroke.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, reference number NCT04154371.

The effectiveness of psychologically-informed physiotherapy for people with neck pain and the mediating role of illness perceptions: a replicated single-case experimental design study

Purpose (1) To evaluate the effectiveness of personalised psychologically-informed physiotherapy in people with neck pain; (2) To explore the mediating role of changes in illness perceptions. Method In this replicated single-case study, 14 patients with non-specific neck pain at risk for chronicity received a personalised intervention addressing unhelpful illness perceptions and dysfunctional movement behaviour, according to principles of cognitive functional therapy. Outcomes included the mediating role of illness perceptions on overall effect, function, pain intensity and self-efficacy. Linear mixed models were used to analyse the data. Results Repeated measurements (14-20 per patient), including a 3-months follow-up, showed a gradual improvement during and/or after psychologically-informed physiotherapy for overall effect, function, pain and to a lesser extent self-efficacy. Changes in each of the illness perception dimensions showed a mediation effect on overall effect, function and pain. When combining the dimensions “consequences,” “personal control,” “identity,” “concern” and “emotional response,” changes in illness perceptions explained approximately 35% of the improvement in overall effect. Conclusion Addressing unhelpful illness perceptions appears valuable in the management of patients with chronic or recurrent non-specific neck pain. Intervention effects extended beyond the treatment period, indicating that patients’ improved understanding of their health condition continued to have a positive impact.

Experimental Infection of Egyptian Rousette Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with Marburg Virus.

In this chapter, we detail the procedures used in experimental infection studies of Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with Marburg virus. We start by reviewing study planning and preparation considerations, personal protective equipment use, and then describe general procedures used in all experimental Egyptian rousette bat-Marburg virus infection study designs. We end by describing procedures specific to serial sampling and serial sacrifice studies.

Foundations and Future Directions for Causal Inference in Ecological Research.

Ecology often seeks to answer causal questions, and while ecologists have a rich history of experimental approaches, novel observational data streams and the need to apply insights across naturally occurring conditions pose opportunities and challenges. Other fields have developed causal inference approaches that can enhance and expand our ability to answer ecological causal questions using observational or experimental data. However, the lack of comprehensive resources applying causal inference to ecological settings and jargon from multiple disciplines creates barriers. We introduce approaches for causal inference, discussing the main frameworks for counterfactual causal inference, how causal inference differs from other research aims and key challenges; the application of causal inference in experimental and quasi-experimental study designs; appropriate interpretation of the results of causal inference approaches given their assumptions and biases; foundational papers; and the data requirements and trade-offs between internal and external validity posed by different designs. We highlight that these designs generally prioritise internal validity over generalisability. Finally, we identify opportunities and considerations for ecologists to further integrate causal inference with synthesis science and meta-analysis and expand the spatiotemporal scales at which causal inference is possible. We advocate for ecology as a field to collectively define best practices for causal inference.

Advanced Security Measures for Virtualized Data Storage: A Comprehensive Study

With the widespread application of virtualization technology in data centers, the security issues of data storage have become increasingly prominent. This paper aims to explore the application of information security in virtualized data storage to address the increasingly complex security challenges. The article first reviews the development of virtualization technology and the key technologies of virtualized data storage, then analyzes the current state and threats faced by information security in virtualized environments. Based on this, the paper discusses security requirements such as data integrity, access control, and privacy protection in detail, and delves into the application of information security technologies such as data encryption, intrusion detection and defense systems, security information and event management, and virtualization security policy management. Furthermore, this paper proposes a comprehensive security framework for virtualized data storage and describes its design principles, component architecture, and implementation deployment strategies in detail. Through experimental design and case studies, the paper validates the effectiveness of the proposed framework and evaluates its performance. Finally, the paper summarizes the research findings and proposes prospects for future research directions. This study not only provides theoretical support and practical guidance for information security in virtualized data storage but also offers valuable references for researchers and practitioners in related fields.

The effect of corrective exercises with massage on balance, motor performance, gait, and quality of life in elderly males with hyperkyphosis: Randomized control trials.

This study aimed to examine the effect of corrective exercises with massage on balance, motion performance, gait, and quality of life among elderly individuals with hyperkyphosis. Thirty elderly people were selected for this experimental study design, The training protocols were conducted for eight weeks, with three sessions each week. The thoracic kyphosis was measured by a flexible ruler. Dynamic balance was evaluated using the TUG test. The gait analysis was conducted using Kinovia software. The results showed that mixed corrective exercises and massage significantly affected the kyphosis angle variable (P ≤ 0.05) and reduced the kyphosis angle. Additionally, it improved static and dynamic balance, performance, Gait, and quality of life in the experimental group compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that the corrective exercises with massage improve walking speed, functional ability, and quality of life among older adults.

Effectiveness of Educational Intervention Regarding Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Among Undergraduate Students of Tanahu

Background: PCOS is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by hormonal imbalances, reproductive irregularities, and metabolic disturbances. The overall objective was to find out effectiveness of the educational intervention on knowledge on polycystic ovarian syndrome among undergraduate students. Methods: This true experimental study design was carried out in a selected campus of Tanahun district. The study population was undergraduate students who were 18 years and above. A systematic random sampling technique was adopted to select the sample. Data was collected by a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire before educational intervention. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher herself/himself through consulting subject experts and searching literature. The educational intervention package was developed. After three weeks of intervention, a posttest was conducted. The data was entered on SPSS 21.0 version and the result was analyzed by using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Results: The knowledge levels of respondents before and after the intervention, along with a control group show that in the pre-intervention phase, a substantial majority of students (96.6%) had an unsatisfactory knowledge level, while only 3.4% fell into the satisfactory category. Following the intervention, with 100% of students achieving a satisfactory knowledge level. In the control group there is a maintained high percentage of unsatisfactory knowledge pre-intervention (98.3%), with a marginal decrease to 96.6% post-intervention. In a study the intervention group showed a significant increase in knowledge with a median pretest score of 3 rising to 28 posttest. Their change score of 25 was highly significant (p=0.00). The control group had a smaller increase from a pretest score of 0 to 2 posttest, with a change score of 2 and a significant p value indicating the intervention’s effectiveness. Conclusion: The positive outcomes observed in this study underscore the importance of an educational initiative in the broader context of health education for young adults.

Rehabilitation technology in assessment and treatment of arm and hand function in myotonic dystrophy type 1: A single subject experimental design study

Background: Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a slowly progressive hereditary neuromuscular disorder affecting several organ systems including the musculoskeletal system. Objective: To examine the effects of rehabilitation technology on arm and hand function in the assessment and treatment of adults with DM1 with moderate to severe muscle impairment. Methods: A single subject experimental design study (SSED) with 6 participants. The assessments were done weekly through remote study assessments using the video-conference system Whereby®. Participants performed the nine-hole peg test (NHPT), active range of motion (AROM) of the shoulder and patient reported outcome measures (PROMS). Three participants also measured grip and pinch strength and performed the Nut and Bolt task. The intervention was a three-week in-patient rehabilitation stay with the use of rehabilitation technology for exercising arm and hand function. Exercises were performed in AMADEO and the ArmeoSenso. The participants exercised the upper extremities for 30 min 5 times a week. Results: Improvement on the NHPT test on the dominant hand were found for five of the six participants. Three of six improved on the non-dominant hand and in AROM. Two of the three participants that measured pinch and grip strength improved, and all three improved on the Nut and Bolt task. Self- reported function, myotonia and fatigue remained stable. All participants were able to participate in video assessments. Conclusions: Impairment in arm- and hand function affects independence in people with DM1.Our findings suggest that exercising arm- and hand using rehabilitation technology may have a positive effect on function measured by dexterity, strength, and movement in DM1. There is a need to study the effect of exercise on arm- and hand function in DM1 in larger studies. The use of video-consultations can be a supplement in assessment of people with neuromuscular conditions in research and clinical practise.

Brown rice-based diet substitution to improve gut microbiota profile, short chain fatty acid levels, and metabolic markers of type 2 diabetes patients

Gut microbiota plays a significant role in controlling type 2 diabetes (T2D). Brown rice (BR) has higher fiber and magnesium contents, and also a lower glycemic index than white rice (WR), thus might be potentially able to improve gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), and metabolic markers. This study aimed to compare gut microbiota profile, SCFA level, and changes in anthropometric and laboratory metabolic markers of T2D patients given 12 weeks of BR and WR-based diet. This experimental pre-post test design study enrolled 17 female-diabetic patients with oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) using purposive sampling methods. Subjects were given a BR-based diet for 12 weeks, followed by washing-out for 2 weeks, and a WR-based diet for 12 weeks. Gut microbiota profiles and SCFA were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and gas chromatography (GC). After BR intervention, subjects had a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes, lower Bacteroidetes, higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, and higher levels of butyrate compared to WR. Moreover, BR significantly improved anthropometric and laboratory metabolic markers and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (p&lt;0.05). T2D patients given a BR-based diet for 12 weeks had better gut microbiota profiles, butyrate levels, anthropometric and laboratory metabolic markers, and insulin resistance.

Extraction of chontaduro oil (Bactris gasipaes) for the synthesis of isopropyl esters through transesterification reactions assisted by ultrasound using green solvents

An experimental design study, using the Box-Behnken method with response surface methodologies (RSM), was conducted to evaluate the extraction process of chontaduro pulp (Bactris gasipaes) oil and its potential application in obtaining isopropyl esters through a transesterification process. The extraction of chontaduro oil and the transesterification reactions of the fatty esters were assisted by ultrasound techniques using n-hexane and isopropanol as environmentally friendly solvents. During the extraction process, the parameters evaluated were the sample to solvent ratio (w/w), power amplitude (%), and ultrasound pulse times (s). For the transesterification process, the parameters evaluated were ultrasound amplitude, ultrasound pulse time, and the amount of isopropanol (mol). The optimal conditions for the extraction process were found to be a sample to n-hexane ratio of 1:10 (w/w) and an ultrasound amplitude of 30%, with the pulse time not significantly affecting the oil yield of 15.02% achieved in a total time of 30 min. The predominant fatty acids in chontaduro oil were C18:1 cis oleic acid (54.31%) and C16:0 palmitic acid (20.40%). To synthesize isopropyl esters, we found that the ideal conditions are an ultrasound amplitude of 50%, an ultrasound pulse time of 20 s, and 0.4 moles of isopropanol. These conditions resulted in complete conversion within 45 min. The use of ultrasound radiation proved to be an alternative method to conventional techniques, reducing extraction and transesterification times, minimizing energy consumption, and increasing percentage yield. This contributes to green chemistry and the production of value-added products, potentially useful in the cosmetics industry.

Formulation And Stability Of Gel Toothpaste With Sungkai Leaf (Peronema Canescens Jack) Extract And Na-Cmc Gelling Agent

The Sungkai leaf (Peronema canescens Jack), which is rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics, has long been used as a natural immune booster, particularly during the pandemic. With increasing concerns over the health risks of fluoride, such as dental fluorosis and systemic toxicity, the demand for natural alternatives in oral care has risen. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical stability of a gel toothpaste containing Sungkai leaf extract by examining the effects of varying concentrations of Na-CMC (Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose) as a gelling agent. Using an experimental one-shot case study design, the physical stability of different concentrations of NaCMC (3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%) was assessed. Stability testing was performed on 5 sample formulations per concentration. The tests included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, foam height, and viscosity over four weeks. The results showed that all formulations met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI No.12-3524-1995), with semi-solid consistency, distinctive Sungkai odor, and slightly bitter taste. The average pH ranged from 6.42 to 6.84, the foam heights were stable, and the viscosity increased with higher Na-CMC concentrations, confirming the stability of the formulation. These findings suggest that natural Sungkai leaf-based toothpaste could provide a promising alternative to traditional fluoride-based products, particularly in markets concerned about chemical ingredients in oral care products.

Assessing the Currency Market Integration in the SADC Region amid Global Economic Crises

This study examines the real effective exchange rate (REER) market integration among the selected Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries before, during, and after the 2008-2009 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the COVID-19 crisis using daily REER data from January 2002 to January 2024. Using an experimental quantitative study design and employing the Johansen cointegration, vector error correction models(VECMs) and the impulse response functions, findings indicate that the currency markets in the SADC region became less integrated during both the GFC and COVID-19 crises, as indicated by less cointegration vectors in the crises relative to pre-GFC and pre-COVID 19 periods. Findings seem to indicate that the COVID-19 shocks were relatively more intense than the GFC shocks. We recommend that the SADC region should incorporate leading indicators and crisis signalling properties in the currency markets, including but not limited to the Baltic Dry Index (BDI), as part of the strategies to hedge against future global crises.

A Review on the Antidiabetic Potential of Saffron in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Research Methodologies

This study is a review of the antidiabetic potential of the Saffron plant in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and research methodologies. The experimental design of this project study aimed to obtain crocin from the saffron plant. Crocin is considered a potential natural drug agent thanks to its high antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. However, in order to obtain the highest yield of crocin in obtaining this natural agent, it is very important to ensure optimization by selecting the right extraction techniques, phenolic content, antioxidant and antidiabetic analyses. In this project, it was aimed to apply extraction techniques under appropriate conditions to obtain crocin from the Crocus sativus plant, also known as saffron. In addition, an experimental design was created to apply HPLC to obtain high purity of crocin, TPC analysis to determine total phenolic content, ORAC and DPPH analyses to determine antioxidant capacity, and α-Amylase Inhibition Test and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Test techniques to determine antidiabetic potential. Once the desired results are achieved, experimental studies will be initiated to develop crocin into a natural market drug.

Chatbots in complaint handling: the moderating role of humor

Purpose Artificial intelligence (AI) powered chatbot technology is increasingly used to handle customer complaints in the service recovery process. Built on the justice theory, this paper aims to explore the optimal way to utilize chatbots in handling customer complaints for service failure recovery and the moderating role of humor. Design/methodology/approach Two scenario-based between-subjects experimental design studies were conducted to examine the two aspects of justice in service failure recovery: Study 1 focuses on procedural justice manifested as perceived control and Study 2 on interactional justice assessed as social presence. Furthermore, the moderating role of humor is investigated. Findings The results indicate that both perceived control and social presence can improve chatbots’ effectiveness in handling service failures to regain customer satisfaction and the consequent revisit intention. However, humor shows opposite effects in the two studies: chatbots using humorous language in complaint handling may attenuate the positive effect of perceived control but enhance the positive effect of social presence. Practical implications The findings provide practical guidelines to the service industry regarding the optimal service design and technology deployment in customer service, particularly for an effective service failure recovery process. Originality/value This research contributes to the service failure recovery literature by investigating how the new service technology of AI-powered chatbots can effectively handle customer complaints for service failure recovery. Furthermore, the research reveals the nuanced effects of humor in different complaint-handling situations.

Evaluation of a Parenting Program for Mothers With a Borderline Personality Disorder: A Multiple Baseline Single-Case Experimental Design Study.

Parents with borderline personality disorder (BPD) experience deficiencies in parenting skills leading to increased family burden, stress, mental health problems in children and even family violence. The present study evaluated a Dutch version of the parenting training based on Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for mothers with BPD. A multiple baseline single-case experimental design study was conducted with standardized and idiosyncratic assessments of parenting behavior and parental stress before, biweekly during, and after training. Participants (N = 10) were mothers with a BPD diagnosis with a child under the age of 6. Four participants discontinued the training. Among six training completers, clinically reliable improvements in parenting skills were most pronounced for inconsistent discipline, involvement, positive parenting and corporal punishment. Frequent, idiosyncratic assessments showed that for six mothers training had a positive effect on parenting skills, while for five mothers this effect was large. Overall, less improvement was found for parenting stress. DBT parenting training seems to have clinical value for mothers with BPD struggling with raising their children. Most prominent improvement was found in relation to mothers disciplining their child in a more consistent manner. The complexity and heterogeneity of mothers with BPD requires a more idiosyncratic, patient-centered approach. This study was registered (retrospectively) in ISRCTN (ID ISRCTN74447767). https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN74447767, March 2022.

Respiratory quaternary ammonium and volatile organic compound exposures experienced by home care aides during residential bathroom cleaning using conventional and green products.

US home care (HC) aide visits to clients' homes typically involve cleaning and disinfecting (C&D) environmental surfaces, particularly in bathrooms. Some ingredients in C&D products are associated with respiratory illness: sodium hypochlorite (bleach), quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study assessed and compared aides' respiratory exposures to specific VOCs and QACs while using 2 conventional and 1 "green" household C&D spray products during bathroom cleaning. Measured exposures were compared to ingredients listed on publicly available sources. Three C&D products were selected with principal active disinfecting ingredients: 1% to 5% sodium hypochlorite by weight ("bleach-based"); 0.1% to 1% QACs ("QACs-based"); and 0.05% thymol ("green"). Twenty-two aides were recruited to perform C&D tasks in a simulated residential bathroom constructed in an environmental monitoring laboratory. A balanced experimental study design involved each aide visiting the lab 4 times to perform typical cleaning tasks with the 3 products and distilled water (as a control), randomly assigned across the 4 visits. Aides wore air sampling equipment for breathing zone samples: canisters to collect whole air for VOC analyses and filter cassettes for QACs analyses. Aides performed 84 cleaning visits contributing approximately 20 air samples each for VOCs and QACs, for each of the 3 products and distilled water. In total, 38 unique VOCs were identified in the canister whole air samples: 20 in the QACs-based product samples, 15 in the bleach-based, and 10 in the green. Most VOCs were not listed in publicly available sources of cleaning product ingredients. Toxicity information was limited. Few VOCs had occupational exposure limits. The QACs-based product generated QACs aerosol: benzalkonium chloride (BAC)12 (geometric mean (GM) = 6.98 µg/m3), BAC14 (GM=2.97 µg/m3), BAC16 (GM=0.78 µg/m3); and the 3 QACs summed (GM=10.86 µg/m3). The use of C&D spray products for residential cleaning can generate respiratory exposures to complex mixtures of volatile and nonvolatile compounds. Notably, we measured aerosols containing QACs during the use of the QACs-based product. Dermal is usually considered the main route of exposure because QACs are nonvolatile salts. This study provides evidence that QACs inhalation exposure should be recognized and minimized in addition to the well-accepted dermal exposure routes. The green product generated the fewest VOCs. However, more toxicity information is needed on the health impacts of green C&D products. Spraying of C&D products, conventional and green, should be avoided. Aides' respiratory health should be protected from chemical exposures while performing C&D in home care.

Psychoeducation Using Symbol Modeling Techniques for Enhancing the Subjective Well-Being of Long-Distance Marriage Couples

Long-distance married couples tend to experience anxiety, stress, unhappiness, delayed problem resolution, difficulty finding time together, and feelings of helplessness without their partner. However, previous psycho-educational interventions have not utilized JP-]symbolic modeling techniques and have not specifically focused on long-distance marriages. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of psycho-education using symbolic modeling techniques in enhancing the subjective well-being of long-distance married couples. An experimental matching control study design was used with 16 participants, divided into 8 in the experimental group and 8 in the control group. The subjective well-being scale was used as the instrument for data collection. Data analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed Rank Test and the Mann-Whitney U Test. The results of the study show that psycho-education using symbolic modeling techniques is effective in enhancing the subjective well-being of long-distance married couples. Psycho-educational interventions with symbolic modeling can be used to help long-distance married couples achieve wellbeing, making their marriages more meaningful.