Experimental Compression Data Research Articles

Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Ti22Al25Nb Alloy during Hot Isothermal Deformation

AbstractDynamic recrystallization (DRX) of Ti22Al25Nb alloy has been investigated based on the analysis of hot compression experimental data in this paper. The true stress–strain curves of Ti22Al25Nb can be divided into two types: the single-peak conventional dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) curves and the multi-peak discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) curves. The multi-peak curves indicate the alternate dominance of hardening mechanism and softening mechanism. A critical Zener–Hollomon parameter ln ZC has been proposed to divide CDRX from DDRX. The hardening rate and DRX volume fraction of CDRX and DDRX have been analyzed. In addition, the effect of the second-phase particle on the DRX has been studied. DRX process was enhanced by the second-phase particles, but the growth process of recrystallized grains was restrained.

A Biphasic Transversely Isotropic Poroviscoelastic Model for the Unconfined Compression of Hydrated Soft Tissue.

The unconfined compression experiments are commonly used for characterizing the mechanical behavior of hydrated soft tissues such as articular cartilage. Several analytical constitutive models have been proposed over the years to analyze the unconfined compression experimental data and subsequently estimate the material parameters. Nevertheless, new mathematical models are still required to obtain more accurate numerical estimates. The present study aims at developing a linear transversely isotropic poroviscoelastic theory by combining a viscoelastic material law with the transversely isotropic biphasic model. In particular, an integral type viscoelastic model is used to describe the intrinsic viscoelastic properties of a transversely isotropic solid matrix. The proposed constitutive theory incorporates viscoelastic contributions from both the fluid flow and the intrinsic viscoelasticity to the overall stress-relaxation behavior. Moreover, this new material model allows investigating the biomechanical properties of tissues whose extracellular matrix exhibits transverse isotropy. In the present work, a comprehensive parametric study was conducted to determine the influence of various material parameters on the stress-relaxation history. Furthermore, the efficacy of the proposed theory in representing the unconfined compression experiments was assessed by comparing its theoretical predictions with those obtained from other versions of the biphasic theory such as the isotropic, transversely isotropic, and viscoelastic models. The unconfined compression behavior of articular cartilage as well as corneal stroma was used for this purpose. It is concluded that while the proposed model is capable of accurately representing the viscoelastic behavior of any hydrated soft tissue in unconfined compression, it is particularly useful in modeling the behavior of those with a transversely isotropic skeleton.

Estimating model parameters of rockfill materials based on genetic algorithm and strain measurements

The hyperbolic stress-strain model has been shown to be valid for modeling nonlinear stress-strain behavior for rockfill materials. The Duncan-Chang nonlinear constitutive model was adopted to characterize the behavior of the modeled rockfill materials in this study. Accurately estimating the model parameters of rockfill materials is a key problem for simulating dam deformations during both the dam construction period and the dam operation period. In order to estimate model parameters, triaxial compression experiments of rockfill materials were performed. Based on a genetic algorithm, the constitutive model parameters of the rockfill material were determined from the triaxial compression experimental data. The investigation results show that the predicted strains provide satisfactory precision when compared with the observed strains and the strains forecasted by a gradient-based optimization algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed inversion procedure of model parameters was verified by experimental investigation in a laboratory.

Crystal and electronic structure of BiTeI, AuTeI, and PdTeI compounds: A dispersion-corrected density-functional study

Semilocal and dispersion-corrected density-functional calculations have been performed to study the crystal structure, equation of state, and electronic structure of metal tellurohalides with chemical formula MeTeI where Me=Bi, Au, or Pd. A comparative investigation of the results of these calculations is conducted which reveals the role of van der Waals attraction. It is shown that the prediction of crystal structure of metal tellurohalides is systematically improved thanks to the inclusion of van der Waals dispersion. It is found for BiTeI and AuTeI that the energy versus volume curve is anomalously flat in the vicinity of equilibrium volume and the calculated equation of state has an excessively steep slope in the low-pressure region; these are also fixed in the dispersion-corrected calculations. Analysis based on the computation of the volume and axial compressibilities shows that predicting the anisotropy of BiTeI via the semilocal calculations yields an unrealistic result, whereas the results of dispersion-corrected calculations agree with the experimental compressibility data. Our calculations render that BiTeI (AuTeI) is a narrow band gap semiconductor with Rashba-type spin splitting at the band edges (with an indirect band gap) while PdTeI is a metal with relatively low density of states at the Fermi level. The band gaps of BiTeI and AuTeI obtained via semilocal (dispersion-corrected) calculations are found to be greater (smaller) than the respective experimental values, which is against (in line with) the expected trend. Similarly, the Rashba parameters of BiTeI are bracketed by the respective values obtained via semilocal and dispersion-corrected calculations, e.g., a larger value for the Rashba parameter ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{R}$ is obtained in association with the reduction of the band gap caused by modification of the crystal structure owing to van der Waals attraction. Excellent agreement with the experimental Rashba parameters is obtained via interpolation of the calculated (semilocal and dispersion-corrected) values.

A size-dependent constitutive model of bulk metallic glasses in the supercooled liquid region.

Size effect is of great importance in micro forming processes. In this paper, micro cylinder compression was conducted to investigate the deformation behavior of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) in supercooled liquid region with different deformation variables including sample size, temperature and strain rate. It was found that the elastic and plastic behaviors of BMGs have a strong dependence on the sample size. The free volume and defect concentration were introduced to explain the size effect. In order to demonstrate the influence of deformation variables on steady stress, elastic modulus and overshoot phenomenon, four size-dependent factors were proposed to construct a size-dependent constitutive model based on the Maxwell-pulse type model previously presented by the authors according to viscosity theory and free volume model. The proposed constitutive model was then adopted in finite element method simulations, and validated by comparing the micro cylinder compression and micro double cup extrusion experimental data with the numerical results. Furthermore, the model provides a new approach to understanding the size-dependent plastic deformation behavior of BMGs.

Numerical simulation of the dynamic recrystallization behaviour in hot precision forging helical gears

In hot precision forging helical gears, the dynamic recrystallization phenomena will occur, which affect the microstructure of the formed part and in turn decide their mechanical properties. To investigate the effect of deformation temperature on the dynamic recrystallization in hot precision forging helical gears, a three dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model was created by coupling the thermo-mechanical model with the microstructure evolution model developed based on the hot compressive experimental data of 20CrMnTiH steel. The hot precision forging process was simulated and the effect laws of the deformation temperature on the microstructure evolution the formed part were investigated. The results show that the dynamic recrystallization volume fraction and the average grain sizes increased with the increasing deformation temperature and the higher deformation temperature is beneficial to dynamic recrystallization and grain refinement.

A topological measurement of protein compressibility

In this paper we partially clarify the relation between the compressibility of a protein and its molecular geometric structure. To identify and understand the relevant topological features within a given protein, we model its molecule as an alpha filtration and hence obtain multi-scale insight into the structure of its tunnels and cavities. The persistence diagrams of this alpha filtration capture the sizes and robustness of such tunnels and cavities in a compact and meaningful manner. From these persistence diagrams, we extract a measure of compressibility derived from those topological features whose relevance is suggested by physical and chemical properties. Due to recent advances in combinatorial topology, this measure is efficiently and directly computable from information found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Our main result establishes a clear linear correlation between the topological measure and the experimentally-determined compressibility of most proteins for which both PDB information and experimental compressibility data are available. Finally, we establish that both the topological measurement and the linear correlation are stable with respect to small perturbations in the input data, such as those arising from experimental errors in compressibility and X-ray crystallography experiments.

Effect of vanadium on hot deformation and microstructural evolution of 7150 aluminum alloy

The hot deformation behavior of 7150 aluminum alloys containing different V contents (0.01–0.19wt%) was studied using uniaxial compression tests conducted at various temperatures (300–450°C) and strain rates (0.001–10s−1). The results reveal the peak flow stresses of the 7150 alloy significantly increased when V was added. The alloys containing 0.03–0.05% V displayed higher values of peak flow stress than those with 0.11–0.19% V at low temperatures, whereas they displayed comparable values at higher temperatures. The materials constants and activation energies for hot deformation were determined from the experimental compression data for all the alloys studied. The activation energy for hot deformation increased from 229kJ/mol for the base alloy to approximately 270kJ/mol for the alloys containing 0.03–0.05% V. With further increases in V contents up to 0.19%, the activation energy returned to approximately 250kJ/mol. The vanadium-solute diffusion acted as the deformation rate-controlling mechanism for the alloys containing up to 0.05% V, resulting in enhanced work hardening and improved subgrain strengthening effects. The precipitation of Al21V2 dispersoids in the alloys containing 0.11–0.19% V promoted the retardation of dynamic recovery and the inhibition of dynamic recrystallization due to their pinning effect on dislocation motion and subgrain rotation.

Plastic Deformation Influence on Material Properties of Autofrettaged Tubes Used in Diesel Engines Injection System

According to the DIN2391 standard, the DIN1.0406 steel is used to manufacture high-pressure injection tubes of diesel engines. The parts are autofrettaged during the manufacturing process to increase operating pressure and fatigue life. The autofrettage process is affected by loading–unloading cycle. In Bauschinger effect (BE) phenomenon, plastic deformation causes a loss in unloading yield strength. The ratio of unloading yield strength to the loading yield strength is called Bauschinger effect factor, BEF. In this paper, plastic deformation influence on the loading and unloading behaviors of DIN1.0406 steel is studied considering the BE. Uniaxial tension–compression experimental data are used to figure out a suitable model to study the BE. To carry out these experiments, a servohydraulic Instron machine is used. The sample tubes having inside diameter of 2.4 mm and outside diameter of 6 mm were made based on the standard ASTM E8M-97a. The tests were carried out using the total strain of 4.31%. Another important purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the amount of plastic strain on loading–unloading Young's modulus. Finally, the behavior of DIN1.0406 steel is compared with the steels such as DIN1.6959, HY 180, and PH 13-8Mo used in tubes.

Material properties in unconfined compression of gelatin hydrogel for skin tissue engineering applications.

Gelatin (Gel) has been reported as a promising candidate in tissue engineering owing to its easy availability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Gel hydrogel is of potential to be cross-linked with different materials to enhance their biocompatibility for cell culture for tissue engineering applications. The mechanical properties of this versatile material, however, have not been thoroughly determined. In this study, the linear elastic (Young's modulus and maximum stress) and non-linear hyperelastic (hyperelastic coefficients) mechanical properties of prepared hydrogels at different contents of Gel (wt%) were measured, and its Young's modulus was compared with that of skin tissue. The prepared cylindrical Gel hydrogels were subjected to a series of unconfined compression tests. The hyperelastic strain energy density function was calibrated using the compressive experimental data. The potential ability of the Yeoh hyperelastic constitutive equation, which has been proposed as the best material model to represent the non-linear behavior of hydrogels, was verified using finite element (FE) simulations. The results revealed that the Young's modulus and maximum stress of hydrogels are increased by the addition of Gel. The highest Young's modulus (81 kPa) and maximum stress (24 kPa) were observed for hydrogels with 15 wt% Gel. Results also showed that the hydrogels with a relatively lower content (<7.5 wt%) of Gel have suitable Young's modulus compared with those with a higher content (>7.5 wt%) for skin tissue engineering. The Yeoh material model was closely fitted with the experimental data and could be used in further biomechanical simulations of the hydrogels. The experimental results were also compared well with those predicted by the FE models. The results of this study might have implications not only for the understanding of the mechanical properties of Gel hydrogel but also for the fabrication of polymeric substrate materials suitable for skin tissue engineering applications.

A solid-liquid-gas three-phase complete equation of state of aluminum

Based on the GRAY equation of state (EOS), we establish a solid-liquid-gas three-phase complete EOS, and compare it with the experimental isothermal compression data, Hugoniot data, melting data and thermodynamic functions under ambient pressure. It is indicated that the EOS in this paper can describe reasonably the thermodynamic state of aluminum in a wide region.

Effect of Zr addition on hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of AA7150 aluminum alloy

The hot deformation behavior of homogenized AA7150 aluminum alloys containing different Zr contents (0–0.19wt%) was studied in uniaxial compression tests conducted at various temperatures (300–450°C) and strain rates (0.001–10s−1). Microstructural evolution was investigated using an optical microscope, a field-emission gun scanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope and the electron backscattered diffraction technique. The results reveal no significant variation in the peak flow stress or activation energy between the 7150 base alloy and the alloy containing 0.04% Zr. With a further increase in the Zr content to 0.19%, the values of peak flow stress and activation energy increased significantly. The materials constants and activation energy for hot deformation were determined from the experimental compression data obtained for all alloys studied. The solved constitutive equations yielded good predictions of the peak flow stress over wide temperature and strain-rate ranges for 7150 alloys with different Zr contents. The dynamic recovery level of the materials was reduced after being alloyed with Zr, which was associated with a decrease in the mean misorientation angle of boundaries and a decrease in subgrain size. The addition of Zr promoted the retardation of dynamic recovery and the inhibition of dynamic recrystallization during hot deformation due to the pinning effect of Al3Zr dispersoids on dislocation motion and to restrained dynamic restoration.

Thermodynamic properties of solid face centered cubic Rb3C60 at high temperature and pressure

Analytic equation of state and thermodynamic quantities of solid fcc Rb3C60 are derived by using an analytic mean field potential method. For intermolecular forces, the double-exponential potential is utilized. Four potential parameters are determined by fitting experimental compression data of Rb3C60 up to 14 GPa at 296 K. Various physical quantities including isothermals, thermal expansion, isochoric heat capacity, Helmholtz free energy and internal energy are calculated and analyzed. Calculated results are consistent with available experimental data in literature. Furthermore, spinodal temperature for Rb3C60 is found to be 2,860 K. Results verify that analytic mean field potential method is a useful approach to consider the anharmonic effect at high temperatures. Numerous reasonable predictions and the change trend of the properties for Rb3C60 at high temperature and pressure have been given.

Numerical simulations of bioextruded polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering applications

Scaffolds provide a temporary mechanical and vascular support for tissue regeneration while shaping the in-growth tissues. These scaffolds must be biocompatible, biodegradable, enclose appropriate porosity, pore structure and pore distribution, and have optimal structural and vascular performance, with both surface and structural compatibility. Surface compatibility means a chemical, biological and physical suitability to the host tissue. Structural compatibility corresponds to an optimal adaptation to the mechanical behaviour of the host tissue. Recent advances in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds are increasingly relying on computer-aided design modelling and numerical simulations. The design of optimized scaffolds based on fundamental knowledge of their macro microstructure is a relevant topic of research. This research work presents a comparison between experimental compressive data and numerical simulations of bioextruded polymer scaffolds with different pore sizes for the elastic and plastic domain. Constitutive behaviour models of cellular structures are used in numerical simulations to compare numerical data with the experimental compressive data. Vascular simulation is also used in the design process of the extrusion-based scaffolds in order to define an optimized scaffold design. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Thermomechanical Characterization of Mg-9Al-1Zn Alloy Using Power Dissipation Maps

A processing map is developed on the basis of the Dynamic Material Model for Mg-9Al-1Zn. The model considers the work piece as a dissipator of power and power loss variation with temperature and strain rate constitutes the power dissipation map. To this end, the thermomechanical (i.e., hot compression) characteristics of a Mg-9Al-1Zn alloy was studied in the temperature range of 250-425 °C and strain rates of 0.001-1 s−1. The strain rate sensitivity (m), power dissipation efficiency (η), and instability parameter (ξ) are computed based on the experimental hot compression data. The deformation mechanisms of different regions in the maps are analyzed and corresponding microstructures are investigated. The processing map of Mg-9Al-1Zn alloy exhibits five workability domains. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was observed in three of the domains, while in the two other domains grain boundary sliding, twining, and precipitation are the dominant mechanisms. The optimum hot working conditions of Mg-9Al-1Zn alloy are located in the two domains where DRX takes place. They correspond to 375 °C/0.001 s−1 and 380 °C/1 s−1 with peak efficiency of 42 and 36%, respectively.

Equation of state and second critical point of highly compressed nitrogen

New model equation of state (EOS) for highly compressed polymerizing fluid is developed and calibrated on ab initio simulation data. The EOS was applied to the prediction of the fluid–fluid transition in strongly compressed nitrogen. Location of the fluid–fluid phase transition line and position of the critical point on it were estimated and compared with earlier predictions and experimental shock compression data.

Three-Dimensional Numerical Evaluation of Influence Factors of Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixture

AbstractHeterogeneous asphalt mixture is treated as a two-phase composite consisting of asphalt mastic, namely a mixture of asphalt and fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates in this paper. A novel three-dimensional (3D) random modeling frame for asphalt mixture is developed, and as its applications, some numerical samples involving various polyhedric coarse aggregates with given gradations are generated. Viscoelastic asphalt mastic is simply characterized by the generalized Maxwell model whose parameters are determined by fitting the uniaxial compressive creep experimental data of asphalt mastic. After validation, the 3D random numerical samples are used to perform a series of numerical experiments in order to evaluate the influences of coarse aggregate distribution, content, average size, size deviation, shape and loading rate on the mechanical behaviors of asphalt mixture quantitatively. Finally, some important conclusions are given.

Systematic experimental study on mechanical behavior of PVB (polyvinyl butyral) material under various loading conditions

AbstractThe mechanical behavior of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) significantly influences crashworthiness and energy mitigation abilities of windshields in terms of pedestrian safety. In this article, mechanical characteristics of PVB are experimentally studied. First, tension and compression experiments on PVB specimen are carried out under various quasi‐static loading rates. Fundamental mechanism of rate‐dependent behavior is investigated. Besides, dynamic tension and compression experimental data are compared to investigate the mechanical behavior of PVB in a whole strain rate region and it is found that PVB behaves as a visco‐elastic material under compressive loadings in both quasi‐static and dynamic situations; however, in tension experiments, stress–strain curves of PVB under dynamic loadings are elasto‐plastic while those under quasi‐static loadings are visco‐elastic. Considering all the unique characteristics of PVB's behavior, constitutive models are then established based on Zhu‐Wang‐Tang model mathematically. Further, unit volume energy absorption of every experiment in quasi‐static tension and compression are calculated as well as the stress intensify factor. In addition, visco‐elasticity part in the constitutive model is employed. Results may offer useful experiment data and important constitutive characteristics of PVB material to further studies of automotive crashworthiness and pedestrian protection. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

High strain-rate compressive behavior and constitutive modeling of selected polymers

The present paper deals with constitutive modeling of the compressive stress-strain behavior of selected polymers at strain rates from 10−3 to 103 /s using a modified Ramberg-Osgood equation. High strain-rate compressive stress-strain curves for four different commercially available extruded polymers are determined on the standard split Hopkinson pressure bar. The low and intermediate strain-rates compressive stress-strain relations are measured in an Instron testing machine. The five parameters for the modified Ramberg-Osgood equation are determined by fitting to the experimental compressive stress-strain data using a least-squares fit. The compressive stress-strain curves at three different strain rates derived from the modified Ramberg-Osgood models are compared with the experimental results. It is shown that the compressive stress-strain behavior during loading process can be successfully predicted by the modified Ramberg-Osgood equation.

Pressure–volume–temperature equations of state of Au and Pt up to 300 GPa and 3000 K: internally consistent pressure scales

By using a Mie–Grüneisen-type analysis method, the pressure–volume–temperature equations of state (P–V–T EOSs) of Au and Pt have been determined up to 300 GPa and 3000 K based on the experimental shock Hugoniot and thermodynamic data. The calculated results of Au and Pt show an excellent agreement with available experimental volume compression data over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. A comparison of our results with previous theoretical investigations has also been done. In addition, we have further examined the consistency of our results and the P–V–T EOS of MgO [K. Jin, X.Z. Li, Q. Wu, H.Y. Geng, L.C. Cai, X.M. Zhou, and F.Q. Jing, The pressure–volume–temperature equation of state of MgO derived from shock Hugoniot data and its application as a pressure scale, J. Appl. Phys. 107 (2010), pp. 113518] using simultaneous volume measurements of Au, Pt, and MgO at various temperatures. The good agreement among the P–V–T EOSs of Au, Pt, and MgO implies that these EOSs can be used as the reliable pressure scales in high pressure–temperature diamond anvil cell experiments.