Experience Of War Research Articles

A Tender Witness’s Story of War: A Tale on the Road in Three Voices

On February 24, 2022, we embarked on a war journey into the unknown, witnessing the war in Ukraine. Our contact with the war is mediated (mainly by the media), yet painful and saturated with extreme emotions. This article is an autoethnographic description of the experiences of this journey of three academics from Poland, a frontline country. The metaphor of the road is carried out by evocative autoethnography in terms of its symbolism of personal journey of each of us; nevertheless, it also unifies our experiences of war into one tender narrative. Embedded in the essence of our autoethnographic narrative of the war is a constant openness to new circumstances, the natural dynamics of action at the front and in the frontier country, and the constant search for and discovery of one’s own narrative identity. Each part of this path traveled is inscribed in the baggage of personal experience, a narrative of life in a frontier country, unification by the situation of witnessing the war, and the desire to express our resistance to it. It became a form of mental resistance, analysis, empathy, and concern which were our methods of struggle and a way of taking responsibility for the reality we witness. In the description, we used the “tender narrative” proposed in the texts of Nobel Prize winner Olga Tokarczuk.

Experiences of war and peace in public spaces—Aleppo city case study

Urban public spaces are the interface of any city that could tell about the city’s dynamic and status quo. In addition, Urban public spaces play a pivotal role in shaping societies’ dynamics and can significantly affect conflict and peacebuilding initiatives. In a context marked by Conflict’s profound impact, this article aims to contribute to the knowledge base for informed urban interventions that foster positive interactions and reconciliation in post-conflict cities. The article seeks to explore the intricate relationship between urban spaces and their influence on war or to promote sustainable peacebuilding through investigating the various roles of the urban public spaces during the war and peacetimes via residents’ experiences of the diverse spaces’ functions that shaped the city’s status quo. In addition, considering the interplay of social dynamics, conflict history, and the mental spatial map of cities in public urban spaces can influence lasting peace or upcoming conflicts. This article focuses on Aleppo as a case study, understanding the positive and negative experiences from the residents’ perspective before and during the current war in Syria, and even distinguishes between two periods during the recent war, which are the active violence and after the end of the direct active violence, where it could inform the decision-makers and urban planners on the areas of focus while developing post-war urban public spaces to ensure its positive role in fostering peace and be able to deal with the social dynamic and the mental spatial map that developed along with the conflict history. The paper utilised a mixed-methods approach, encompassing a case study review of Aleppo City from an urban perspective and fieldwork involving focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with Aleppian from different backgrounds and geographic areas that represent the social dynamic of the city, as well as approached Aleppian who are still in living in the city and those who flee out of it to ensure the coverage of different political direction in addition field work engaged with academia and technical from the city who shared their knowledge and experiences working in the city. Participants were prompted to reflect on their pre-war familiarity with public places and share their experiences. These experiences were categorized by enabling a comprehensive understanding of how conflict context influenced these spaces. The article results offer an understanding of the peace-guiding functions of the urban public spaces based on the city residents’ experiences that could inform architects and urban planners in designing spaces conducive to sustainable peacebuilding. The article’s findings underscore the importance of strategically designed urban public spaces in promoting peace and social cohesion.

Cohort Differences in PTSD Symptoms and Military Experiences: A Life Course Perspective.

There have been major changes in military service over the past 50 years. Most research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among combat Veterans comes from help-seeking Vietnam and WWII cohorts; results from more recent cohort comparisons are mixed. The present study addressed these gaps by exploring cohort differences among Vietnam, Persian Gulf, and Post-9/11 combat Veterans from a life course perspective. We recruited community-dwelling combat and war zone Veterans (N = 167), primarily from Veterans' associations in Oregon from three cohorts: Vietnam, Persian Gulf, and Post-911. Online surveys assessed current PTSD symptoms, life course (demographics and cohort membership), and experiential variables (combat severity, appraisals of military service, homecoming, and social support). Cohorts were comparable in demographics and war experiences. Step one of a hierarchical regression found that PTSD symptoms were higher among Veterans of color and those with lower incomes, R2 = 0.37, p < .001. When cohort was added, Vietnam Veterans had higher symptoms than Post-9/11; income and race/ethnicity remained significant, ΔR2 = 0.01, p = .13. The final model added experiential variables, ΔR2 = 0.38, p < .001; cohort and income were no longer significant, although Veterans of color still reported higher symptoms. Those with more undesirable service appraisals and who sought social support had higher symptoms, while desirable appraisals were protective. From a life course perspective, the particular war zone that Veterans served in was less important than demographics and both service and postservice experiences, suggesting generalizability of risk and protective factors, as well as treatment modalities, across cohorts.

World War II, the Paranormal, and Literature in Communist Poland: Unpublished Short Stories by Władysław Smólski

Władysław Smólski began his writing career as an author of plays and humoresque works. Between 1939 and 1945, he was involved in helping Jews. Smólski described his war experiences in two autobiographical texts Losy dziecka: Opowieść wojenna wojenna [1961; A Child's Fate: A War Story] and Zaklęte lata [1964; Enchanted Years]. However, not all of his works have been published. The paper examines Smólski's unpublished volume of short stories, Magie [Magic], whose manuscript is stored at the National Library in Warsaw. In the first part of the paper, I introduce crucial facts of Władysław Smólski's biography, with reference to the atmosphere of the interwar period. The second part discusses the formal features of the stories comprising the volume Magic and possible reasons why the volume have not been published. The third part of the article examines selected short stories, focusing on the representation of war and functions of the paranormal.

The Theme of War and Love in Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms

A Farewell to Arms, in the first place, deals with Hemingway’s personal experiences of the First World War. The theme of war enters in the novel, A Farewell to Arms, through Frederic Henry. Frederic Henry is the hero of this novel. He is an American who has enrolled himself in the Italian army that is fighting against the combined armies of Austria and Germany during the First World War. Henry is posted on the Italian-Austrian border, and is a Lieutenant in the Italian Ambulance Corps. As we find him in the beginning of the novel, he is a person who is fond of food and fun, music and sex, who wants to visit brothels rather frequently, who has absolutely no faith in religion or in the other final values of life, and who doesn’t seem to be taking life at all seriously. The theme of love enters in the novel, A Farewell to Arms, through Catherine Barkley who is the heroine or principal female character in the novel. Although we meet her somewhat late in the novel, she leaves a deep impression upon us by virtue of the strength of her character. In the company of Catherine, Frederic is a changed man at the end of the novel whose attitude towards life has undergone a complete metamorphosis.

Special issue introduction

This special issue examines Asian experiences of war and mass death in the previous century, with case studies from China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam (North and South, among its diaspora and across multiple generations). In this introduction we highlight several of the wider analytical interventions offered by the articles: (1) the spatiopolitical dynamics of war dead accounting in which forms of vernacular forensic expertise interact with and inform internationally honed, empirically grounded practices of exhumation and identification; (2) the complex hierarchy of authority over remains that structures programmes of war dead accounting; (3) the variegated (as opposed to monolithic) nature of war dead themselves; and (4) the material ecosystems of remains, graves, cemeteries and the non-human forces of decay acting upon them. Finally, the introduction highlights the issue’s comparative potential: that is, what these different cultural, religious and ideological modes of meaning-making reveal about why and how human remains matter in the aftermath of war – and not just according to Western notions of national memory politics in which the soldier stands in for the state and collective mourning animates the national imaginary.

On the side of good or evil

ABSTRACT In war the world falls into good and evil. This calls for clear positioning. A Ukrainian colleague demanded that the patient know which side the therapist is on. Dealing with this attack on the evenly suspended attention catapulted the author into a relationship determined by war. How do early childhood affects and drive impulses shape the relationship between people at war and those not at war? What psychological prerequisites contribute to finding a bearable way of facing the trauma of war? In lieu of an answer, Bion’s war experiences and the soldiers’ calling for their mother point to the central function of the object relationship. Touching on Winnicott’s concept of ruthless love, the author finally arrives at unconditional love as a prerequisite.

ЗМІНИ УПРАВЛІНСЬКИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ В ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯХ, ВИКЛИКАНІ ВІЙНОЮ В УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the study of the changes in management process at enterprises in Ukraine. The war in Ukraine influenced all areas of activity and all industries. Transformations in management processes in organizations have also undergone. The study is based on the analysis of literature and experience in war. Methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization are used to understand and identify the main aspects of management transformation. Management processes in organizations during the war have their own characteristics. The main changes in the management process relate to four management functions – planning, organizing, motivation and control are defined. It is revealed that during the war business organizations change the time horizons of planning and move from strategic to tactical and operational planning. When it becomes dangerous to work, there are interruptions of electro-, heat, water supply, prices for raw materials, materials, goods are increasing, there is not enough labor, lack of fuel, strategic plans become inappropriate. Increasingly, organizations are practicing partial or complete transfer of physical space to online environment. The key aspects of business transition into virtual format are identified: communication, remote work, online sales and customer service, cybersecurity, process optimization, data restoration and backup, training and staff development, accessibility, adaptation of marketing strategies, process and project management, data analysis and tracking indicators, adaptation of company culture. The key to maintaining motivation is to preserve the opportunities for career development and professional growth of workers, increase wages, provide financial bonuses or compensation for risk for workers in the area of hostilities, providing social packages, health insurance for families. Possible aspects of changes in control are the introduction of new security, monitoring and control measures, as well as cooperation with the authorities and security authorities. The results of the study can be used by the managers of organizations for development of strategies and practical approaches to achieve sustainability and success in time of war.

Systematic Review: Measurement Methods and Concept of Resilience Among Seafarers.

Shipping is considered a demanding environment that can significantly impact seafarers' well-being and mental health. This review aims to examine existing literature on the resilience of seafarers, with a focus on the measurement methods used. Furthermore, this study intends to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research in the field of seafarers' resilience, examining the variations in defining and conceptualizing resilience across different studies and contexts. The review identified 99 studies published between 2003 and 2023, with ten studies being included in the final analysis. These studies employed various measurement methods and provided definitions of resilience. Five questionnaires were identified, with the Dispositional Resilience Scale-15 (DRS-15) being the most commonly used. Two of the selected studies had a longitudinal follow-up, while eight were cross-sectional. Four studies related to tankers, and an additional four studies focused on naval vessels, while two studies did not specify the vessel type. The publications were distributed in the period between 2003 and 2013 (two papers) and between 2013 and 2023 (eight papers). The identified themes encompassed shipboard stressors (three papers), sleep problems (two papers), occupational groups or attitudes (two papers), experiences in war (two papers), and intervention measures (one paper), highlighting the multidimensional nature of resilience within the maritime field. This review suggests a research gap, as it reveals that the topic of resilience in seafaring has been sparsely represented. Despite an increasing interest in recent years, research remains limited, particularly in the civilian maritime sector. Therefore, this review highlights the importance of understanding and promoting resilience among seafarers. While the variety of questionnaires used was limited, achieving consensus and standardization in resilience measurement is essential for more comparable and consistent research findings. Recognizing resilience as a crucial resource can promote the development of targeted interventions and support systems, enhancing seafarers' well-being and mental health.

ФЕНОМЕН ВІЙНИ У ПЕРЕЛОМЛЕННІ СВІТОВОГО МИСТЕЦТВА: АКТУАЛЬНІ НАГОЛОСИ

The article studies the interpretations of war in the artistic space, where they demonstrate humanistic positions and the presence of moral principles. The author analyzes the most notable examples of the phenomenon of war in the refraction of world art in the historical context and reveals what messages permeate the canvases, where the theme of deaths due to wars is emphasized. Such works serve as one of the most powerful condemnations of the war through the power of art. Article shows which key features in the experience of understanding past wars with the help of art coincide with the time of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. The war situation radically transforms the background of artistic creativity, where everything is embroidered with symbols, because the basis of creativity is represented by a symbol as a profound idea. The gallery of images dedicated to the understanding of war as an anti-human phenomenon is represented by the works of Rubens, Goya, Picasso, Dali and also modern world artists who artistically responded to the Russian aggression in Ukraine (Banksy, Driscoll, Melnychuk, mydogsights). The image of suffering mother, presented in most iconic works at different times, is consistent with Ukrainian reality. These are not separate human images, they are the quintessence of the general image of war and accompanying images of suffering, grief, and torment. In each work from the given gallery of images, an expressive desperately crying figure with hands raised to the sky was visibly present as an archetype of a martyr during the war. By demonstrating the horrors of war in visible symbols of culture, the artists utter their own humanist manifesto, while at the same time they warn about the catastrophic nature of the attitude towards war for the history of civilization, and thus the destruction of the main subjects of both history and culture. Did generations understand these powerful messages of artistic geniuses, framed in no less powerful symbols, metaphors and allegories? We will receive an answer in the near future.

МЕТОДИКА РОЗРАХУНКУ ОСНОВНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ОСКОЛКОВИХ ВИБУХОВИХ ПРИСТРОЇВ НАПРАВЛЕНОЇ ДІЇ ДЛЯ УРАЖЕННЯ ПОВІТРЯНИХ ЦІЛЕЙ ТИПУ БПЛА

Based on the experience of the Russian-Ukrainian war, there is a tendency to increase the number of unmanned aerial vehicles used to destroy equipment, personnel, and infrastructure. For this purpose, unmanned aerial vehicles such as barrage munitions, kamikaze, drop drones, etc. are used. The share of losses of weapons and equipment, as well as personnel, caused by such weapons has become the largest compared to other means of destruction. To counteract such means, various anti-aircraft missile systems, electronic warfare equipment and mobile fire groups are used. The most effective way to defeat unmanned aerial vehicles is to hit them with a large number of destructive elements (fragments). Taking into account the ratio of the cost of unmanned aerial vehicles and means of their destruction, in particular anti-aircraft missile munitions, the paper proposes the use of fragmentation explosive devices of directed action to defeat attack unmanned aerial vehicles according to the "effectiveness-cost" criterion. The article presents an analysis of studies of the effectiveness of the use of directed-action fragmentation munitions. A study of the feasibility of using directed-action fragmentation engineering ammunition of the MON series mines is carried out. On the basis of the mathematical model of the flight of a fragment, taking into account its shape, a methodology for calculating the main parameters of fragmentation explosive devices of directed action for the destruction of air targets such as unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed. Mathematical calculations are presented to determine the main characteristics of fragmentation explosive devices of directed action for defeating unmanned aerial vehicles, taking into account the external trajectory measurements of the target and the factors that affect the formation of the fragmentation field (zone). Schemes of deployment of fragmentation explosive devices of directed action for the protection of objects are proposed.

From Anarchism to Psychopharmacology: Edward Trautner's Australian Transformation

Abstract: Edward Trautner (1890–1978) was a pharmacologist at the University of Melbourne in the 1940s and 50s who did pioneering work on lithium treatment for psychiatric disorders. His unusual past was a topic of great interest among his colleagues, who often creatively embroidered his story in the retelling. This paper introduces Trautner as his colleagues remembered him, and tells the true story of his childhood in Bavaria, his combat experience in World War I, his turn to anarchist politics and literary experiment in the 1920s, his bohemian life in Spain and England in the 1930s, his deportation to Australia in 1940, and his transformation then (at the age of 50) into a leading medical scientist. It examines his apprenticeship as a plant chemist, and the political efforts of his mentor, Professor R.D. 'Pansy' Wright, to protect and foster his genius.

Landscapes of Galicia as Viewed through the Camera: Visualization of Belligerent Spaces of the First World War

This article analyses practices of capturing the experience of the First World War on the Eastern Front and the construction of militarized life worlds by combatants of the Russian Army and photojournalists. The author aims to determine the significance of the belligerent landscapes of Galicia in the formation of participants’ specific behavioural strategies and practices in the first industrial war. Methodologically, the author relies on the synthesis of approaches of spatial research and visual anthropology, conceptual provisions of landscape studies, and cultural geography. To analyse the photographic situation on the Eastern Front of the First World War, the peculiarities of the further existence of visual images in group and collective communication, identify techniques for constructing the image of the Galician environment in 1914–1915, the author refers to photographic sources of the Russian State Archive of Film and Photographic Documents. A key thesis of the study is the assumption that through the practice of photographing militarized landscapes, mental maps of alien space were constructed, and the imaginary appropriation of the territory annexed by the law of war took place. As a result, the author concludes that the landscapes of Galicia in photographs are a phenomenological construct, and not a direct reflection of reality or objective evidence. The photographic situation itself acts as an interpretation because photographers follow the imperatives of their own (prewar) life experience, the ideas formed by the prevailing discourses, consider the technical limitations of the era and shocking experiences in the spaces of death. The author also reveals the therapeutic function of war visualization and the role of the camera as a protective barrier for the photographer. The analysis determines the dynamic relationship of strategies for capturing military experience with the course of hostilities, as well as the need to study photographic albums dedicated to the life of individual units of the Russian Army or representing a series of images in a particular locality of Galicia as a whole and consistent photographic travelogue. The modern interpretation of military photographs makes it possible to reveal a layer of environmental consequences of the First World War in Eastern Europe which is latent for the photographer.

“Политическая война” 2.0 (США vs Россия – на пороге перемен)

The article reflects on the political war between the United States and Russia that started in 2022 with the launch of the Russian special military operation in Ukraine. The author compares those events to the political war that occurred between the U.S. and the USSR in the 20th century, concluding that once again the American side has chosen to begin with a reactive and defensive approach to the conflict. This approach is primarily aimed at safeguarding the American population (as well as the population of American allies) from Russian influence. In order to achieve that, American public diplomacy institutes (key actors in terms of waging war for the people’s minds and hearts) focused on deconstructing Russian narratives and discrediting Russian information sources. At the same time, the ability of Russian public diplomacy institutes and media to reach Western audiences was paralysed by sanctions and other restrictions. However, the purpose of building resilient defenses to protect American public from foreign influence was mostly achieved through the system of governmental control over the internal information space. This system connects governmental structures responsible for countering disinformation with tech companies and leading social media, and thus allows censorship of every topic coming from any source if deemed concerning national security. After safeguarding the internal information space, in 2024, the United States moved towards extending the defensive approach to political war towards allies, aiming at building the same resilient defenses for their publics. Meanwhile, during the past years, the American public diplomacy, which suffered from atrophy, underfunding and lack of leadership since the end of the Cold War, was being reformed in a way that enhances its effectiveness, strengthens capabilities for dealing with target audiences and integrates a more politically oriented approach. Thus, while ensuring the protection of its population from the adversary’s influence, the U.S. have also been upgrading its arsenal of effective instruments required for political war and effective influencing of foreign public opinion. Bearing in mind the previous experience of political war between the two states, the author concludes that after securing the information space of allies and completing the modernization of public diplomacy capabilities, the Washington is likely to move from defensive to offensive tactic in political warfare. Moreover, those offensive and proactive actions will be most likely realized collectively, together with allies. A theoretical basis for such an approach is being currently developed through the emergence of “reputational security” concept in American expert discourse. This concept not only elevates the issues of reputation (of the states, democracy, liberal values) to the category of national security issues, but also pushes for collective action in terms of protecting one’s own reputation and undermining the reputation of an adversary.

War and women: An analysis of Ukrainian refugee women staying in the Czech Republic.

In addition to the loss of life, Russian aggression against Ukraine, which began in February 2022, also brings interpersonal losses resulting from the need to emigrate. Parallel to the fighting men, women bear most of the burden of caring for the family. Using in-depth interviews supplemented by questions about adverse childhood experiences and administration of The Centrality of Events Scale and the PTSD Checklist - PCL-5 with 43 Ukrainian women (18-60years old), we analyzed adaptation to the situation of emigration and the association of their war and earlier experiences with the level of traumatization. Women were interviewed shortly after emigration to the Czech Republic (3-42week afterward). High levels of adverse childhood experiences and post-traumatic stress symptoms were found. The war was perceived as a currently negative central event associated with traumatic stress symptoms, and 79% of the sample expressed the opinion that the war had changed them. The results of this study suggest an intertwining of previous life experiences with the current need and ability to adapt.

Projekt badawczo-edukacyjny „Ukrainian Teaching Materials 2022” dla wrocławskich przedszkoli i edukacji wczesnoszkolnej – prezentacja wyników badań sondażowych

Alongside the tragic consequences of the armed conflict, the Russian attack on Ukraine in 2022 resulted in an upheaval within the educational system in Poland. This situation posed challenges for Ukrainian children arriving in Poland as well as for teachers and students in educational institutions where refugee children were being admitted without restrictions. The author’s research and educational project “Ukrainian Teaching Materials 2022” for Wrocław’s pre – and early school education in 2022 aimed to support the development of language skills among refugee children in their native language and in Polish, and to support preschool and early school teachers in this endeavour by providing them with appropriately prepared methodological packages. A diagnostic survey identified teachers’ needs regarding methodological materials. At the same time, a follow-up focus group interview conducted 30–40 days later presented teachers’ reflections and experiences in teaching in linguistically and culturally diverse groups during the initial period of the war migration. The project was also aimed to raise awareness among teachers and to cultivate an open attitude towards using bilingual and Ukrainian-language materials in working with children with war migration experience. Due to the collected extensive research material, the research findings were divided into two parts: the first part presents the theoretical and methodological context of the project as well as the results of the survey. In contrast, the second part presents the results of the focus group research and discussion based on the literature review.

REPREZENTACIJA RATA U SLIKOVNICAMA BEZ TEKSTA: ZAPITANOST, STRAH, BEZNAĐE I NADA

In this paper, we analyse ways of transposing emotionally delicate/traumatic content and their immersion within the (assumed) discourse of children’s literature, using the genre of wordless picture books as an example. The first part of the paper introduces theoretical perspectives on the challenges of incorporating war themes into children’s literature, as well as the genre-specific characteristics of wordless picture books. Given that the treatment of war themes in wordless picture books has not been extensively explored in academic discussions, the central focus of the paper revolves around two case studies: Why? (1995) (Warum?) by Nikolai Popov and The Yellow Butterfly (2022) (Жовтий метелик) by Oleksandr Shatokhin. The research aims to demonstrate the significance of wordless picture books as a medium that enables both young and adult readers to gain a deeper understanding of the traumatic experience of war. This is achieved through the narrativization of emotions within the wordless picture books and by fostering empathy towards (fictional) victims.

"ВІБРУЮЧИ В КОНТРАПУНКТІ ГУРКОТУ СОКИР І АРТИЛЕРІЙСЬКИХ СНАРЯДІВ": ЗВУКОВИЙ ЛАНДШАФТ МІСТА ПІД ЧАС ВІЙНИ

Background. The article explores the sensory dimension of war since any war is an assault on the body and therefore on the senses (S. Cole). After February 22, 2022, Ukrainian cities have undergone metamorphosis from peace to war at different speeds and to varying degrees. Consequently, urban soundscapes have been significantly influenced by the new reality. City soundscape in war is not properly researched thus its study in the conditions of the russian-Ukrainian war has relevance and novelty which are not limited to the interest of Ukrainian academia. This article aims to define the key attributes of the transformed soundscapes of Ukrainian cities as well as identify specific literary representations of the sonorous experience of war. The analysis of the acoustic environment, its dynamic and transforming power draws most on the theory of sound initiated by P. Murray Schaffer, and particularly on the methodology and terminology established within the literary sound studies by J. Picker, H. Groth, S. Cole, S. Halliday ect. Results. "Distinctive sonic signatures" (S. Halliday's term) in city soundscapes of war include loud sounds of explosions, penetrating sounds of air-raid sirens, airdrones' whirring sounds. The sensorium of war also encompasses silence as an important attribute of the city soundscape. It has been proved that sounds not only destroy semantic structures but on the contrary – become an integral factor in the process of meaning creation. Conclusions. Literature serves as a space for 'recoding' the negative sounds of the city (as the sources of confusion, anxiety and anger) and generating new meanings – of strength and resilience. In the works by Ukrainian writers – L. Kostenko, S. Zhadan, O. Stepanenko, I. Vikyrchak, and A. Levkova -- urban soundscapes are represented in both the immediacy/reportage of description and the symbolism of understanding the aftermath of war. As literature manifests, the feeling of terror from explosions and sirens of air alarms can be transformed into a means of empowerment to resist. The article also focuses on the phenomenon of traumatisation by sound and introduces the concept of "sonotorture".

Youth in war: psychological experiences, migration plans, self-realization

The scientific article is dedicated to studying the impact of the full-scale invasion on the youth of Ukraine, specifically synthesizing the psychological experience of war among youth both in Ukraine and abroad. Based on nationwide sociological surveys conducted in 2023, opinions have been formed regarding the migration plans of youth, volunteering intentions, and visions of personal and career self-realization. This study utilizes secondary analysis of data from sociological research conducted by Kantar, the analytical center Cedos, and the research agency "Info Sapiens." The article provides suggestions and practical recommendations for engaging Ukrainian youth in the process of Ukraine's recovery and facilitating its adaptation to the new challenges of the post-war period. Fundamental and emotionally charged aspects of the war's impact on young people are identified, and innovative approaches are developed to improve the current state of interaction between the state and youth. Attention is drawn to the necessity of creating favorable conditions by the state to stimulate employers to hire young people, implementing programs for paid internships and professional mentoring with opportunities for further employment, simplifying the financing and taxation system for youth businesses, as well as creating a program to incentivize the return of youth who left Ukraine due to the war.

Отражение событий Великой Отечественной войны на реализации кампаний государственных займов 1946–1957 гг. в СССР

The article studies the process of using the events of the Great Patriotic War in the practice of state domestic loan campaigns in the USSR in 1946-1957. On the basis of the analysis of data obtained from information reports on the mood of citizens and the conduct of loan campaigns, letters of citizens to public authorities, statesmen, as well as materials of the Soviet mass media (periodicals, texts of microphone broadcasts of radio broadcasts) conclusions are drawn about the use of events and consequences of the Great Patriotic War in the process of preparation and conduct of postwar mass loan campaigns. Special attention is paid to the reflection of the experience of the Leningrad blockade in these campaigns. In the course of the analysis of documents and information from the mass media it was established that the destruction caused by the Nazi invaders was a powerful illustration in the argumentation of convincing citizens to participate in subscription campaigns and to maintain a sense of involvement in the construction of the state throughout the entire period of mass loans after 1945. Drawing citizens' attention to the reconstruction of the state and social infrastructure gave the loan campaigns a topical character. The universality of anti-war rhetoric made it possible to appeal to it until the loans were canceled in 1957, and even the decision to cancel earlier promised payments was commented on through an appeal to the sacrificial war experience. Reflection on the experience of the blockade took place within the framework of the loan subscription rallies; the periodical press and radio paid considerably less attention to it, not singling out these events as the most tragic. However, the use of such experience allowed to continue the use of mobilization economic methods, conditioning their objective necessity for the speedy restoration of the national economy. The task of state argumentation consisted in the development of correct political behavior, for the achievement of which any available means were used. At the same time, the appeal to the military experience became a way to intensify the dialog between the state and society on significant socio-economic issues. The objective consequences of the war and the need to rebuild the state infrastructure were not questioned by the citizens of the USSR, but the ways and methods of implementation provoked not always positive public reaction. Wartime events and lived experience allowed to express emotions, but the reasons for their emergence should not be attributed exclusively to the campaigns, but to the general state of life in the USSR after the war.