Experimental Corroboration Research Articles

Structural and Aerodynamic Characteristics Analysis of a Small V-shaped Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotor

ABSTRACT A detailed comprehensive study of a proposed V-shaped turbine rotor is performed in order to examine its structural and aerodynamic characteristics. The structural analysis section of this work determined the most structurally sound blade geometry from 3 different blade geometries. Using the chosen blade profile, 8 rotor models are developed and are tested numerically. These rotor models are of different configurations, focusing on an inclination angle of 45 and 60 degrees, blade twist angle of 0 and 5 degrees and number of blades. Four rotor models are taken from the initial tests for further study, 3B45D which is a three-bladed rotor with a 45 degree inclination angle, 5B45D which is a five-bladed rotor with a 45 degree inclination angle, 5B45D (5deg) which is a five-bladed rotor with a 45 degree inclination angle and a 5 degree blade twist angle, and 5B60D which is a five-bladed rotor with a 60 degree inclination angle. From the structural study, blade design 2 held the best structural characteristics. The design showed an excellent Von-Mises at 8.8 MPa for static structural and 22.2 MPa for fatigue stress response which is well below the yield strength of ABS Plastic. Both experimental and numerical data have relatively good agreement that is within 15% difference. Overall, maximum power coefficient achieved in this study is about 0.259 numerically and 0.213 experimentally. The best performance is seen by the 3B45D rotor in both static and dynamic study considering experimental and numerical corroboration of results.

Assessing the Effects of Temperature and Oxygen Vacancy on Band Gap Renormalization in LaCrO3-δ: First-Principles and Experimental Corroboration.

Understanding the temperature dependence of functional properties in high-temperature gas sensors is vital for applications in combustion environments. Temperature effect on the electronic structure due to electron-phonon coupling is a key property of interest as this influences other responses of sensors. In this work, we assess the impact of temperature on band gap renormalization of pristine and oxygen-vacant LaCrO3-δ perovskite employing Allen-Heine-Cardona theory with first-principles simulations and corroborate with experimental observation. Antiferromagnetic cubic LaCrO3 shows a direct ground-state band gap of 2.62 eV that is reduced by over 1 eV due to the presence of oxygen vacancies, which can form endothermically. We find excellent agreement in temperature-dependent band gap shift in LaCrO3 between theory and an in-house experiment, proving that the theory can adequately predict renormalization on the band gap in a magnetic system. Band gaps in cubic LaCrO3-δ are found to monotonically narrow by 1.13 eV in pristine and by around 0.62 eV in oxygen-vacant structures as temperature increases from 0 to 1500 K. The predicted band gap variations are rationalized using an analytical model. The experimental zero-temperature band gaps are extracted from the model fits that can provide useful insights on the simulated band gaps.

Этюды оценки качества кормов и рационов США в России

This article is a narrative about application of the USA fodder quality testing system in Russia. Merits and demerits of the American system of an assessment of hay quality are considered. The Leningrad interregional veterinary laboratory (IVL) adapted principles of this system and has extended to all kinds of bulky feeds. It is recommended to check IVL model experimentally, to discuss and to consider on ТК 130 "Fodder production" as the project of GOST Р "Forages. A method of energy value definition". In the second case, on an example of the assessment sheet sent by the American testing laboratory, the ration of feeding a dairy cow at JSC "Dmitrovskie dairy farms", created according to the American model, is considered: assortment, quantity and quality of forages; the actual and demanded content of nutrients in a ration; relative parameters and ratios of nutrients; ration cost indexes. For comparison of standards of National research council (NRC) of the USA on consumption of dry matter, concentration of rumen degradable and nondegradable protein are compared with norms All-Russian Research Animal Husbandry Institute. Discrepancy of calculated parameters testifies to necessity of their experimental corroboration.

Clogging Model for Coarse and Fine Filtering Cloths of Filtering Cylindrical Elements, Preventing Sedimentation of Mechanical Impurities in Their Gap

In this paper we propose a method for preventing sedimentation of solid particles in the lower part of the gap between filtering cylindrical elements of coarse and fine purification by increasing the size of the meshes and total thickness of the first downstream gas flow layers of the fine filtering element in excess of the maximum diameter of solid particles. Experimental corroboration for the proposed method showed absence of solid particles’ sedimentation in the lower part of the gap between filtering cylindrical elements of coarse and fine purification and clogging of their meshes. As a result of the experiments, we found that the maximum sedimentation of mechanical impurities inside the first screens of the fine filtering cloth is achieved when their meshes’ size and screens’ thickness are, respectively, equal to three and two and a half maximum diameters of a solid particle. We developed a mathematical model that describes the clogging dynamics of filtering elements, where pressure losses in the first section with constant mesh sizes of all screens and in the second section with a sequential decrease in mesh sizes have different clogging rates and therefore are calculated separately from each other. The clogging process at each section of the multilayer filter cloth is represented as a successive decrease in the effective screening area of the screen meshes. The mathematical model makes it possible to prevent the sedimentation of mechanical impurities in the gap between gas filter elements of coarse and fine purification and allows to analytically determine the clogging degree at any time of operation, depending on the pressure losses’ values.

Quail-chick grafting experiments corroborate that Tbr1-positive eminential prethalamic neurons migrate along three streams into hypothalamus, subpallium and septocommissural areas

The prethalamic eminence (PThE), a diencephalic caudal neighbor of the telencephalon and alar hypothalamus, is frequently described in mammals and birds as a transient embryonic structure, undetectable in the adult brain. Based on descriptive developmental analysis of Tbr1 gene brain expression in chick embryos, we previously reported that three migratory cellular streams exit the PThE rostralward, targeting multiple sites in the hypothalamus, subpallium and septocommissural area, where eminential cells form distinct nuclei or disperse populations. These conclusions needed experimental corroboration. In this work, we used the homotopic quail-chick chimeric grafting procedure at stages HH10/HH11 to demonstrate by fate-mapping the three predicted tangential migration streams. Some chimeric brains were processed for Tbr1 in situ hybridization, for correlation with our previous approach. Evidence supporting all three postulated migration streams is presented. The results suggested a slight heterochrony among the juxtapeduncular (first), the peripeduncular (next), and the eminentio-septal (last) streams, each of which followed differential routes. A possible effect of such heterochrony on the differential selection of medial to lateral habenular hodologic targets by the migrated neurons is discussed.

Enhanced electron emission from ternary solid solution-MWCNT hybrid with theoretical validation

Coalescence of unique properties of semiconductor and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) produces new advanced materials with exciting properties, which unwraps several new fields. Here, finite element modeling is employed to optimize the diameter of semiconducting zinc cadmium sulfide (Zn0.8Cd0.2S) microspheres on the wall of metallic CNTs to get the improved field emission property. Then, Zn0.8Cd0.2S microspheres are attached on COOH functionalized multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) by a simple one step solvothermal method for experimental corroboration. Field emission experiment shows a considerable enhancement of current density with respect to bare microspheres and functionalized CNTs. The turn-on field is found to be as low as 3V/μm at a current density of 10 μΑ/cm2 for the hybrid system. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation is carried out for the model structures of Zn0.8Cd0.2S and CNT-Zn0.8Cd0.2S to calculate the work functions. This improvement in field emission property of the hybrid system is demonstrated in terms of band bending, geometry, high field enhancement factor, low work function and electron affinity. Thus, non-field emitting microspheres with less toxicity have been transformed into a decent field emitter by the contribution of few carbon nanotubes.

Mapping the effect of geometry on the radiative rate in core/shell QDs: core size dictates the conduction band offset.

Computational models have been developed that can accurately predict the electronic structure and thus optical properties of a variety of quantum dot (QD) materials. However, the application of these models to core/shell and other heterostructured QDs has received less experimental corroboration owing to the difficulty in systematically synthesizing and characterizing large ranges of geometries. In the current work, we synthesized a library of core/shell CdSe/CdS QDs with varying core sizes and shell thicknesses, and have characterized their radiative recombination rates. We find that the core size has only a modest effect on the radiative recombination rates, far less than is predicted by conventional effective mass models. In order to theoretically describe the experimental data, we performed an empirical modification of an effective mass model. We find that the conduction band offset between CdSe and CdS must be empirically altered based on QD core size in order to match our experimental data. This is hypothesized to be a result of reduced interfacial strain in core/shell QDs with smaller cores. The resultant relationship between conduction band offset and core size is used to create a predictive map of radiative lifetime as a function of core size and shell thickness. This map will be useful to researchers implementing CdSe/CdS core/shell QDs for a variety of applications since it can provide geometry specific excited state lifetimes.

Thermal calculation and experimental corroboration of counter-flow tube-type evaporators and condensers of heat pumps operating on zeotropic mixtures

When using renewable heat sources that have limited volumetric heat capacity, for example, air, water, gases, the temperature of which changes significantly during cooling in the evaporator and heating in the condenser, execution of cycles for heat pumps operating on zeotropic mixtures, the temperature of which also changes, makes it possible to increase their energy efficiency. The paper proposes a technique for thermal calculation of counter-flow tube-type evaporators and heat pump condensers which use media with limited volumetric heat capacity as heat sources, and zeotropic mixtures as working substances. We carried out experimental corroboration of the proposed technique for thermal calculation of counter-flow tube-type evaporators and heat pump condensers, which confirms the validity of the developed mathematical equations of heat transfer in the “medium with limited volumetric heat capacity, i.e. propane-butane zeotropic mixture” system. Average deviation of experimental data from theoretical dependencies with a confidence level of 95% is 27.6%, which makes it possible to recommend them for use in design and operational practice.

Experimental and theoretical corroboration of antimicrobial and anticancer activities of two pseudohalides induced structurally diverse Cd (II)-Salen complexes

Two new cadmium (II) complexes, viz., [Cd4(L1)2(ƞ1-NCS)2(µ2-ƞ2:ƞ1-OAc)2] (C1) and [Cd4(L2)2(µ1,1-N3)4]n (C2) (H2L1= N, N’-ethylene bis(3-methoxysalicylaldimine), H2L2= N, N’-ethylene bis(3-ethoxysalicylaldimine) were impeccably synthesized and structurally characterized using various sophisticated analytical techniques including SCXRD. X-ray diffraction confirmed complexes possess Cd4 structural motifs with two distinctive geometrical arrangements displayed around the central Cd (II) ion. Supramolecular architecture and multi-dimensional polymer formation reunited through the utilization of all anionic forms of ligands taken after by bridging bolster of pseudo-halide ions. Supramolecular interactions are more easily discernible through Hirshfeld surfaces and fingerprint plots. Herein, we demonstrated the potential role of the as-synthesized complexes towards the antimicrobial and anticancer activity. To address the issue, compounds are tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6635), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and fungal Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The antimicrobial screening revealed that C1-C2 demonstrated higher action over ligands (L1-L2), thus, simply signifies the endowment of the compound's structural environment on these biological movements. Further, compounds anticancer activity was determined against A549 (Human lung carcinoma) and Panc-1 (Human pancreatic) lines using MTT assay. Molecular docking was performed to correlate the experimental binding results between complexes and the targeted proteins responsible for bacterial or cancerous features. Herewith, E. coli enzyme MurB (PDB ID: 2q85), B. subtilis SMC head domain (PDB ID: 5h67), cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1 (PDB ID: 2kw6), and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase domain (PDB ID: 1m17) have been selected to identify the true binding modes and docking poses, which are responsible for this superior biological activity. Subsequently, the current research puts in an exertion to crack a new Cd (II)-mediated complex as an antibacterial and anticancer drug which may demonstrate to be a moo fetched pharmaceutical.

IPRO+/−: Computational Protein Design Tool Allowing for Insertions and Deletions

Insertions and deletions (indels) in protein sequences alter the residue spacing along the polypeptide backbone and consequently open up possibilities for tuning protein function in a way that is inaccessible by amino acid substitution alone. We describe an optimization-based computational protein redesign approach centered around predicting beneficial combinations of indels along with substitutions and also obtain putative substrate-docked structures for these protein variants. This modified algorithmic capability would be of interest for enzyme engineering and broadly inform other protein design tasks. We highlight this capability by (1) identifying active variants of a bacterial thioesterase enzyme ('TesA) with experimental corroboration, (2) recapitulating existing active TEM-1 β-Lactamase sequences of different sizes, and (3) identifying shorter 4-Coumarate:CoA ligases with enhanced invitro activities toward non-native substrates. A separate PyRosetta-based open-source tool, Indel-Maker (http://www.maranasgroup.com/software.htm), has also beencreated to construct computational models of user-defined protein variants with specific indels and substitutions.

Experimental Realization of Diffusion with Stochastic Resetting.

Stochastic resetting is prevalent in natural and man-made systems, giving rise to a long series of nonequilibrium phenomena. Diffusion with stochastic resetting serves as a paradigmatic model to study these phenomena, but the lack of a well-controlled platform by which this process can be studied experimentally has been a major impediment to research in the field. Here, we report the experimental realization of colloidal particle diffusion and resetting via holographic optical tweezers. We provide the first experimental corroboration of central theoretical results and go on to measure the energetic cost of resetting in steady-state and first-passage scenarios. In both cases, we show that this cost cannot be made arbitrarily small because of fundamental constraints on realistic resetting protocols. The methods developed herein open the door to future experimental study of resetting phenomena beyond diffusion.

It’S Getting Crowded in Here: Experimental Evidence of Demand Constraints in the Gender Profit Gap

Abstract This article considers market-level contributors to the well-documented gender profit gap among micro-entrepreneurs. We combine data from a garment-making firm census and market research survey in Ghana, uncovering a gender gap in the market-size-to-firm ratio and observing disproportionate self-reports of ‘not enough customers’ from female owners. We develop a simple model and discuss implications of potential gender differences in demand constraints. As experimental corroboration, we show that female-owned firms expand production and experience profit increases in response to random demand shocks, while male-owned firms do not. Nationally representative data echoes our experimental findings, showing more crowding in female-dominated industries.

A thermodynamic framework for modelling thixotropic yield stress fluids: Application to cement pastes

In this paper, a Helmholtz-potential-based thermodynamic approach was developed for modelling fluids that exhibit both yielding and thixotropic behavior. The yielding behavior was captured using a framework of multiple natural configurations. The thixotropy was described using a structural parameter. The Helmholtz potential is made a function of a structural parameter and a stretch quantity, and the rate of dissipation was made to depend on the rate of change of the natural configuration and the time derivative of the structural parameter. The final constitutive equations were obtained by maximizing the rate of dissipation with the reduced dissipation equation as a constraint. For experimental corroboration of the model, steady-shear and step-shear experiments were performed using cement paste. The predictions from the model were found to match well with the experimental data. Finally, the different model variants that can also be obtained using the presented framework are discussed.

Morphological and microstructural investigation of the non-planar interface formed in solid-state metal additive manufacturing by additive friction stir deposition

Additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) is an emerging solid-state metal additive manufacturing technology renowned for strong interface adhesion and isotropic mechanical properties. This is postulated to result from the material flow phenomena near the interface, but experimental corroboration has remained absent. Here, we seek to understand the interface formed in AFSD via morphological and microstructural investigation, wherein the non-planar interfacial morphology is characterized on the track-scale (centimeter scale) using X-ray computed tomography and the material deformation history is explored by microstructure mapping at the interfacial regions. X-ray computed tomography reveals unique 3D features at the interface with significant macroscopic material mixing. In the out-of-plane direction, the deposited material inserts below the initial substrate surface in the feed-rod zone, while the substrate surface surges upwards in the tool protrusion-affected zone. Complex 3D structures like fins and serrations form on the advancing side, leading to structural interlocking; on the retreating side, the interface manifests as a smooth sloped surface. Microstructure mapping reveals a uniform thermomechanical history for the deposited material, which develops a homogeneous, almost fully recrystallized microstructure. The substrate surface develops partially recrystallized microstructures that are location-dependent; more intra-granular orientation gradients are found in the regions further away from the centerline of the deposition track. From these observations, we discuss the mechanisms for interfacial material flow and interface morphology formation during AFSD.

Studies on the influence of the nuclearity of zinc(ii) hemi-salen complexes on some pivotal biological applications

Though a large amount of literature has been reported on outlining the biological significance of zinc(ii) Schiff base complexes, yet none of them have explored the influence of nuclearity on their properties. This report elaborates the targeted syntheses of two different hemi-salen ligands for their ability to produce Zn(ii)-complexes with different nuclearity. Herein, one dimeric, [Zn2L12(N3)2] (1) and one trimeric [Zn3L22(N3)4] (2) [HL1 = (2-(((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)imino)methyl)phenol, HL2 = 2-(((3-(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethylpropyl)imino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol] complexes of hemi-salen ligands have been thoroughly screened for various biological studies including cytotoxic assay, DNA/protein-complex interplay, fluorescence imaging, and antibacterial pathogen tests. The trimer features the IC50 value of 9.651 ± 0.026 μM against the HeLa cancer cell line, one of the best figure by any Zn(ii) hemi-salen complex to date. How the nuclearity dependency affects the supramolecular interactions is also a key point of interest in this study. The compounds exhibit strong DNA binding affinity and the dimer 1 predominantly binds to the minor grooves of DNA (binding energy = -5.8 kcal mol-1), whereas trimer 2 prefers the intercalative mode (binding energy = -7.1 kcal mol-1) in contrast to groove binding (binding energy = -6.2 kcal mol-1). The atypical phenomenon behind the conformational changes of biomolecules by these zinc complexes has been investigated through experimental procedures and further corroborated theoretically. Apart from this, it has been found that even at very low concentration (≤10 μM) of the ligand, HL1 and complexes can be effective for live cell imaging. It is worth mentioning that HL1 could be useful for the specific staining of the cell cytoplasm. Furthermore, the complexes have shown promising anti-bacterial activity; thus, they can be convenient for multiple biological applications.

Experimental corroboration of the thermoelectric performance of Bi2PdO4 oxide and Pb-doped derivatives

Predicted thermoelectric behaviour in Bi2PdO4 is experimentally realized. Pb doping enhances the power factor, with additional reduction of thermal conductivity.

Diffusive Representation and Sliding Mode Control of Charge Trapping in Al$_2$O$_3$ MOS Capacitors

The objective of this paper is to introduce a modeling strategy to characterize the dynamics of the charge trapped in the dielectric of MOS capacitors, using diffusive representation. Experimental corroboration is presented with MOS capacitors made of Alumina in three different scenarios. First, the model predictions are compared with the trapped charge evolution due to arbitrary voltage excitations. Second, the predictions are compared with the measurements of a device in which a sigma-delta control of trapped charge is implemented. Finally, the time evolution when the device is simultaneously controlled and irradiated with X-rays is compared with the predictions. In all cases, a good matching between the models and the measurements is obtained.

Effect of the Form of Mineral Nitrogen on the Growth and Heterotrophic Fixation of 14С-Bicarbonate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The earlier-detected effect of the mineral nitrogen form in the nutrient medium (ammonium or nitrate) on the quantity of ribosomes in the cells of chlamydomonas and the callus of soybean requires experimental corroboration of the proposed interpretation of the discovered phenomenon. In order to elucidate the mechanism of ammonium’s action on the formation of protein-producing structures (ribosomes) in the cells of green alga chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, strain gr 21), we compared the effect of the form of mineral nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) on the growth and heterotrophic fixation of 14С-bicarbonate. Our experiments have shown that the process of cell division (mitosis) was hampered at the beginning of the growing cycle (on days 1–3) when the cells were cultured on nitrate medium. By the end of the growing cycle (days 7–10), the number of cells and the content of dry matter in the cells equalized. It was found that the cells grown on TAP medium with ammonium fixed Н14С$${\text{O}}_{3}^{ - }$$ at a higher rate than the cells cultured on TAP medium with nitrate. The obtained results have shown that the rate of dark fixation of Н14С$${\text{O}}_{3}^{ - }$$ in the cells grown in the medium with ammonium was higher than in the cells on nitrate medium irrespective of the mode of calculation: on the number of cells or per dry weight unit. An assumption that ammonium present in the nutrient medium can activate synthesis of extra amino acids participating in the formation of protein components of ribosomes in the alga chlamydomonas is discussed.

Numerical simulation and experimental corroboration of galvanic corrosion of mild steel in synthetic concrete pore solution

Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete is one of the most prevalent deterioration mechanisms affecting reinforced concrete structures. While there have been significant advances in modeling the initiation stage of corrosion, corrosion kinetic models for predicting the rate of corrosion after depassivation of steel are scarce, and models with experimental corroboration under controlled experimental conditions are virtually nonexistent. Furthermore, the sensitivity of corrosion kinetic models to the uncertainty of their input parameters is not understood.The objective of the present work is to model active corrosion of steel in synthetic solution, experimentally corroborate the modeling approach under controlled conditions, and study the effect of uncertainty of the input parameters on the model predictions. To this end, a two-dimensional finite element method is used to solve the coupled system of Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations subjected to electroneutrality constraint. To corroborate the modeling approach, the results of computations are compared against one-dimensional and two-dimensional galvanic corrosion of stainless/carbon steel in dilute and non-dilute NaCl electrolytes as well as two synthetic concrete pore solutions. The modeling parameters, including electrode polarization behaviors and electrolyte properties, are obtained experimentally. Monte Carlo simulations are used to understand the effect of uncertainty of polarization parameters on the predicted corrosion rate.

Anodic Behavior of Erythrocytes and Erythrocytes Ghosts on the Carbon Paste Electrode

Electrochemical investigations of processes occurring when blood cells come into contact with foreign conductive materials provide important fundamental and application-specific information. Indeed, the mechanism of blood cell interaction with foreign surfaces is not well understood at the present time. On the other hand, the results of such studies have the potential of underpinning the development of new physicochemical methods for assessment of the traumatic ability of the material towards blood cells. While charge transfer between metal bodies and erythrocytes has long been hypothesized, only recently was experimental (coulometric) evidence of electron transfer obtained during the interaction of erythrocytes with the platinum electrode [1]; it should be noted that this phenomenon was observed both in the cathodic and the anodic potential ranges. Electron transfer may be rationalized as a result of electrochemical transformations of functional groups located on the erythrocyte membrane. To elucidate the localization of electrochemical processes between the erythrocyte and the electrode, it is important to rule out the occurrence of numerous vital processes in a whole cell that could greatly complicate the interpretation of results. Therefore, erythrocytes ghosts, or lysed erythrocyte membranes that fully or partially retain the surface functional groups of whole red blood cells but no longer contain physiologically functional components of an erythrocyte, are an especially suitable model for studying such electrochemical processes on the membrane surface. In the present work, the electrochemical behavior of erythrocytes and erythrocytes ghosts on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was investigated. With a highly developed surface area compared to traditional solid electrodes, CPE possesses an increased sensitivity of measurements. Polarization measurements were performed using a three-electrode cell and an IPC Pro L potentiostat in the potential range between 0 mV and 1000 mV with a potential scan rate of 10 mV/s. A CPE working electrode (d = 2 mm) utilized was made from Super P carbon black (TIMCAL, Belgium) with paraffin oil as the binder. The mass ratio of carbon black to binder was 1:0.3 (w/w). Thermally expanded graphite foil was used as the auxiliary electrode, and saturated Ag/AgCl served as the reference electrode. In the resulting voltammograms recorded in a suspension of erythrocytes, two electrooxidation peaks are present, with maximums at potentials of +400 mV and +700 mV (Fig. 1a). The height of the oxidation peaks was dependent on the concentration of cells in the suspension. Thus, erythrocytes were shown to possess electrochemical activity on CPE in the anodic range of potentials. It is noteworthy that earlier work [1] did not discover any polarization peaks on the platinum electrode in the anodic potential range. However, the electrooxidation process was observed on the platinum electrode via coulometry at potentials more positive than +200 mV. This can be rationalized by considering the increase in sensitivity when using coulometry on a smooth platinum electrode as compared with the polarization measurement method. At the same time the voltammogram for the suspension of erythrocytes ghosts on a CPE is characterized by an electrooxidation peak with a maximum at +700 mV, with the peak maximum height being dependent upon the concentration of ghosts in the suspension (Fig. 1b). Evidence of electrochemical activity for both whole erythrocytes and erythrocytes ghosts corroborates the hypothesis that electrochemical processes (i.e., electron transport between the blood cell membrane and foreign material) are localized on certain functional groups present on the cell membrane. Differences in the anodic behavior of erythrocytes and erythrocytes ghosts may be attributed to erythrocytes ghosts not being a full-fledged cell, as well as to differences in the chemical composition of functional groups on cell membranes of erythrocytes vs. ghosts. The observed charge transfer phenomena provide experimental corroboration of the hypothesis about the involvement of cell-membrane functional group electrochemistry in the process of electron transport between erythrocytes (or erythrocytes ghosts) and a foreign surface. References Yu. Tsivadze, M.Sh. Khubutiya, I.V. Goroncharovskaya, A.K. Evseev, Michael M. Goldin, N.V. Borovkova, O.V. Batishchev and Mark M. Goldin, Mendeleev Commun., 27, 183 (2017). Figure 1