Sad Experience Research Articles

Emotions and difficulties experienced by parents of children with autism: A qualitative study.

This study was performed to determine the difficulties experienced by the parents of children with autism. A qualitative method was used to determine the difficulties experienced by the parents. The sample of the study consisted of parents with 24 children with autism who met the inclusion criteria. The data were analysed by the MAXQDA qualitative data analysis programme in accordance with Colaizzi's seven-stage method. Total of 5 themes and 29 codes were gathered in line with the data obtained from the interviews. Five main themes of the interviews emerged; emotions experienced by parents; adaptation to family life; difficulty in social relationships; limited opportunity for entertainment/activity and financial difficulty. Parents whose income were less than or equal to their expenses particularly stated that they had economic difficulties in the transportation of their children to places such as hospitals/schools/special education. In accordance with the findings of this study, it was determined that almost all of the parents with a child diagnosed with autism experienced sadness, denial, shock, depression, self-blame in the period when their children were first diagnosed, and later accepted the disease. In addition, it was detected that parents had difficulties in family relations, social relations, entertainment/activity and economic aspects.

Symptom experience and symptom distress in patients with malignant brain tumor treated with proton therapy: A five-year follow-up study

Background and purposeSince patients with primary brain tumor are expected to become long-term survivors, the prevention of long-term treatment-induced side effects is particularly important. This study aimed to explore whether symptom experience and symptom distress change over five years in adults with primary brain tumors treated with proton therapy. An additional aim was to explore whether symptom experience and symptom distress correlate. Materials and methodsThe study had a longitudinal observational design. Adult (≥18 years) patients (n = 170) with primary brain tumors treated with proton therapy were followed over five years. Symptom experience and symptom distress were evaluated using the patient-reported Radiotherapy-Related Symptom Assessment Scale. Data from baseline, 1, 12, and 60 months were analyzed using non-parametric tests. ResultsOf the 170 patients, the levels of symptoms and symptom distress were low. Fatigue increased at 1 (p=0.005) and 12 months (p=0.025) and was the most frequent symptom from baseline to 60 months’ follow-up. Cognitive impairment increased at 12 (p=0.027) and 60 months (p<0.001) and was the most distressing symptom at 60 months’ follow-up. There were significant, moderate to strong, correlations at all time points between symptom experience and symptom distress of fatigue, insomnia, pain, dyspnea, cognitive impairment, worry, anxiety, nausea, sadness, constipation, and skin reactions. ConclusionSymptom experience and symptom distress changed in intensity over time with cognitive impairment as the most distressing symptom at 60 months. Future research should focus on identifying effective interventions aimed at alleviating these symptoms and reducing symptom distress for this vulnerable group of patients.

SAD geographies: Making light matter

This paper addresses the relationship between light and mental health through a multifaceted inquiry into the complex and contested condition of ‘Seasonal Affective Disorder’ (SAD). It does so by first charting a disciplinary neglect of seasonal depression in ‘geographies of mental health’, followed by a consideration of broader philosophical ideas about human sensibilities and the place of light in life. These interpretative resources are brought into correspondence with both clinical debates about the legitimacy of SAD as a phenomenon and the role of culture in the experience of light-affected sadness. The paper culminates by outlining a future research agenda for a cultural geography of SAD in the context of climate-changed environmental light.

Pressure to not feel bad among (different-sex) romantic partners: prevalence, and correlates

ABSTRACT Western society generally highly values happiness. As a result, people sometimes experience pressure not to feel negative emotions. In this study, we comprehensively investigated this pressure, and how it manifests itself, in adult romantic relationships. Specifically, we first examined when, how often and how intensely people experience pressure not to feel bad from their romantic partners (94 different-sex couples). Additionally, we investigated (both between- and within-person) how this pressure is related to context (presence of, contact and or conflict with a partner), emotional processes (i.e. experienced sadness and anxiety, emotion suppression, and how their partner perceived their affect), and relationship well-being. Using experience sampling methodology data (6/14 reports per day over one week) we found that although participants generally did not experience strong pressure from their partner, they experienced some feelings of pressure about 50% of the time. Furthermore, within-person predictors associated with negative processes/emotions (i.e. negative emotions, conflict, emotion suppression) were related to the momentary frequency (odds) and/or intensity of perceived pressure not to feel bad. At the between-person level, individuals who experience more sadness, anxiety and reported suppressing their emotions more often tended to experience more and/or stronger pressure. Only weak associations with relationship well-being were found.

Discrimination, Internalized Sexual Prejudice and the Post-Sex Experience Among Members of Sexual Minorities

ABSTRACT Postcoital dysphoria (PCD) refers to a counter-intuitive experience of sadness, tearfulness, irritability or dysphoria following an otherwise satisfactory and consensual sexual experience. Research to date has primarily focused on heteronormative samples. The current study explored the prevalence of PCD, and potential correlates of internalized sexual prejudice, perceived discrimination, and sex life satisfaction within a LGBTQIA+ population. One hundred and seventy-two adults identifying as LGBTQIA+ completed an online survey. Main outcome measures included the Post Sex Experience Scale (p-SES), Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS), Internalized Homophobia Scale (IHS), Satisfaction with Sex Life Scale (SWSLS), and study specific questions. Prevalence of PCD was 42% of males attracted to other males and 81% of participants identifying as bisexual/sexual fluid. A significant and a moderate inverse correlation was found between sex life satisfaction and PCD (r = −.75) for individuals identifying as bisexual/fluid sexual orientation. Significant correlations were found between perceived discrimination and PCD (weak positive correlation, r = .28), and sex life satisfaction and PCD (moderate negative correlation, r = −.59) in men attracted to men. This research suggests being a member of a sexual minority is associated with sex-related dysphoria and dissatisfaction. Further research is needed to further elucidate PCD.

Ghosting Phenomenon in Interpersonal Communication of Bumble Application Users

Technological developments have made it easier for humans to build interpersonal relationships, one of which is using dating apps. One phenomenon that is often found in dating apps is the ghosting phenomenon. The ghosting phenomenon is an indirect termination of relationships that can hinder communication. However, many adult couples often fail or experience a breakup when they are at the approach stage. In general, someone experiencing the end of a relationship or losing a partner can be a very traumatic and sad experience and can disrupt a person's mental health. This research aims to find out at what stage the ghosting phenomenon occurs in interpersonal communication on the dating app Bumble. This research uses a phenomenological research method with a qualitative approach, data collection techniques of in-depth interviews and observation. The theory used is the Social Penetration Theory which has four stages in a relationship, namely the orientation stage, affective exploratory exchange, affective exchange and stable exchange. The results of this research show that the ghosting phenomenon can occur at every stage of a relationship, during the introduction stage or when the relationship is already close to each other. This experience of ghosting behavior also creates communication barriers between people and leaves the victim feeling uncomfortable.

Senior Mental Health Scenarios in Thai Buddhist Contexts: A Qualitative Study

This study delves into the global mental health challenges confronting the elderly within Thailand’s Buddhist context. It explores seniors’ perspectives on mental health distress, factors, and interventions, alongside monks’ viewpoints on traditional Buddhist approaches and their role in addressing these challenges. Our thematic analysis of qualitative research engaged 36 participants, comprising health volunteer monks and seniors from Northern Thailand, to identify primary themes and sub-themes. The perspectives on senior mental health scenarios highlight seniors’ experiences of stress, anxiety, sadness, and loneliness, influenced by factors like age, health, family, finances, and social isolation. Interventions encompass health care, religious practices, and community support. Monks advocate for integrating Buddhism into daily life, encouraging active participation, and addressing senior mental health issues, emphasizing their pivotal role, the embodiment of monastic ideals, and the challenges hindering their involvement. The research highlights the significance of empowering monastic involvement, acknowledging monks as representatives of monastic principles, even in the face of obstacles limiting their participation. This study uncovers a trend in Thai Buddhist communities where physical health and religious aspects take precedence over the mental well-being of seniors. It advocates for a comprehensive approach that integrates religious and mental health strategies, highlighting Buddhism’s impact on seniors’ mental wellness. The implications span spirituality, religious studies, mental health, and elderly care policy, emphasizing the crucial role of Buddhist practices and monks in enhancing the mental well-being of the elderly.

Intrinsic beauty and emotional experiences: How beach appeal shapes tourists’ revisit intentions in emerging coastal destinations in Ghana

The study aims to explore the tourists’ emotional response factors associated with the intrinsic beauty and values of beaches at emerging coastal destinations. The study also examines the influence of tourists’ emotional response factors on revisit intentions. Data collected from 602 tourists at Ghanaian beaches were analyzed using Factor Analysis and the Binary Probit Model in STATA. The research identifies seven emotional experience factors: joy, serenity, awe, longing, love, sadness, and regret, which are associated with the intrinsic beauty and value of the beach. The findings also reveal that the emotional experiences of joy, serenity, longing, and sadness significantly influence beach tourists’ intentions to revisit emerging beach destinations. Beach destination management should, therefore, adopt sustainable practices that align with tourists’ emotional preferences and leverage nostalgia-inducing elements of beach destination attributes.

Ghosting Phenomenon in Interpersonal Communication of Bumble Application Users

Technological developments have made it easier for humans to build interpersonal relationships, one of which is using dating apps. One phenomenon that is often found in dating apps is the ghosting phenomenon. The ghosting phenomenon is an indirect termination of relationships that can hinder communication. However, many adult couples often fail or experience a breakup when they are at the approach stage. In general, someone experiencing the termination of a relationship or losing a partner can be a very traumatic and sad experience and can disrupt a person's mental health. This research aims to find out at what stage the ghosting phenomenon occurs in interpersonal communication on the dating app Bumble. This research uses a phenomenological research method with a qualitative approach, data collection techniques of in-depth interviews and observation. The theory used is the Social Penetration Theory which has four stages in a relationship, namely the orientation stage, affective exploratory exchange, affective exchange and stable exchange. The results of this research show that the ghosting phenomenon can occur at every stage of a relationship, during the introduction stage or when the relationship is already close to each other. This experience of ghosting behavior also creates communication barriers between people and leaves the victim feeling uncomfortable.

Mental health vulnerability in multicultural families: Risk factors among homogenous country.

We investigate the mental health of multicultural families (CFs) in South Korea, identify risk factors, and propose interventions to improve mental health. Adults over 19years of age were analyzed using the Community Health Survey 2019 in South Korea, consisting of 228,952 individuals including 3,524 from multi-CFs. We employed chi-squared tests and multiple logistic regression to compare mental health between multi- and mono-CFs, exploring the influence of various factors. Multi-CFs had significantly higher levels of stress recognition (P-value=0.010) and experiences of extreme sadness or despair (P-value=0.002) than mono-CFs. In multi-CFs, younger group, households with lower income and people with unhealthy behaviors regarding walking or sleeping were at risk of mental health. Socially isolated families, relative to the families participating in active social gatherings, had about a 1.36 times higher risk of stress, 2 times higher experiences of extreme sadness or despair and 5.32 times higher depressive symptoms. Multi-CFs are vulnerable to mental health problems, and even within multi-CFs, groups with relatively low socioeconomic status should be prioritized since problems are more significant among them. Activated social networks can help multi-CFs integrate into society and promote mental health.

A relational understanding of the needs of siblings of children who have been sexually abused

AbstractThis participatory research project highlighted the views and experiences of young people who are the brothers and sisters of children and young people who have experienced child sexual abuse. By working with young people who had experienced sexual abuse and their siblings, this practitioner research sought to give these young people a voice. The research involved a group process with young people who have experienced sexual abuse and have siblings, and one‐to‐one online consultations with the brothers and sisters of young people who have experienced abuse. All the young people spoke of their sibling and family relationships as unique and requiring unique responses to these relationships by services and health‐care professionals. Siblings’ needs in the aftermath of a child sexual abuse discovery are often overlooked. This research describes how just as children who have experienced sexual abuse may feel anger, fear, guilt, shame, anxiety, and confusion, so do their siblings. Brothers and sisters of young people who have experienced sexual abuse describe significant relational trauma with intense emotional experiences of isolation, confusion, sadness, and anger. There is a real need to support young people and families to find words and develop capacities to talk about child sexual abuse ‐‐ a need to find supportive ways to speak about what has occurred and understand its impact on all. The study clearly demonstrated the significant level of need and impact on brothers and sisters of young people who have experienced sexual abuse.

Stage at Presentation and Factors Associated with Late Diagnosis of Head and Neck Malignancies at Bugando Medical Center, Mwanza, Tanzania

Background: Head and neck malignancies are often diagnosed at a late stage in sub-Saharan Africa including Tanzania, thus resulting in a generally poor prognosis. The reason for this sad experience is not known. This study was undertaken in our local setting, to describe the stage at presentation and factors associated with late diagnosis of head and neck malignancies at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Methods: This was analytical cross sectional study involving all patients confirmed to have head and neck malignances at Bugando Medical Center from February to June 2019. Results: Out of 60 patients enrolled in the study, 35(58.3%) were males and 25(41.7%) were female making a male to female of 1.4:1. The mean age was 56 [range, 12-89] years. Majority of patients, 44(73.3%) presented with advanced (late) stage of the disease, with stage III been the most prevalent stage accounting for 49.3% of cases. Only one (1.7%) patient had stage I tumor involving the oral cavity. Distant metastasis was documented in only 16.7% of cases. The oropharynx was the most common anatomical site for head and neck malignancies (n=18, 30%). Patients with oropharyngeal malignancies were associated with late-stage presentation whereas those with laryngeal malignancies were associated with early-stage presentation. Patient-related factors such as rural residence (p-value = 0.048) and use of local herbs (p-value = 0.001) were significantly associated with advanced (late) tumor stage at presentation. The level of health care facility first visited (p-value = 0.876) and the number of referrals (p-value =0.579) were not significantly associated with late stage at presentation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the head and neck malignancies are not uncommon at Bugando Medical Center and the majority of patients present late with advanced stage cancer. Therefore, increasing awareness among rural residence regarding head and neck malignancies and their symptoms, and training ......

Measuring Population-Level Adolescent Mental Health Using a Single-Item Indicator of Experiences of Sadness and Hopelessness: Cross-Sectional Study.

Population-level monitoring of adolescent mental health is a critical public health activity used to help define local, state, and federal priorities. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System includes a single-item measure of experiences of sadness or hopelessness as an indicator of risk to mental health. In 2021, 42% of high school students reported having felt sad or hopeless for 2 weeks or more during the past 12 months. The high prevalence of US high school students with this experience has been highlighted in recent studies and media reports. This study seeks to examine associations between this single-item measure of experiences of sadness or hopelessness with other indicators of poor mental health including frequent mental distress and depressive symptoms. We analyzed survey data from a national sample of 737 adolescents aged 15-19 years as a part of the Teen and Parent Surveys of Health. Participants were recruited from AmeriSpeak, a probability-based panel designed to be representative of the US household population. Feeling sad or hopeless was operationalized as a "yes" response to the item, "During the past 12 months, did you ever feel so sad or hopeless almost every day for 2 weeks or more in a row that you stopped doing some usual activities?" Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) were calculated to examine associations between the single-item measure of having felt sad or hopeless almost every day for 2 weeks with moderate to severe depressive symptoms, frequent mental distress, and functional limitation due to poor mental health. Adjusted models controlled for age, race and ethnicity, sex assigned at birth, and sexual identity. Overall, 17.3% (unweighted: 138/735) of adolescents reported that they felt sad or hopeless for 2 weeks or more during the past 12 months, 30.2% (unweighted: 204/716) reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms, 18.4% (unweighted: 126/732) reported frequent mental distress, and 15.4% (unweighted: 107/735) reported functional limitation due to poor mental health. After adjusting for demographics, adolescents who reported that they felt sad or hopeless for 2 weeks or more were 3.3 times as likely to report moderate to severe depressive symptoms (aPR 3.28, 95% CI 2.39-4.50), 4.8 times as likely to indicate frequent mental distress (aPR 4.75, 95% CI 2.92-7.74), and 7.8 times as likely to indicate mental health usually or always interfered with their ability to do things (aPR 7.78, 95% CI 4.88-12.41). Associations between having felt sad or hopeless for 2 weeks or more and moderate to severe depressive symptoms, frequent mental distress, and functional limitation due to poor mental health suggest the single-item indicator may represent relevant symptoms associated with poor mental health and be associated with unmet health needs. Findings suggest the single-item indicator provides a population-level snapshot of adolescent experiences of poor mental health.

"I Can Never Feel Safe": Latinx Youth Voices on Psychosocial Impacts of 287(g) in Georgia.

Increasingly, immigration policies are understood as structural determinants, rooted in racism, nativism, and ethnocentrism, which raise serious public health concerns for Latinx adolescents' mental health. Our objective was to examine how immigration policy enforcement affects mental health of Latinx youth raised in a county with an aggressive interior immigration enforcement program. From 2009 to 2021, Gwinnett County, GA, led the nation in deportations under the 287(g) program as a "universal enforcement model," where local law enforcement were deputized to detain undocumented immigrants, primarily through traffic violations. From June to July 2022, we followed a participatory action research approach with two groups of Latinx youth who grew up in Gwinnett County. In total, 10 youth took photos related to the research question, and engaged in facilitated dialogue using photovoice guide SHOWED/VENCER for four, 2-hour sessions that were audio-recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were analyzed following grounded theory principles to arrive at a conceptual model codeveloped and validated by youth. Youth described how 287(g) led to policing and deportation in their communities, fueling stereotypes, and discrimination that criminalized Latinx immigrants. Youth linked immigration enforcement policies like 287(g) to exclusionary systems that contributed to fear, marginalization, and loss in their communities, bringing experiences of sadness, grief, isolation, hopelessness, and low self-worth. From youth-driven research, we identified mental health implications of the 287(g) program among Latinx youth. The cascading harms of immigration enforcement policies highlight the need to address these policies and identify immediate strategies to promote Latinx youth mental health.

Perpetrator Perceptions on the Emotions and Motivations Driving Technology-Facilitated Abuse in Relationships: A Story Completion Study.

Technology-facilitated abuse in relationships (TAR) is a widespread social problem that has a significant impact on victim-survivors. Most contemporary evidence on TAR focuses on victim-survivor and practitioner perspectives rather than those of perpetrators who choose to enact this form of harm. Addressing this deficit, this study explored perpetrators' discourses on emotions and motivations associated with engaging in TAR. Using story completion method, 35 self-identified perpetrators of TAR completed story stems describing scenarios that may precede the use of abusive online behaviors. Reflexive thematic analysis generated three themes. Abusive behaviors and negative emotions speaks to maladaptive experiences of anger and/or sadness that can precede a decision to use TAR. A loss of trust, a desire for control describes potential motives for using TAR. Finally, inhibitors of abusive behavior investigates rationales perpetrators use for avoidance of TAR behaviors, suggesting avenues for working with perpetrators to refrain from using TAR. We conclude by discussing policy, practice, and research recommendations including strategies for technology designers and suggestions for primary prevention and response to TAR.

Analysis of Types and Incidents of Neighborhood Business Crimes in the United States of America

Unfortunately, traditional crimes business victims in the United States of America do not have immediate legislative protection to prevent future occurrences. For example, assault weapons (AR-15 &amp; AK-47), Forgery, Theft and Weapon Abuses remains in the business neighborhood of American cities, despite hundreds of assault gun victims in the societies. These business victims often have more moments and memories and have a sad experience than State and Federal Legislature pouring “Thoughts and Prayers” as condolences to the business victims and owners(Entrepreneurs). These lack of Legislatives empathy will never stop the thefts, forgery and even killings in business neighborhood. Therefore, business crimes and incidents needs constant promotion of awareness that my result to network of solutions to the business crimes vocabularies; actions and criminal justice administrative remedies together with the existing laws. The information presented in this article with the suggested model was obtained from personal observations, interviewing entrepreneurs and business owners of business crimes victims. What they felt, for the purpose of formulating important strategies to reduce business crimes in American business neighborhood form the basis of this analysis. This process my successfully balance criminal justice professional actions with existing pending legislation and the aggressively in prosecuting business crime offender (White, &amp; Hertz, 2018). Therefore, the full analysis of the study, is to identify, analyzed and contrast the types of business crimes among within selected American business neighborhood (Malls and Shopping Centers), located in central Alabama. An analysis will statistically utilize the value of .05 level of significance if applicable for each of the issues with the business crime and incidents. Finally, the information and data analysis found that, relationships may exist between business crimes, incidents, business distress and bankruptcy. Contrary to neighborhood free from business crimes offenders and Shopping Malls securities infrastructures.

When Melancholia Turns Black

The term Black melancholia - when melancholia turns black - speaks to a profound collective gloom born of insistent socio-historical violence. With it, Dr Nana Adusei-Poku takes the concept of melancholy and extracts it from a highly racialized discourse in which notions of loss are pathologized and reserved for white cis (fe-)male subjects. Adusei-Poku subverts the idea of melancholy to describe a particularly Black experience of sadness, one borne of fatigue and the certainty of loss in the future. Her reading of sadness takes into consideration colonial legacies of pain and grief, as well as the aesthetic practices that utilize this emotional space as a creative force. Curated by Adusei-Poku, the exhibition ‘Black Melancholia', which took place at the Hessel Museum of Art and Center for Curatorial Studies, Bard College, 25 June 2022-16 October 2022, brought together works by twenty-eight artists of African descent that expand and complicate the notion of melancholy in art historical discourse. While the show included powerful visual artworks, this interview with Alhena Katsof focuses on the performative aspects of the exhibition to explore the ways Adusei-Poku activated the space. Katsof, a scholar of performance studies and exhibition histories, is also a friend and interlocutor of Adusei-Poku. In ‘When Melancholia Turns Black’, they pick up their ongoing conversations about exhibitions and performance, transforming their long-distance phone calls into words on a page.

Have the concepts of 'anxiety' and 'depression' been normalized or pathologized? A corpus study of historical semantic change.

Research on concept creep indicates that the meanings of some psychological concepts have broadened in recent decades. Some mental health-related concepts such as 'trauma', for example, have acquired more expansive meanings and come to refer to a wider range of events and experiences. 'Anxiety' and 'depression' may have undergone similar semantic inflation, driven by rising public attention and awareness. Critics have argued that everyday emotional experiences are increasingly pathologized, so that 'depression' and 'anxiety' have broadened to include sub-clinical experiences of sadness and worry. The possibility that these concepts have expanded to include less severe phenomena (vertical concept creep) was tested by examining changes in the emotional intensity of words in their vicinity (collocates) using two large historical text corpora, one academic and one general. The academic corpus contained >133 million words from psychology article abstracts published 1970-2018, and the general corpus (>500 million words) consisted of diverse text sources from the USA for the same period. We hypothesized that collocates of 'anxiety' and 'depression' would decline in average emotional severity over the study period. Contrary to prediction, the average severity of collocates for both words increased in both corpora, possibly due to growing clinical framing of the two concepts. The study findings therefore do not support a historical decline in the severity of 'anxiety' and 'depression' but do provide evidence for a rise in their pathologization.

Mixed effects logistic regression analysis of blood pressure among Ghanaians and associated risk factors

Blood pressure (BP) control is a global health issue with an increase in BP beyond the normal BP leading to different stages of hypertension in humans and hence the need to identify risk factors of BP for efficient and effective control. Multiple BP measurement have proven to provide BP readings close to the true BP status of the individual. In this study, we used multiple BP measurement data on 3809 Ghanaians to determine risk factors associated with BP. The data were obtained from World Health Organization study on Global AGEing and Adult Health. We defined high blood pressure (HBP) as ge 130/80 mmHg or normal as le 130/80 mmHg. We provide summary statistics and also used the Chi-Square test to assess significance of association between HBP versus risk factors of HBP. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors of BP using the mixed effects logistic regression model. Data were analyzed using R version 4.2.2. The results showed that the risk of high blood pressure (HBP) decreases across the three measurement periods. There is reduced risk (OR = 0.274, 95% CI = 0.2008, 0.405) of HBP among male participants relative to female participants. The risk (OR = 2.771, 95% CI = 1.8658, 4.1145) of HBP increased by 2.771-folds among those who are 60 years and above relative to those below the age of 60 years. Those whose work involves/requires vigorous exercise has 1.631-fold increase in the risk (OR = 1.631, 95% CI = 1.1151, 2.3854) of HBP relative to those whose work does not involve vigorous exercise. There is approximately 5-folds increased in the risk (OR = 4.896, 95% CI = 1.9535, 12.2268) of among those who have ever been diagnosed with diabetes. The results also revealed high risk (OR = 1.649, 95%CI = 1.1108, 2.4486) of HBP among those who have formal education. The risk (OR = 1.009, 95% CI = 1.0044, 1.0137) of HBP increases with increasing weight and a reduced risk (OR = 0.996, 95% CI = 0.9921, 0.9993) of HBP with increasing height. We found that sad experience, either mild, moderate or severe, is associated with a reduced risk of HBP. Those who have vegetable servings at least 2 cups per day have increased risk of HBP and those who have fruits servings at least 2 cups per day is associated with a reduced risk of HBP, however this is not statistically significant. To achieve success in BP control, programs should be designed with the aim of reducing weight, educate those with formal eduction on issues relating to HBP. Those whose work requires vigorous exercise are recommended to have regular check-ups to ensure that pressure build-up in the lungs is cleared. SBP is lower for women at young age but continue to increase after menopause as their BP increase becomes salt-sensitive. Hence there is need to give more attention to menopausal women so as to improve BP. Both young and old individuals are recommended to practice regular exercise since this has shown to reduce risk of being overweight or becoming diabetic and reduces the risk of HBP at yong age and old age. Also, to improve blood pressure control, programs for management of blood pressure or hypertension should focus more short stature individuals since such people are more likely to experience HBP.

Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of women with coronavirus disease 2019: hospitals registry based study

Background Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome. Several reports highlighted the risk of infection with COVID-19 in pregnant women and neonate. Aim The aim of this study was of two folds: to identify the maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes for pregnant women with COVID-19 in study sample and explore the experience of women who were infected by COVID-19 during pregnancy about the illness process as well as maternal fears and concerns about their condition and the wellbeing of their unborn/newborn babies. Design Methodological triangulation approach was carried out to achieve the purpose of this study. Sample A total of 100 pregnant women were recruited from medical health records throughout one year. Setting The current study was conducted in isolation hospitals and home visits at Beni Suef governorate. Tools Two tools were utilized; (A) case record tool; (b) unstructured interview of open ended questions. Results The study findings reported that, preterm labor occurred in 41% of pregnant women, ICU admission and poor placental perfusion occurred in 26%, premature rupture of membrane occurred in 19% of pregnant women, respiratory failure and maternal death occurred in 16.1% of pregnant women. For neonatal outcomes; gestational age less than 37 weeks was showed in 52% of neonates, low birth weight was showed in 39% of neonates, 30% of neonates admitted to NICU, only one newborn experienced with COVID-19 infection, neonatal death occurred in 13% of neonates. As a result of the content analysis of the interviews with recovered women, the major themes that were emerged; Response to diagnosis with COVID-19 such as denial of the diagnosis, uncertainty, and some participant accepted the diagnosis. The experience of isolation such sadness, extreme longlines and fear, Challenges of the disease in health care delivery system such as scant medical supplies and overcrowding in the hospitals. Conclusion COVID-19 is associated with a high prevalence of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes also COVID-19 infection has a negative emotional effect on pregnant women. Recommendation Developing COVID-19 treatment guidelines to provide clinicians with guidance on caring for pregnant women with COVID-19.