Experienced Mild Pain Research Articles

Impact of Smartphone Addiction on Neck Pain Among University Students

Background: Smartphone addiction is increasingly common among university students and has been linked to musculoskeletal issues, particularly neck pain, due to prolonged improper postures. This study aimed to investigate the impact of smartphone addiction on neck pain among university students.Objective: To evaluate the relationship between smartphone addiction and neck pain among university students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2023 among 219 university students aged 18-35. Data were collected using the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) and the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Convenience sampling was used, and exclusion criteria included neurological disorders, prior neck surgeries, or musculoskeletal diseases. Ethical approval was obtained following the Helsinki Declaration. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25. Chi-square tests and multivariate analysis were applied to assess associations, with a significance level of p < 0.05.Results: 34.2% of participants reported neck pain related to smartphone use. Among them, 43.8% experienced mild pain while reading on smartphones. The NDI showed that 15.1% had moderate pain, while 4.1% experienced fairly severe pain.Conclusion: Excessive smartphone use is significantly associated with neck pain among university students. Preventive strategies and ergonomic awareness are recommended to reduce neck strain.

Pengaruh Kombinasi Neck Calliet Exercise dan Neuromuscular Taping terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Cervical Root Syndrome pada Penjahit di Sragen

Cervical root syndrome (CRS) is a clinical condition caused by compression of the nerve roots in the neck area, often experienced by workers in static positions for long periods such a tailors. CRS can cause significant pain symtomps, affecting daily activities and quality of life. This study aims to determine the effect of a combination of neck calliet exercise and Neuromuscular taping on reducing pain in suffers of cervical root syndrome among tailors in Sragen. This research uses a design quasi-exsperimental with pre-test and post-test. the research subjectsw ere 26 tailor in sragen who where selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The invertion provided is a combination of neck caliet exercise and Neuromuscular taping. pain levels were measured using NRS scale before and after the intervention. Before the intervention 76.9% of respondens experienced moderate pain (NRS score 4-6). while 23.1% experienced mild pain (NRS score 1-3). After the intervention 69.2% of respondents experienced in pain to the mild category, and only 30.8% still felt moderate pain. data analysis shows a significant reduction in pain levels after being given this combination intervention.The combination of neck calliet exercise and Neuromuscular taping is effective in reducing pain in sufferers of cervical root syndrome among tailors. this intervention can be an afficient pharmacological alternative treathment for chronic neck pain.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Jahe terhadap Penurunan Intensitas Dismenore pada Remaja

Background: Dysmenorrhea occurs when the hormone prostaglandin increases excessively during menstruation. Dismenorrhea complaints in adolescents, when untreated, can cause discomfort that interferes with daily activities and school activities. Dysmenorrhea experienced by teenagers can be overcome by consuming ginger extract. Objective: To find out the impact of giving ginger extract on decreasing the intensity of dysmenorrheic pain in adolescents at ‘Aisyiyah Surakarta University. Research methods: This study uses a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach with samples of 23 respondents. The measurement used the NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) and analyzed data using the Wilcoxon Sign Rank test. Result: It was found that of the 23 respondents before giving ginger extract the majority experienced severe pain (60.86%), and after being given ginger extract, the majority experienced mild pain (56.52%). In light of the Wilcoxon signed rank test p value <0,001 smaller than 0,05. Conclusion: at ‘Aisyiyah Surakarta University, we found that administering ginger extract reduced the severity of dysmenorrhea in adolescents.

Narative Review The Effect of Endorphin Massage and Counter Pressure During Labor On Endorphin Hormone Release

Background: Labor pain is a subjective experience associated with uterine contractions, stretching of the cervix, and descent of the fetal head. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every year, 210 million pregnancies occur in the world, and 20 million women experience pain due to childbirth. Of the 2700 mothers giving birth, 30% experienced severe pain, 20% of labor was accompanied by very severe pain, and 15% experienced mild pain. Non-pharmacological therapy continues to be developed in the world of obstetrics, which aims to provide comfort during the birthing process. Endorphin massage and counter pressure are non-pharmacological therapies that can stimulate the release of endorphins and reduce pain and anxiety during childbirth. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of endorphin massage and counter pressure during labor on the release of endorphin hormones and their benefits. Methods: This research method was a literature review study. Journal searches were carried out by applying online databases such as PubMed, Garuda Portal, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The analysis was carried out on 32 research articles. It was found that endorphin massage and counter pressure are non-pharmacological techniques to overcome and reduce labor pain and anxiety through the help of endorphin hormones which are useful for a smooth delivery process. Conclusion: The influence of endorphin massage and counter pressure during labor on the release of endorphin hormones, which are useful for reducing labor pain, reducing anxiety, increasing comfort, and speeding up the labor process.

QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS, WHO UNDERWENT INGUINAL HERNIOPLASTY

Abstract Background 20 million people with inguinal hernias are operated annually throughout the world. Severe chronic pain after hernia repair effects social life, daily activity and overall quality of life (QL). In medicine, QL is assessed by the level of well-being and satisfaction with those aspects of life that are affected by the disease and its treatment. The Short Form-36 is (SF-36) a validated indicator of overall health status. Method this study was to evaluate QL by SF-36 questionnaire in patients, who underwent inguinal hernioplasty (open surgery – Lichtenstein tension-free mesh inguinal hernia repair or laparoscopic surgery – transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP)). Results: State the main findings, including important numerical values. Results The majority had unilateral hernias 89.0% and the most common surgical technique was Lichtenstein’s repair (82.4%). The postoperative QL was significantly better after surgery. Comparing two groups of patients after surgery, only the pain domain of the questionnaire was worse in patients operated by Lichtenstein repair: 46.5%/39.8% experienced mild pain, 38.6%/42.0% experience moderate pain and only 14.9%/18.2% experienced severe pain. Conclusion Results showed that 213 (86.9%) patients felt that their QL was satisfactory after the hernia repair, with most of them being from the age group of 19–39 years (93.2%).

Influence of pain duration and severity on oral health-related quality of life and patient satisfaction during adult treatment with clear aligners

BackgroundThis study aims to compare the impact of pain on quality of life and patient satisfaction during treatment with aligners.MethodsNinety-four subjects in active treatment were invited to answer self-reported questions concerning pain severity and duration, occurrence of other signs and symptoms, and level of satisfaction with their treatment. Also, the OHIP-14 questionnaire was applied to assess patients’ OHRQoL.ResultsNinety-four patients (49 women and 45 men) answered the survey. Pain duration of 1–3 days was reported by 69.1% of patients (n = 60). For those who reported pain (n = 84), it was considered mild severity by 42.9% and moderate by 52.4%. Almost sixty-four percent of the sample were very satisfied with the aligner’s aesthetics (n = 60) and forty-nine percent were satisfied with treatment in general (n = 46). Mean OHIP-14 score was 3.36 ± 2.54. OHRQoL was significantly associated with pain severity, whereas patients who reported having experienced moderate pain presented a significantly higher mean OHIP-14 score than those who reported having experienced mild pain (3.92 ± 1.93 and 2.69 ± 2.83, respectively; p = 0.036). The “psychological discomfort” OHIP-14’s domain was the most influenced by the level of pain.ConclusionPain severity significantly influenced OHRQoL, in adult patients under treatment with clear aligners. However, high levels of patient satisfaction were reported, regardless of pain duration or severity.

Pain Assessment in Patients Undergoing Maggot Debridement Therapy in the Process of Local Treatment of Chronic Wounds

(1) Background: Developing and implementing strategies for local wound care focused on improving the quality of life related to health status and reducing treatment costs for this patient group poses a challenge to contemporary healthcare systems. The utilization of Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT) is one potential form of local therapy for preparing wounds for the healing process. The debridement of the wound bed with medical maggots is highly precise, and the defensins produced by the larvae eliminate bacteria and stimulate tissue regeneration. However, the presence of larvae in the wound may lead to the occurrence of pain symptoms. The aim of the study was to assess the intensity of pain during larval therapy in patients with chronic wounds treated in outpatient settings. (2) Patients and Methods: The study employed a diagnostic survey and estimation; the tool consisted of a research protocol comprising three parts (questionnaires). Inclusion criteria for the study were voluntary consent to participate (completion of the MDT acceptance questionnaire), chronic wounds of vascular etiology or pressure injuries, full-thickness skin or deep tissue damage, and pain intensity not exceeding four on the NRS (Numerical Rating Scale: 0—no pain, 10—the most severe pain) at the time of the study. Patient observation during the 3-day treatment was conducted by a wound care clinic nurse, assessing pain intensity once every 24 h during the larval dressing changes. (3) Results: Out of 348 individuals who qualified for MDT during the study period, 215 individuals participated in the study: 94 women (43.7%) and 121 men (56.3%). The age of the participants ranged from 28 to 97 years (mean 69.87 ± 12.95). Each participant experienced mild pain (2.26 ± 1.60 on the NRS) on the day of qualification for the study. An increase in pain intensity, according to subjective assessments, was reported by 29.3% of participants (n = 63). On the third day of MDT therapy, an increase in pain intensity was observed, reaching a mean value of 4.79 ± 2.12 (p < 0.0001). Participants with pressure injuries showed the lowest pain intensity, which increased in consecutive days for all types of wounds. Additionally, the increase in pain intensity in patients with vascular etiology wounds was greater compared to patients with pressure injuries (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Local wound therapy with Lucilia sericata larvae increases pain intensity in the consecutive days of treatment. The wound area and the time since its occurrence may determine pain symptoms.

Evaluating the effectiveness of Baker's procedure in restoring functionality in neglected Achilles tendon injuries

Background: Neglected Achilles tendon injuries present a significant challenge in orthopedic practice, often requiring complex surgical interventions for effective treatment. This study aims to evaluate the functional outcomes of patients with neglected Achilles tendon injuries treated using Baker's procedure, a surgical technique designed for complex cases. Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted at multiple medical centers in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 1, 2012, to May 31, 2013. It included 42 patients aged 18 to 60 years with signs of old Tendo-Achilles rupture. Participants were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and underwent Baker's Procedure. Postoperative assessments included pain levels, ankle stiffness, calf-muscle weakness, footwear restrictions, range of motion, and patient satisfaction, evaluated using the Juhana Leppilahti modified score. Result: The majority of patients (85.71%) reported no pain post-treatment, while 14.29% experienced mild pain. Ankle stiffness was absent in 71.43% of the patients and mild in 28.57%. Calf-muscle weakness varied, with 64.29% showing no weakness, 28.57% mild weakness, and 7.14% moderate weakness. Footwear restrictions were minimal, with 92.86% reporting no restrictions. Active range of motion was normal (≤5°) in 64.29% of patients and mildly limited (6-10°) in 35.71%. Patient satisfaction was high, with 71.43% being 'Very satisfied' with their treatment outcomes. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that Baker's Procedure is an effective surgical intervention for neglected Achilles tendon injuries, leading to significant pain relief, restored functional mobility, and high patient satisfaction. These findings suggest that with appropriate surgical and rehabilitative care, patients with complex Achilles tendon injuries can achieve favorable outcomes, emphasizing the importance of tailored surgical approaches in orthopedic practice.

Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Strategy on Labor Pain Reduction Among Parturition Primi Mothers at Pudukkottai

“There is a secret in our culture, and it’s not that birth is painful. It’s that women are strong." Childbirth is a natural process that occurs when the woman gives birth to a child. Childbirth can be a challenging experience for many, both physically and emotionally. Pain management techniques such as breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, and medication can help alleviate discomfort during labor. Some mothers, during labor, experience a severe amount of pain that can be controlled by medication. The research aims to identify the efficacy of circular hip massage in limiting labor pain. Design of the Study: The experimental (post-test only control group) study design was used. The study was done for around one week. Problem Statement: An accurate experimental study to evaluate the efficacy of a non-pharmacological approach to the limitation of labor pain during the early stage of labor among parturient first Gravida mothers admitted in selected hospitals at Pudukkottai. Study Sample: A non-probability (convenient sampling) sample of around 60 primi participants (30 of them in the experimental & 30 of them in the control group) mothers were included in the study. Study Setting: The study was conducted at Illuppur government hospital (experimental) & Annavasal government hospital (control). Results: Study results present that in the post-test for the control group, 66.67% of the majority experienced severe pain, and about 33.33% experienced moderate pain, whereas, in the experimental group, 56.67% of the majority experienced mild pain and about 43.33% experienced moderate pain.

Tamarind Turmeric Drink on Menstrual

Background: During the menstruation, most of women experience menstrual disorder starting from light, medium, to sever pain. One of the ways to overcome the pain is drinking tamarind turmeric decoction. Objective: The research aims to determine the effect of tamarind turmeric decoction to decrease the pain level of dysmenorrheal pain among female students of Ciruas Junior High School 3, in Serang, Banten. Methodology: This was experimental research with quasy eksperimen (pre dan post test design. The research used paired-Test with the rate significance p= 0.000. There were 40 respondents who suffer from dysmenorrheal pain as the samples. The tamarind turmeric decoction was consumed one glass a day or 220 ml a day for to days. Result: Before drinking tamarind turmeric decoction, the pain level was 14 experienced mild pain (35%), 24 experience medium pain (60%), and experience 2 severe pain (5%). After drinking it, the pain level as 28 experience mild pain (70%), 12 experience medium pain (30%). The result shows that there was a decrease of pain level after the intervention. The result of statistical test was p=0,000 (p<0,05). It shows that there was a significant effect of consuming tamarind turmeric decoction to decrease dysmenorrheal pain level among female students of Ciruas Junior High School 3, Serang, Banten. Conclusion and Suggestion: Tamarind turmeric decoction helps reducing dysmenorrheal pain. Female student needs to consume the decoction to overcome the menstrual pain.

Comparative analysis of lumbar quadratus lumborum block and epidural block for analgesia in uterine surgery at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya.

Over 80% of surgical patients experience postoperative pain, which, if inadequately managed, can lead to complications, prolonged rehabilitation, chronic pain, and decreased quality of life. Epidural block and quadratus lumborum block are techniques commonly used for postoperative pain management. This comparative analytic study aimed to analyze the differences in the analgesic effects of quadratus lumborum block and epidural block in uterine surgery at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. The outcomes assessed were the numerical rating score (NRS) as a pain score and the administration of opioids as an adjuvant analgesic. Statistical analysis employed the Mann-Whitney test and Chi-square test. The study included 32 patients who underwent uterine surgery at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among the patients, 90.6% experienced mild pain, and 9.4% experienced moderate pain. Epidural blocks were performed in 50% of the patients, while quadratus lumborum blocks were performed in the other 50%. Additionally, 9.4% of the patients received opioids as adjuvant analgesics. The Mann-Whitney test revealed no significant difference in NRS between the epidural block and quadratus lumborum block groups (p-value>0.05). However, the Chi-square test indicated a significant difference in NRS between patients who received additional opioids as adjuvant analgesics and those who did not (p-value<0.00). There was no significant difference in NRS between patients who underwent epidural block and quadratus lumborum block as analgesic techniques.

PENGARUH AKUPRESUR TITIK Ht 7 DAN TITIK Li 4 TERHADAP INTENSITAS NYERI LUKA POST SECTIO CAESARIA DI RUMAH SAKIT PURI BUNDA DENPASAR TAHUN 2022

The caesarean section surgical procedure results in a side that will cause a break in body tissue which results in pain. The pain felt by mothers after caesarean section causes them to be lazy and afraid to carry out early mobilization after caesarean section and also causes lactation problems. Acupressure is carried out by physical pressure on several points on the surface of the body which are places for energy circulation and balance in cases of pain symptoms. This type of research is quasi experiment one group pre and post test. The population is all post-cesarean section mothers at Puri Bunda Hospital, a sample of every post-cesarean section mother who is willing to be a respondent. Data analysis used the Willcoxon test. The majority of post-cesarean section mothers (64.5%) felt moderate pain before being given intervention with acupressure, and 11 people (35.5%) felt severe pain. More than half experienced moderate pain (51.6%) and 15 people experienced mild pain (48.4%) after being given acupressure. The Wilcoxon test results obtained a value of p = 0.002, namely that there was an effect of acupressure on the intensity of pain in post-cesarean section mothers. There is an influence of acupressure at the Ht 7 and Li 4 points on the intensity of pain in women after caesarean section at Puri Bunda Hospital, Denpasar in 2022. Suggestion: Midwifery service places should provide acupressure to reduce pain after caesarean section.

THE GIVING OF STRETCHING EXERCISE TO CHANGES IN LEVELS OF DYMENORRHES IN ADOLESCENT FEMALE CLASS VIIAT SMPN 1 PRAMBON, NGANJUK DISTRICT

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual disorder that is often experienced by young women, if left untreated it will interfere with learning concentration. Stretching exercise is an alternative to overcome dysmenorrhea. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving stretching exercise on changes in the level of dysmenorrhea in class VII young women at SMPN 1 Prambon, Nganjuk Regency. The research design used a pre-experimental design (one group pre-test-post test design) which was carried out November 5 – 18, 2022. The population consisted of 40 young women, using a purposive sampling technique to obtain a sample of 30 respondents. The independent variable of the research is the giving of stretching exercise, while the dependent variable of the research is the change in the level of dysmenorrhea. Collecting independent variable data with SOP and dependent variable with Numeric Rating Scale. Statistical test using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results of the study before doing stretching exercises almost half experienced moderate pain as many as 12 (43%) of 30 respondents, and after doing stretching exercises almost half experienced mild pain, namely 14 (47%) of 30 respondents. The results of the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks statistical test showed ρ value = 0.014 &lt; α = 0.05 so Ha was accepted, which means that there is an effect of giving stretching exercise on changes in the level of dysmenorrhea in class VII young women at SMPN 1 Prambon Nganjuk. Based on the results of the study, stretching exercise affects changes in the level of dysmenorrhea in female adolescents. This is because when doing stretching exercises the body will produce endorphins. Endorphins are produced in the brain and spinal cord. This hormone can function as a natural sedative that is produced by the brain, causing a feeling of comfort that can relieve pain.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Chronic thoracic pain after cardiac surgery: role of inflammation and biomechanical sternal stability.

The pathogenesis of chronic chest pain after cardiac surgery has not been determinate. If left untreated, postoperative sternal pain reduces the quality of life and patient satisfaction with cardiac surgery. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of chest inflammation on postoperative pain, risk factors for chronic pain after cardiac surgery and to explore how chest reconstruction was associated with the intensity of pain. The authors performed a study of acute and chronic thoracic pain after cardiac surgery in patients with and without sternal infection and compared different techniques for chest reconstruction. 42 high-risk patients for the development of mediastinitis were included. Patients with mediastinitis received chest reconstruction (group 1). Their demographics and risk factors were matched with no-infection patients with chest reconstruction (group 2) and subjects who underwent conventional sternal closure (group 3). Chronic pain was assessed by the numeric rating scale after surgery. The assessment of the incidence and intensity of chest pain at 3 months post-surgery demonstrated that 14 out of 42 patients across all groups still experienced chronic pain. Specifically, in group 1 with sternal infection five patients had mild pain, while one patient experienced mild pain in group 2, and eight patients in group 3. Also, follow-up results indicated that the highest pain score was in group 3. While baseline levels of cytokines were increased among patients with sternal infection, at discharge only the level of interleukin 6 remained high compared to no infection groups. Compared to conventional closure, after chest reconstruction, we found better healing scores at 3-month follow-up and a higher percentage of patients with the complete sternal union. Overall, 14 out of 42 patients have chronic pain after cardiac surgery. The intensity of the pain in mediastinitis patients significantly decreased at 3 months follow-up after chest reconstruction. Thus, post-surgery mediastinitis is not a determining factor for development the chronic chest pain. There is no correlation between cytokines levels and pain score except interleukin 6 which remains elevated for a long time after treatment. Correlation between sternal healing score and chronic chest pain was demonstrated.

The Effectiveness of Papaya Leaf Decoction on Reducing Pain in Post-Partum Mothers at Midwife Nurfitriana's Independent Practice

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of papaya leaf boiled water in reducing pain in post-partum mothers in the work area of PTMB Nurfitriana. Research Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental with purposive sampling with a sample of 32 people. Data techniques included in Uivariate analysis using frequency distribution and bivariate analysis using calculations. The results of this study found that respondents in the control group and the intervention group in the experimental group after being given papaya leaf boiled water, that most of the post-partum mothers experienced no pain as many as 6 people, 8 people experienced mild pain levels and 2 people experienced moderate pain levels. There was a decrease in pain in the intervention group so that it proved the effectiveness of giving papaya leaf boiled water to pain levels in postpartum mothers at TPMB Nurfitriana.

PENGARUH MINUMAN KUNYIT ASAM TERHADAP PENURUNAN DISMENORHEA PADA REMAJA PUTRI PONDOK TAHFIZ AL-QURAN NURUL QALBI

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sour turmeric drinks on reducing dysmenorrhea in young women. The method used in this research is Quasi experimental pre-post test. The sample in this study were young women who experienced dysmenorrhea at Pondok Tahfiz Al Quran Nurul Qalbi, totaling 30 respondents, 15 for the control group and 15 for the intervention group. The data analysis used was Univariate and Bivariate, where bivariate analysis used the Independent t test. In the intervention group, before being given the tamarind drink, 53.4% experienced moderate menstrual pain and after being given the tamarind drink, it decreased to 80% experiencing mild pain. In the control group, before being given the tamarind turmeric drink, it was found that 46.7% experienced mild pain and increased to 53.3% experienced moderate menstrual pain without being given the tamarind turmeric drink. Based on statistical tests, there is an effect of sour turmeric drinks on reducing dysmenorrhea in young women with a p value = 0.047. Tamarind turmeric drink is one way of non-pharmacological therapy that can be done to reduce menstrual pain (dysmenorhea) in young women.

PENGARUH TEKNIK PIJAT AKUPRESUR TERHADAP PENURUNAN INTENSITAS NYERI PADA KALA I FASE AKTIF PERSALINAN DI PUSKESMAS KORBAFO TAHUN 2022

Labor pain is a physiological thing experienced by every mother giving birth. Pain arises from uterine contractions, cervical dilatation and stretching of the birth canal. As the frequency of uterine contractions increases, the pain becomes more intense. If pain is not overcome, it can affect the psychology of the mother in childbirth, namely fear and anxiety. Fear and anxiety have a negative effect on childbirth which can affect the health condition of the mother and fetus. Research on the effect of acupressure massage techniques on reducing pain intensity in the first stage of the active phase of labor was conducted at the Korbafo Puskesmas. This research uses quantitative analytic research with a Quasi Experimental design with a one group pre-test and post-test with control research design. Data collection uses an observation sheet. Acupressure massage is done by pressing on the SP 6 (bilateral) point for 30 times the pressure and BL 32 (bilateral) for 30 times the pressure. The number of samples in this study were 10 mothers who gave birth. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The data analysis used is the Wilcoxon test. The results of this study indicate that the majority of respondents before acupressure experienced severe pain, as many as 9 people (90%). The majority of respondents after acupressure experienced mild pain as many as 6 people (60%), ie with a p value = 0.004 (p = &lt;0.05) which means that there is an influence of acupressure massage techniques on reducing labor pain. It is recommended that midwives can apply this as a non-pharmacological alternative that has minimal side effects in reducing labor pain.

Comparison of Haemorrhoidectomy Using Ligasure with Open (Milligan Morgan Haemorrhoidectomy)

Aim: To compare between haemorrhoidectomy using ligasure versus conventional haemorrhoidectomy in terms of operative time, bleeding and post-operative pain. Study design: Controlled randomized trial Place and duration of study: Department of Surgery, DHQ Hospital Abbottabad from 1stJuly 2018 to 31stDecember 2020 Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients were enrolled. Patients were allocated to two groups and haemorrhoidectomy done with ligasure (LS, group A) and conventional method i.e. Milligan Morgan haemorrhoidectomy (MMH, group B) and each group comprised 60 patients. In group A pedicals were coagulated with the ligasure rather than transfixed as in group B (MMH). Operative time and per operative bleeding recorded during surgery while postop pain score recorded using visual analogue score (0-10) especially during first defecation. Results: The mean age of 46±16.36 years were studied and 79.1% were males. In group A 72.5% patients were males and 27.5% females compared to 67.5% males and 32.5% females in group B. 87.5% of patients had 3rd degree hemorrhoids in group A while 89.4% had the same disease in group B. Operative time was between 20-35 minute in group A compared to 10-30minutes in group B. In group A 75% observed mild pain as recorded on VAS, 25% had moderate pain at time of first defecation while in group B 69.4% patients had moderate pain on VAS, 25.6% experienced mild pain and another 5% reported severe pain during defecation. Mean blood loss was 104.21±41.45 ml in both populations, in group A it was 83.59±34.34 ml while in group B it was 124.84±37.56 ml. Mean VAS of both populations was 3.55±2.05 while mean time of operation was 36.35±7.22.Using independent sample T test, there was statistically significant (P=0.000) difference on all three parameters between two groups. Conclusions: Haemorrhoidectomy using ligasure is safe and causes minimal bleeding, requires less operative time and is associated with less pain compared with conventional scissors dissection, and is a good alternative to diathermy excision. Keywords: Haemorrhoidectomy, Ligasure (LS), Conventional haemorrhoidectomy

Association Between Food Plastic Packaging and Dysmenorrhea in Female Adolescents

Background: Most women experience certain pain and difficulty during menstruation or what is known as dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is a gynecological problem and is the most frequently reported chief complaint in women. Dysmenorrhea is defined as cramping in the lower abdomen that occurs before or during menstruation. The use of plastic as food and beverage packaging is still a commonly used in the community. Plastic contains several compounds, including phthalates and bisphenol-A (BPA) which have potential as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Menstruation and dysmenorrhea are closely related to hormonal system disorders. This study aims to analyze the relationship between food plastic exposure and the incidence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents.Subjects and Method: The design in this study is observational analytic with a cohort approach. This study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga with a population of midwifery students. The sampling technique used was total sampling with a total of 149 subjects. The dependent variable was. dysmenorrhea. The independent variable was food plastic exposure. The instruments used were a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire and a food plastic exposure questionnaire. The data collection was taken in 2 menstrual cycles. Data were analyzed by chi-square test.Results: The results showed that 71.8% of the subjects experienced moderate level of exposure to food plastic. Dysmenorrhea reported that 128 subjects (86%) had dysmenorrhea. In VAS assess-ment, most of the subjects which was 43% experienced mild pain. This study showed that there was a relationship between exposure to plastic food and the incidence of dysmenorrhea in adolescents (p= 0.049).Conclusion: There is a relationship between exposure to plastic food and the incidence of dysmenorrhea in adolescents.

Sensitivity and Specificity of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) against Endometriosis

Background. Endometriosis is a benign disorder defined by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus. Endometriosis occurs in 10-15% of women during their reproductive years. Angiogenesis and the inflammatory response are important factors in the development of endometriosis. The formation of a new blood supply is a crucial step in the formation of endometrial lesions. Angiogenesis is induced by a growth factor peptide, namely vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). VEGF-A is known as a vascular permeability factor that plays an important role in the pathological angiogenesis process and is a more specific and prominent angiogenesis factor among the VEGF family. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of examination VEGF-A of menstrual blood in diagnosing endometriosis compared to laparoscopy. Methods. This diagnostic test research has been carried out at the gynecology polyclinic, especially the division of Fertility, Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University- Dr. Central General Hospital. Mohammad Hoesin from August to November 2018, there were 45 patients who met the inclusion criteria. VEGF-A examination in instrumental blood based on ELISA examination. Data analysis to measure sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy using Medcalc statistics. Results. From the results of this study, it is known that the majority of the study samples were aged 31.69 years (24-38 years) 75.6%, body mass index (BMI) 51.1% with normal BMI, experienced infertility by 82.2% of the sample, most of the samples did not smoke (95.6%) and most experienced mild pain 55.6% using the VAS pain scale. From this study, it is known that 84.4% or 38 of the study samples had endometriosis with a cut off point value of VEGF-A &gt; 347 pg/mL. From the results of this study, it is known that the sensitivity of VEGF-A in diagnosing endometriosis is 84.2%, specificity is 85.7%, positive predictive value is 97%, negative predictive value is 50% and accuracy is 84%. Conclusion. VEGF-A menstrual blood can be used as a diagnostic tool for endometriosis.