Experimental Installation Research Articles

High-harmonic large-orbit terahertz gyrotrons for physical applications

An overview is given of works on two experimental installations that implement large-orbit gyrotrons (LOG) operating in the sub-terahertz frequency range at high harmonics of the electronic cyclotron frequency. At the installation of a pulsed LOG (80–100 keV/0.7–1.0 A), a radiation source with a frequency of 1 THz with a kilowatt output power level is being developed, which is planned to be used in plasma applications. A continuous subterahertz LOG (30 keV/0.7 A) is being created as a prototype of a universal multi-frequency source for spectroscopic applications. Complex electrodynamic systems are also described, designed to increase the selectivity and efficiency of excitation of high cyclotron harmonics in these devices, as well as to ensure the tuning of the generation frequency.

SAFETY INTEGRITY LEVEL ASSESSMENT AT URANIUM EVAPORATOR AND DEPOSITION VESSEL IN NON NUCLEAR REACTOR INSTALLATIONS

The operation of non-reactor nuclear installations that use nuclear material in the process must be ensured safely during the process. One of the assessments of the safety level of the protection system that has been owned by the installation is using the Safety Integrity Level (SIL) which assesses the safety level of the protection system based on the value of the risk reduction factor that the protection system can achieve. The uranium evaporator and deposition vessel at the Experimental Fuel Element Installation (EFEI) is one of the installations that uses nuclear material in the process so it is necessary to assess the SIL of these 2 vessels. The piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is used to determine the SIL value and Safety Instrumented System (SIS) component are installed in evaporator and deposition vessel. Maintenance data and OREDA (Offshore Reliability Data) are used to determine the failure rate. After knowing and determining the installed SIS components, then determining the architecture vote of the Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) based on the P&ID diagram, so that it can be known that the installed SIS uses vote 1oo1, 1oo2, 1oo3, or the appropriate vote. The installed SIF architecture vote will determine the equation used to calculate the Probability Failure on Demand (PFD). The total PFD obtained is adjusted to the SIL table to find out what SIL level the installed protection system is at. The value of the safety level of the protection system with SIL assessment in the evaporator vessel obtained 2 protection systems with SIL values of level 2 all and in the deposition vessel obtained 2 protection systems with SIL values of level 1 and level 2. The SIL value in the evaporator and deposition vessel analyzed has not reached level 3 or 4, so it is necessary to add SIF to the SIS protection system to increase the SIL value until the SIL value is obtained between level 3 or 4 because safety in the operation of non-reactor nuclear installations is absolute.Keywords: Non-Reactor Nuclear Installations, PFD, SIF, SIL, SIS

Local Heating through the Application of a Thermoelectric Heat Pump for Prenursery Pigs

Mathematical formulation of the animal thermal status has been developed, with the account of two convenience conditions and heat balance, for the floor-mounted heating panel for prenursery pigs. The borders of the heat flux variation range for the floor-mounted heating panel have been determined corresponding to the animal-friendly conditions for prenursery pigs of various age groups. The block diagram of the energy-saving floor-mounted heating panel, comprising the thermoelectric assembly operating in the heat pump mode, has been designed. The method has been described and the corresponding calculations have been made for the basic thermal parameters of the floor-mounted local heating installation, for prenursery pigs, with the application of a thermoelectric heat pump. The experimental installation sample of 116 W thermal capacity (for the heat transfer coefficient from 0.9 W·m−2·K−1 to 1.0 W·m−2·K−1 and floor temperature in the range of 5 °C to 6 °C) has been developed and manufactured for local heating for prenursery pigs managed in gestation crates. Laboratory tests of the experimental sample of the floor-mounted heating panel have demonstrated high energy efficiency of the heating installation under development. The energy-saving effect (approx. 15% compared to the series-produced equipment designed for local heating of young stock) of the developed installation was achieved owing to the partial heat recuperation of the exhaust ventilating air.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ УСТРОЙСТВА ДЛЯ ДРОБЛЕНИЯ ЗЕРНА

The quality of feed produced for cattle is one of the main factors affecting the efficiency of its maintenance. The quality of the resulting feed largely depends on the design features of the equipment, in particular crushers. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed device for crushing grain, in comparison with existing crushers (UD-200). An experimental plant with paddle disks has been developed for grinding grain. Its distinguishing feature is that two disks with a diameter of 142 and 200 mm with blades rotate in the working chamber. The device allows processing grain with high humidity. When using existing crushers (UD-200), fine grinding of grain is possible at a moisture content of not more than 12.6%, experimental installation - 12.9%. To obtain an average grinding, grain moisture can vary from 12.6% to 13.6% and from 12.9% to 14.1%, respectively. With a grain moisture content of 9.8%, the lowest energy costs for crushing were noted when using an experimental installation (5.3 J/kg), for the UD-200 crusher they reached 6.9 J/kg, which is 1.6 J/kg more. At a grain moisture content of 14.1%, the specific energy intensity in the variant with the experimental setup decreased to 8 J/kg, while UD-200 had 9 J/kg. The use of a crusher with paddle discs provides better grinding of feed intended for cattle and reduces the cost of this process.

Acoustical Behavior of Delphinid Whistles in the Presence of an Underwater Explosion Event in the Mediterranean Coastal Waters of Spain

Underwater noise is a significant pollutant produced by anthropogenic activities carried out in the sea. Several types of acoustic sources can potentially have adverse impacts on marine fauna, especially on cetaceans. The vocalization response of cetaceans to underwater noise varies depending on noise characteristics such as duration, bandwidth, and intensity, as well as the species being insonified. Some studies report changes in vocalization properties due to continuous noise, but there is a lack of knowledge regarding impulsive noise sources, especially those related to explosive events. It is known that underwater explosions represent a serious threat to marine fauna because it produces one of the highest sound pressure levels introduced by anthropogenic activities. In this communication, an opportunistic study related to changes in the dolphin vocalizations was performed by considering two scenarios (i.e., before and after a detonation event). The acoustic raw data were recorded by a passive acoustic device installed in a mooring line deployed in the Mediterranean coast of Spain. The objective of the experimental installation was to monitor the underwater sound pressure level in the framework of the development of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) in Spain. A detonation event of unknown origin was recorded during the monitoring period while Delphinids were vocalizing, allowing for the observation of their acoustic reaction to the explosion. The study considers the number of vocalizations, morphology of whistles, and spectral characteristics before and after the explosion. The results obtained indicate that the number of whistles, their complexity in terms of morphology, and spectral components vary due to the explosive event, showing significant differences that will be presented and discussed in this communication.

NATURAL REGENERATION DYNAMICS IN CAATINGA TREE SUBMITTED TO FOREST MANAGEMENT

This study aimed to evaluate the natural regeneration dynamics in Caatinga subjected to different forest management practices. The work was carried out in the Contendas do Sincorá National Forest, with the predominant vegetation cover being forested steppe savanna. The study area consisted of fixed plots plotted in 2015. The treatments were: control (Con); clear cutting (CC); selective cutting by minimum diameter at breast height ≥ 5 cm; and selective cutting by species. The phytosociological parameters were estimated for each species. The Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index and the Floristic Expansion Index (FEI) were calculated and the Ward method was used for the floristic similarity analysis. A total of 453 individuals were sampled, distributed in 31 species and five morpho-species. Combretum monetaria was highlighted in all treatments and phytosociological parameters. The similarity dendrogram shows that there is floristic similarity between the years 2015 and 2020. The CC treatment obtained the most species with positive FEI in the period from 2015 to 2017, with a result similar to the other treatments in 2020. It is concluded that there was no statistical difference between treatments in relation to diversity after five years of intervention. Stump regrowth was very important at the beginning of regeneration. The floristic similarity between 2015 and 2020 shows a recovery five years after the experiment installation. Management practices did not have a negative impact on the floristic richness of natural regeneration, demonstrating that the area recovers well even with the interference made in the area. Keywords : Steppe savanna, Floristic Expansion Index, Phytosociology.

Development of Experimental Facilities for Studying the Process of Electric Pulse Neutralization of Automobile Exhaust Gases

The main goal of the research work described in the article is to determine the optimal operating mode of the future electric pulse silencer to solve the problem of efficient cleaning of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine (ICE) by an electric pulse. According to the purpose of the study, a number of research methods are used in the article, in particular, the physical essence of the process of electropulse cleaning of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines of cars is described and an analysis of known patents in this direction is carried out, as well as experimental installations designed to determine the mode of neutralization of exhaust gases based on such parameters as voltage, duty cycle, distance between electrodes. The devices were made from various electrically conductive materials. Preliminary experiments on the units showed that under the action of an electric pulse, an increased oxygen content was observed in the exhaust gas, which gave rise to a hypothesis about the possibility of determining the optimal operating mode of an electric pulse silencer. In support of the hypothesis put forward, the task was to develop the design of an electric pulse silencer and a method for cleaning exhaust gases to optimize its operation. As a result of the implementation of the task, a patent was obtained for a utility model that characterizes the design of an electric pulse silencer and the method of gas cleaning by an electric pulse

Experimental determination on cleaning the exhaust gas of an automobile muffler by an electric pulse

Nowadays, creating an environmentally reliable car by reducing the volume of harmful gases in it is a global problem of mankind. For this reason, one of the main areas of research is to improve the exhaust gas cleaning system of internal combustion engines. However, to date, there are no universal designs that would improve the performance of the purification system. In this regard, the development of new vehicle exhaust system designs based on an effective cleaning method is an urgent task. The article highlights the results of scientific and experimental research of the authors on the development of new designs of automobile exhaust muffler working on the basis of the method of electro-pulsed cleaning, designed to reduce the concentration of harmful exhaust gases. The developed experimental installation of the electric-pulse muffler performs gas purification by feeding an electric shock discharge to the electrodes installed in the muffler. The experimental data obtained show changes in the gas transparency depending on changes in the distance between the electrodes. Regression-correlation analysis established empirical dependences of gas transparency values on changes in the distance between the electrodes.

The application of activated pine nut shell in quail feeding

The purpose of the research was to experimentally substantiate the effectiveness of using a new feed additive – activated pine nut shell in quail feeding. The effect of pine nut shell feeding activated and non-activated on the growth rate of quail chickens, meat productivity indicators and blood biochemical parameters has been studied in a comparative aspect. An experiment lasting 74 days was carried out according to the generally accepted method on Japanese quails formed at the daily age in three similar groups (control and two experimental) of 40 heads in each. All groups received compound feed prepared taking into account the age and physiological characteristics of quails. In addition to the main diet, pine nut shell of diff erent treatments was introduced into the diets of young animals of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups in a dosage of 0,04 g/kg of live weight. Crushed pine nut shell was introduced into the diet of the 1st experimental group of quails, and the shell activated at the experimental installation of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was introduced into the diet of the 2nd experimental group of quails. The quails were housed in a cage battery under the required microclimate conditions. The results of the control slaughter of poultry showed that the weight of the gutted carcass of quails of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups was more than in the control group by 23,97 and 23,6 % (p < 0,05), the slaughter yield was higher by 11,6 and 6,8 %. Preparations containing activated pine nut shell had an impact on the growth and vital trats of quails. The best effect was provided by preparations with activated pine nut shell.

A thermodynamically consistent model for hydraulic transients in metallic pipes undergoing elasto-viscoplastic deformations

This work presents an extension of the fluid transient analysis to include the elasto-viscoplastic behavior of the pipe material. A previously developed quasi-2D flow model is employed as a basic framework, and the pipe’s elasto-viscoplastic behavior is added by considering constitutive equations formulated via an internal variables theory. The resulting governing equations form a non-linear hyperbolic system of partial differential equations whose approximated solutions are obtained by employing the method of characteristics followed by the Newton–Raphson method. The model is thermodynamically consistent, a feature that is consistently detailed in this work to uphold the application of energy-based theoretical analyses of the phenomenon. Taking as reference the transient responses obtained from an experimental installation that simulates an accident, the present approach is found to be fully consistent and valuable for simulating fast hydraulic transients in metallic materials experiencing plastic deformation. By comparing the pressure fluctuations of models with and without elasto-viscoplasticity, more attenuation and dispersion of the pressure responses are found when such behavior is considered. The elasto-viscoplasticity effect on the pressure responses is better understood when the connection between the viscoplastic mechanisms and energy dissipation is exposed. During the fluid transient, the pipe dissipates meaningful amounts of energy that cause a significant alteration in the whole fluid–pipe dynamics. Another numerical example, based on a hypothetical water hammer flow that causes plastic deformation in the pipeline, is also addressed. Such a case puts in evidence that not only the anelastic behavior of the pipe must be taken into account but also that an accurate description of the fluid friction may be significant to portray realistically fluid transient responses. At last, an assessment of the pipe integrity by means of a scalar damage variable theory is carried out to emphasize the application prospects of the present research.

Регрессионная модель затухания ультразвукового сигнала в скважине

The problem of telemetry information transmitting requires a comprehensive study of new communication channels and finding transparency windows for wave propagation in the operating frequency band. Electromagnetic communication channels are energy inefficient and have a low data transfer rate. Cable communication channels have high maintenance costs, and telemetry transmission is impossible at large depths. This paper provides a brief overview of the methods of telemetry information transmitting. The outcomes of the design of a receiving and transmitting ultrasonic device for telemetric information transmitting are presented. The receiver and transmitter are based on the piezo-emitter ZP-25. The frequency of the transmitted signal is 40 kHz. An experimental installation simulating a part of a producing well was used to study the acoustic signal propagation. As a result, a linear regression model of acoustic signal attenuation in the well was received. A comparison is made with the theoretical model of acoustic signal propagation. The discrepancy between the obtained and theoretical model is found. It is shown that linear regression is consistent with experimental results, it is a good simulation model for the signal transmission process, and nonlinear effects in the frequency band under consideration are insignificant. Also, the experimental model has much less attenuation compared to the theoretical one.

Identifying factors affecting comfort workwear for mountain tourism

The quality and comfort of clothing for people engaged in mountain tourism are influenced by the pack of clothing materials, which determine their durability and heat resistance. In practice, wear resistance and thermal insulation of clothing materials are evaluated by standard methods for single-layer materials. To solve the problem of studying the wear resistance and heat resistance of a clothing pack, we developed an experimental setup for studying the wear resistance of the clothing pack under the influence of cyclic loads and an installation for determining the heat-shielding properties of the pack of clothing materials, allowing you to reproduce both the temperature of the underwear space, as well as environmental factors. By studying the influence of wind flow, humidity and ambient temperature on the heat-shielding ability of packages of various compositions, the most rational package of clothing for mountain tourism was determined. The selected package provides a comfortable state of a person in the absence of air permeability and at a wind speed of 5 m/s; and at wind speeds of 10 m/s and 15 m/s, the temperature of the underwear space decreases. The heat protection of the clothing package is influenced by the breathing of the athlete’s body during movements. So, at ambient temperature Tok=20 °C and humidity within 60‒70 % when the breathing simulator was turned on in the underwear space, Tpp=26 °C, W=62 %, and when it was turned off, Tpp=27 °C, and the humidity value did not change. The developed experimental installations and research methods can be recommended for use at the design stage in the production laboratories of enterprises producing mountain sports clothing

Possibilities of Improving Water Quality of Degraded Lake Affected by Nutrient Overloading from Agricultural Sources by the Multi-Point Aeration Technique

This research concerns the restoration of the strongly eutrophied Lake Łajskie (Masurian Lake District, Poland) that received pollutants from the agricultural catchment. It is a shallow (max depth 7.4 m) and small (area 48 ha) reservoir with a wide profundal zone characterized by complete deoxidation in summer. Due to its important natural and social role, the lake has undergone a restoration process. Artificial oxygenation is the main method of improving water quality. Due to unfavorable morphometric conditions, the necessity to use multi-point aeration was assumed. An experimental installation based on eight reactors selectively oxygenating only the over-bottom waters was launched in 2019. In 2021, spatial studies of the effectiveness of aerators’ work were carried out at 96 measuring points grouped into 12-test fields around each reactor. The investigations were performed three times during the summer season. It was shown that, in the water of the deepest layers of Lake Łajskie, the oxygen concentration around all reactors increased to an average level of 1–2 mg L−1. The oxygenation efficiency was varied and related to the distance from the aerator and the location in relation to the direction of oxygenated water outflow. The results of the research indicate the legitimacy of designing multi-point oxygenation systems in the restoration of waterbodies degraded as a result of the impact of agriculturally transformed catchments.

Local cryotherapy investigation on the biotissue phantom

BACKGROUND: Local cryotherapy (LC) is a physiotherapeutic method for the treatment of various diseases, including musculoskeletal disorders. The physician relies on his experience and the data from the LC equipment manufacturer for the given method and exposure modes. This is not sufficient to determine the correct dosing and to understand the effect of the various treatment parameters on the biotissue to have precise control over the effects of the treatment on the biotissues. Hence, it is imperative to conduct a study of different LC methods and modes to perform effective and safe treatments. The surface temperature of the biotissue is a convenient measurable quantity to ensure efficiency and safety. Previous studies show that the target temperature is 10 2 C, with a lower limit of 0 C. If the temperature drops below 0 C, then tissue damage is possible.
 AIM: Experimental comparison and identification of the most suitable modes in two methods of contactless local cryotherapy.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: An experimental installation was developed and created. A series of experiments were carried out on a model medium with thermophysical properties close to those of the biotissues. The comparison of liquid nitrogen and air cooling was performed. The temperature was measured with resistance thermometers (Pt100) on a surface and inside of a model medium.
 RESULTS: When cooled by liquid nitrogen vapors from a distance of 10 and 15 cm from the surface, the accepted average target temperature of 10 C was reached in 1.8 and 4.4 min, and at a depth of 8 mm, the temperature was 26.4 and 23.7 C, respectively. When cooled with air from a distance of 10 cm from the surface with maximum and minimum flow, the target temperature was reached in 2.5 and 13.3 min, at a depth of 8 mm, the temperature was 22.9 and 16.0 C, respectively. Although air cooling from a distance of 15 cm was not possible to lower the temperature down to the target value, the less intense flow made it possible to lower the internal temperature in the model medium more strongly while having a weaker effect on the surface. This effect can potentially be positive in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, mainly joints.
 CONCLUSIONS: Among those tested, the most suitable modes of the considered methods that meet the requirements of efficiency, safety, and convenience of practical implementation were identified. For cooling using liquid nitrogen vapors, this is a mode spraying at a distance of 15 cm with a stable technique with a possible exposure time of 4.4 to 15 minutes. For air cooling, this is a mode with a stable technique with a constant flow with the nozzle fixed relative to the surface of the model medium at a distance of 10 cm with a minimum flow rate (350 l/min) with a possible exposure time of 13.3 to 21.5 min.

Cross-waves and pulsating flows in the side-channel spillway – an experimental approach

Potentially hazardous side-channels of complex geometry need to be investigated using detailed hydraulic physical models. This study aims to analyse the cross-waves pattern and pulsating flow using a side-channel spillway physical model. This study compares the cross-waves pattern were measured using an experimental installation set to generate cross-waves on the surface (original series) with another structure that did not produce cross-waves (modified series). The results showed that the geometry of the left wall caused instability in flow patterns and secondary flows. The starting point of Q 2 discharge was detected by minor turbulence on the water surface near the left wall at a water depth of 3.3 m at the starting point of the wall, but with no overtopping. Cross-waves formed downstream at the right wall crosswise, lower than at the left wall. The height of the cross-wave increased substantially from Q 100 to Q 1000 discharges leading to overtoppings near the left wall at a water depths of 4.2 and 5.0 m at the starting point of the wall, and near the right wall at a water depths of 3.8 and 4.0 m at the upstream point of the wall. The modifications provided optimal hydraulic conditions, i.e. elimination of cross-waves and non-uniform flows. The Vedernikov and Montouri numbers showed that both original and modified series did not enter the area where the pulsating flow occurred. This indicated that both series were free from the pulsating flow.

Assessment of the Efficiency of Thermal Waste Regeneration in the Blown Impassable Channels of Heating Mains

To solve the problem of increasing the energy efficiency of thermal networks with heat pipelines located in impassable channels, a schematic and structural solution for the rational utilization of thermal waste generated during the transport of thermal energy has been developed. Due to the complexity of creating a full-scale experimental installation, a virtual experimental installation created by means of the Ansys software package was used in the study, on which an active numerical experiment was performed. Regression equations have been obtained for calculating the intensity of heat transfer from pipelines and channel enclosing structures with a given change in the size, length of channels and pipelines for various outdoor and ground temperatures characteristic of the heating and inter-heating periods. Statistical analysis, verification and validation of the obtained regression correlations were carried out, two-dimensional hypersurface crossections were obtained in the studied range of controlled factors. The results of numerical simulation of the operating modes of forced ventilation of impassable channels of heating mains with determination of the density of heat flows from the ground and mains water pipelines, air flow and the corresponding exhaust fan capacities have been presented. The following conditions in this case were accepted: the air flow rate is not higher than 8 m/s, the length of the heat pipeline section ensures the air temperature at the outlet of the channel at which there is no increase in heat losses from mains water pipelines to the ground under normal operating conditions of heating networks. The energy efficiency of heat utilization dissipated by mains water pipelines as well as ground cooling in impassable heating mains channels was investigated by intensifying their ventilation and using heat pump equipment at the end points of the channels for heating mains water, depending on the geometric characteristics of the heating mains section, air temperature, soil and mains water installations at central heating points or directly at heat sources. The potential of energy saving for district heating systems with various types of heat sources and the combined power system during the utilization of heat flows from the ground and heat pipelines laid in impassable channels has been identified. On the basis of the energy-saving potential, a technical and economic assessment was carried out and the conditions for the economic feasibility of implementing the proposed technical solution were determined.

Field experiment of stress sensitivity effect in the Mabidong CBM block, southern Qinshui Basin, China

Coalbed methane (CBM) has made significant contributions to global energy supply and carbon neutrality. The stress sensitivity effect (SSE) is an important factor that influences CBM production, and it indicates that reservoir properties change with stress. Although there is abundant research on the SSE in CBM, most studies are based on theoretical analyses or laboratory physical simulations. Only few studies focused on the SSE of CBM during field production. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the SSE through a field experiment. To this end, a field well from the Mabidong CBM block in the southern Qinshui Basin is selected. Then, the corresponding experimental installations are set up. A parametric inversion method based on the Newman product method and type curve matching is established to interpret the experimental data. The entire experimental process includes six stages of pressure build tests, lasting for 290 days. The field experiment data are inverted using the parametric inversion method. The SSE in the CBM during production is revealed by analyzing the variations in the formation parameters of each stage. The results indicate that both the permeability and fracture half-length are related to the average pressure. The average pressure declines as the production proceeds, and this leads to an increase in the effective stress and a decrease in the permeability and fracture half-length. Relationships between permeability, fracture half-length, and average pressure are derived, and they can be used to better interpret the dynamic production data of CBM wells in the Mabidong Block. Moreover, these results indicate that decreasing the flow rate can mitigate the SSE, especially when the gas desorbs. Thus, during CBM production, the flow rate needs to be strictly controlled for maintaining a stable pressure drop and reducing reservoir damage caused by the SSE.

Досвід проєктування та впровадження системи індивідуального регулювання тиску в камері коксування.

The purpose of this article is to show the possibility of using the GIPRO system, designed for individual pressure regulation in each coking chamber, on existing and new coking batteries. The prerequisites for the emergence of the technology of individual pressure regulation are described. The basics of processes occurring in coking chambers, which lead to undesirable environmental and production consequences, are explained. These negative effects can be leveled with the use of PROven® and SORRESO individual regulation systems developed in the world. The article provides a comparative analysis of various systems of individual pressure regulation, which are used in world practice, and the system of maintaining individual pressure in the coking chamber - the GIPRO system, developed by SE "GIPROKOKS" - with other existing global analogues. The history of the introduction of various systems of individual pressure regulation in the world is briefly presented. Design features of the systems themselves are described. The path of development of the "GIPRO" system from the idea to the experimental installation is described. The results of the design and installation of the "GIPRO" system at some factories in China and India are given. A description of the "GIPRO" system during operation with negative pressure in the gas tank is given, as well as other possible modes of operation of the system are presented. On the example of the developed projects, the possibility of using the "GIPRO" system for installation, both on large-capacity coke batteries with tamping technology that are being built, and on the local modernization of gas removal equipment on existing coke batteries, has been proven. Conclusions were made about the possibility and expediency of using the developed system for coke batteries of various designs. The developed system can be used to improve the environmental performance of existing coke batteries. Installation of the system on a working coke battery can be implemented with minimal loss of coke production on that battery. Keywords: hard coal, coking chamber, system of individual pressure regulation, reduction of harmful emissions, experimental installation, riser valve box. Corresponding author M.O. Solovjov, e-mail: solovjov.gpk.ua@gmail.com

PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF ELECTRIC EROSION POWDER FROM WASTE OF R18 TOOL STEEL

Currently, one of the promising methods of processing metal waste is electroerosive dispersion, which allows to obtain metal powder, including from the waste of tool steel P18. (Research Purpose) The research purpose is studying the properties and composition of the electroerosive powder obtained from the waste of P18 tool steel. (Materials and methods) Carried out grinding of waste steel P18 on an experimental installation by the method of electroerosive dispersion to obtain new powder materials. The process of electroerosive dispersion was carried out under certain installation modes. The granulometric composition of the particles of this powder was studied using the Analysette 22 NanoTec laser particle size analyzer. An experimental study was performed by dispersing ultrasound in a liquid. Metallography was studied using a Quanta 200 3D scanning electron microscope. X-ray spectral analysis was carried out using the scanning electron microscopy method with an energy-dispersion X-ray analyzer from EDAX, built into the Quanta 200 3D scanning electron microscope. The method of X-ray diffraction was used in X-ray diffraction analysis on a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer. (Results and discussion) It was shown that 50% of the powder particles correspond to the size of 44.13 micrometers. The elemental composition of the particles of the obtained metal powder from waste P18 was determined, the sample under study consists of the following chemical elements: carbon, oxygen, molybdenum, vanadium, chromium, iron and tungsten. The main phases of the powder material under study were established: Fe2W2C, FeV, Fe3O4. (Conclusions) Obtaining, studying the properties and composition of an experimental metal powder makes it possible to assess its potential for use in the production of products with specified characteristics, as well as hardening, restoration of car parts and agricultural machinery.

Results of experimental studies of the head cleaner of root crops from the remnants of the gizzard on the root

Purpose. To determine the optimal structural and kinematic parameters of the new cleaner, which will ensure the improvement of the quality of cleaning the heads of root crops from the remains of the scum on the root. Methods. For conducting field experimental research, a new experimental setup was developed, which allows to study the operation of the new design of the cleaner of root crops on the root. In order to build a model of a full-factor experiment, a method was developed to determine the remains of the smut on the heads of root crops after passing through the purifier, and modern methods of regression and correlation analyzes were used. The research results were processed by statistical methods on a PC with the help of the «Statistiсa 13.0» computer program. Results. A new design of the head cleaner of root crops has been developed, which is used in their final cleaning from the remains of the root crop after the continuous cutting of the main mass of the green root crop. The cleaner consists of two horizontal shafts equipped with pairs of rubber cleaning blades and which have counter-rotating movements. A new experimental installation was developed, which made it possible to conduct a study of the quality indicators of the cleaner’s work in field conditions, depending on its kinematic, structural and operational parameters. A model of a multifactorial experiment was built, which made it possible to obtain three-dimensional graphs of the dependence of the input parameters (advance speed, angular velocity of the rotary movements of the cleaning shafts and the height of the ends of the rubber blades relative to the soil surface) with the help of a statistical calculation program and a PC on the output parameter – the number of burdock residues per 1 linear meter of a row of root crops. Conclusions 1. The developed improved design of the root crop head cleaner from the residues of tops on the root has significant advantages compared to other design solutions, which was experimentally tested in the field. 2. A model of a multifactorial experiment was developed, which made it possible to determine the optimal kinematic, structural and operational parameters that ensure high quality of cleaning root crop heads from the remains of tops on the root. 3. As shown by the regression analysis, the optimal mode of operation of the cleaner, subject to minimization of the quality of cleaning – the remains of tops on the heads (g∙m–1) is: - the movement speed should be in the range of 0.9-1.6 m∙s–1; - the angular speed of rotation of the cleaning shafts should be in the range of 46-80 rad∙s–1; - the height of the ends of the rubber blades above the soil surface should be in the range of 0-1.5 cm. Keywords: root crops, harvesting, ghee, residues, cleaning, multivariate experiment, PC calculations, cleaner parameters.