Experienced Designers Research Articles

Generative spatial performance design system

AbstractArchitectural spatial design is a wicked problem that can have a multitude of solutions for any given brief. The information needed to resolve architectural design problems is often not readily available during the early conceptual stages, requiring proposals to be evaluated only after an initial solution is reached. This “solution-driven” design approach focuses on the generation of designs as a means to explore the solution space. Generative design can be achieved computationally through parametric and algorithmic processes. However, utilizing a large repertoire of organiational patterns and design precedent knowledge together with the precise criteria of spatial evaluation can present design challenges even to an experienced architect. In the implementation of a parametric design process lies an opportunity to supplement the designer's knowledge with computational decision support that provides real-time spatial feedback during conceptual design. This paper presents an approach based on a generative multiperformance framework, configured for generating and optimizing architectural designs based on a precedent design. The system is constructed using a parametric modeling environment enabling the capture of precedent designs, extraction of spatial analytics, and demonstration of how populations can be used to drive the generation and optimization of alternate spatial solutions. A pilot study implementing the complete workflow of the system is used to illustrate the benefits of coupling parametric modeling with structured precedent analysis and design generation.

A Study of Applying Design Patterns to A Role Playing Game

With the rapid of the deployment of computer systems, people in the modern society are increasingly dependent on the hardware and software systems. When the demand for computer systems increases, the possibility of crises from computer failure will also increase. Therefore,, in order to achieve a desired level of quality, the experienced software team must have a better design method to establish the system. That is, it is very important to choose a better approach that can be applicable to develop the complex software system. The experienced designers will record the design problems which they felt hard to solve or they took much time to solve. When they meet the similar problems later, they would refer to the record. Design patterns are produced from the record. This Paper aims at explaining how to apply the design patterns in the game framework through a simple example by taking the Role Playing Game as example and adding design patterns; it also tries to make a judgment whether the software quality has been improved by using the object-oriented software quality model to test the software quality of the Role Playing Game without the design patterns and that with the deign patterns. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i5.4664

"E-tivities from the Front Line”: A Community of Inquiry Case Study Analysis of Educators’ Blog Posts on the Topic of Designing and Delivering Online Learning

Designing and implementing successful online learning has been at the forefront of institutional agendas since digital learning increased in market demand over the last decade. However there is still ongoing debate as to the “how” of this arduous task. The Community of Inquiry (CoI) is one learning design method that has seen potential in the field, but practical implementation of designing for the important components of Social, Cognitive and Teaching Presence have yet to be fully realised. This paper researches an e-learning design strategy called E-tivities as a suggested possible method for designing for CoI components. The research explored recent online blog posts of experienced learning designers’ and educators’ experience in designing successful online learning using E-tivities. Results suggest the E-tivities do have the potential to cater for all Presences of CoI. Specifically when using E-tivities to design online learning Affective Expression was the highest reported Social Presence design factor. All four components of Cognitive Presence appeared to be present in E-tivities design. The most important component for adequate Teaching Presence factors was the initial Design and Organisation of the course. E-tivities and the 5-Stage Model provides a solid framework for this to occur.

Interprofessional practice: magic at the intersection.

Reflecting back on my career as a nurse, I am amazed at how the various positions I have held have shaped my perspectives on so many issues. After a great career in clinical nursing and hospital management, with involvement in the planning and design of a large specialty hospital, I was invited to join an architectural firm as a nurse consultant. The role included teaching less experienced architects about healthcare operations, care delivery processes, and patient and staff needs that might influence design decisions, and to accompany the design team when interfacing with the healthcare clients. In essence, I was an interpreter between the two languages in the worlds of healthcare and architecture. I must confess that the first few months in the architectural firm were a bit rugged for me. I was a pioneer in a new role with minimal skills, little orientation to the architects' world of thinking, and toolkit full of the wrong tools... or so I thought. Feeling like a fish out of water, I decided to surround myself with nursing memorabilia in my new avant-garde design office (what was a nurse doing in an office like this?). Still not comfortable in my new role, I re-read Florence Nightingale's Notes on Nursing, and then I knew why I was embedded in an architectural firm. Florence Nightingale was not only a nurse, but the first to bring attention to the need for changes in the design of healthcare facilities to ensure an environment that facilitated healing.After the first few client visits and work sessions, the importance of a nurse embedded in the design world was very apparent. Nurses and physicians could relate to me in ways that they could not relate to architects. They trusted me, because I was one of their own, and they were certain that architects didn't understand them or know how they were from all other hospitals in the world. Hospital leaders also trusted me, because I was experienced in hospital operations, finance, and patient care-what do architects know about that? was the general question. In hospital meetings, I was in my comfort zone, but back in the office, it took some time for me not to feel that I was in foreign ter- ritory. I made it my personal goal to prove my worth and to be a value-added asset to the firm.There is a purpose for my revealing such personal information. I hope to demonstrate in this editorial that there is magic at the intersection, where true interprofessional practice intersects and positive outcomes can be achieved as a result of the synergy that occurs among different professionals who come together with a common purpose and goal.Recognizing the Intersections in Healthcare DesignEven the term healthcare design indicates the intersection of two different disciplines that have merged into a new discipline with its own language, guidelines, and standards; science with rigorous research to guide practice decisions; and even certification examinations to recognize individuals who have mastered a body of knowledge that can be translated to quality decisions, service, and outcomes in healthcare design. All of these have come together at the intersection of two worlds; however, each of these distinctly different worlds has subsets of disciplines within them, making the intersection all the more complex. As an example, in healthcare the subsets of disciplines include healthcare administration, nursing, medicine, all the therapies, and numerous other disciplines that shape and support patient care. On the other hand, the design discipline also comprises subsets, including architecture; interior design; environmental psychology; structural, electrical, and mechanical engineering; and a host of other disciplines that support the planning, design, and construction of healthcare facilities. Clearly the healthcare design discipline is a complex system and can be best understood and explained using the theory of quantum science and complexity theory, which describe the world as one of complexity and chaos with multiple constantly moving and often unpredictable parts that comprise the structure of a whole system (Plsek & Greenhalgh, 2001). …

Expertise em projeto: como conhecimentos, experiências e habilidades diferenciam arquitetos expertos dos novatos

A análise do processo de projeto, sob a teoria cognitiva, propõe o entendimento das atividades mentais internas, a partir do processamento de informações oriundos dos conhecimentos, das experiências e das habilidades do arquiteto. Embora seja difícil rastrear as fontes dos pensamentos dos arquitetos, os desenhos produzidos por eles permitem identificar as sucessivas aproximações realizadas, durante a elaboração de um projeto. Como a cognição, ou o ato de pensar, em si, não pode ser observado, só nos compete analisar os resultados do pensamento que norteou as ações cognitivas. As etapas da pesquisa realizada pelos autores deste artigo foram as seguintes: 1) três arquitetos experientes e três novatos foram filmados, individualmente, durante 60 minutos, realizando um projeto; 2) estes profissionais foram entrevistados por trinta minutos após o término do projeto; 3) as ações cognitivas físicas, perceptivas, funcionais e conceituais foram identificadas a partir da segmentação e da codificação das ações realizadas durante as filmagens; 4) estes dados foram transpostos em gráficos 5) foram identificadas diferenças entre novatos e expertos, a partir do tempo de reposta em cada um dos quatro níveis de ações cognitivas; 6) a análise qualitativa das ações e a eficácia foram avaliadas. É notável como arquitetos experientes recuperam mais rapidamente da memória conhecimentos específicos e, a partir de poucos indícios, identificados nos croquis de concepção, selecionam, combinam e geram diferentes ideias, durante o ato projetual. Isso ocorre porque os conhecimentos codificados, de situações típicas, lhes permitem tomar decisões melhor alicerçadas e com maior rapidez. Expertise é a faculdade humana que permite realizar operações diárias de pensamento e ação, com qualidade, agilidade e vigor. É considerado experto aquele que desempenha uma tarefa de um modo significativamente melhor do que a maioria das pessoas. Concluiu-se que arquitetos expertos realizam projetos com maior desenvoltura do que os novatos não apenas porque têm maiores conhecimentos e experiências, mas porque utilizam ações cognitivas de um modo mais eficaz. O artigo contribui para o debate sobre a prática de projeto e os fatores que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da expertise em Arquitetura.

Adopting Design Thinking in Novice Multidisciplinary Teams: The Application and Limits of Design Methods and Reflexive Practices

Scholarly and practitioner literature have both described the potential benefits of using methods associated with a “design thinking” approach to develop new innovations. Most studies of the main design thinking methods—needfinding, brainstorming, and prototyping—are based either on analyses of experienced designers or examine each method in isolation. If design thinking is to be widely adopted, less‐experienced users will employ these methods together, but we know little about their effect when newly adopted. Drawing on perspectives that consider concept development as broadly consisting of a divergent concept generation phase followed by a convergent concept selection phase, we collected data on 14 cases of novice multidisciplinary product development teams using design methods across both phases. Our hybrid qualitative and quantitative analysis indicate both benefits and limits of formal design methods: First, formal design methods were helpful not only during concept generation, but also during concept selection. Second, while brainstorming was valuable when combined with other methods, increased numbers of brainstorming sessions actually corresponded to lower performance, except in the setting where new members may join a team. And third, increased team reflexivity—such as from debating ideas, processes, or changes to concepts—was associated with more successful outcomes during concept generation but less successful outcomes during concept selection. We develop propositions related to the contingent use of brainstorming and team reflexivity depending on team composition and phase of development. Implications from this study include that novice multidisciplinary teams are more likely to be successful in applying design thinking when they can be guided to combine methods, are aware of the limits of brainstorming, and can transition from more‐ to less‐reflexive practices.

Creation dependencies of evolutionary artefact and design process knowledge

As design progresses, artefact and process knowledge often evolve together. However, there is very limited knowledge on the true nature of the dependencies between these two elements of knowledge. This paper presents the first attempt to clearly define ‘creation’ dependencies, which cause a change in design knowledge. Three data analyses were used to identify the dependencies: two were in-depth protocol analyses of a single student product design project and a senior ship designer's daily work, and a third was a quantitative questionnaire analysis involving seven experienced complex system designers from industry. The analyses revealed a set of 52 previously unknown creation dependencies between artefact and design process knowledge with commonality found in only 5, with additional dependencies being identified that were specific to the design being studied. Different frequencies of dependency occurrence and particular dependency loops were identified. In addition, the importance and role of domain knowledge were explicitly revealed. The described research highlights the need for further work to provide a more comprehensive definition of the nature of evolutionary artefact and design process knowledge dependencies. Identification of these dependencies offers a significant opportunity to develop tools and techniques with an enhanced ability to support ‘what–if’ analyses during design.

Guia de referência para o desenvolvimento de produtos para portadores de deficiência visual

A preocupação com os Portadores de Necessidades Especiais (PNEs) tem crescido nos últimos anos, no mundo e no Brasil. Mecanismos governamentais e legais buscam tratar formalmente o assunto. Os PNEs integram diferentes categorias, dentre as quais no Brasil os deficientes visuais representam 67,3% (IBGE, 2002). Estes, por sua vez, precisam interagir com diferentes produtos, existindo iniciativas que contemplam estas demandas. Porém, existe grande carência de produtos industrializados para este grupo no Brasil (ITS, 2007), o que se percebe é a adaptação de produtos convencionais para demandas específicas do DV. As abordagens de desenvolvimento de produto, em sua maioria, não tratam de aspectos específicos quando o cliente usuário é um deficiente visual. Assim, o objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar o desenvolvimento e aplicação de um Guia de Referência para o desenvolvimento de produtos para portadores de deficiência visual. O modelo proposto é derivado de referenciais teóricos, análise de produtos e levantamento de campo, sendo estruturado em grupos de aplicação e desmembrados em subgrupos, direcionando o projetista à recomendação correta. A recomendação é descrita e exemplos de aplicação são disponibilizados. Uma aplicação descritiva caracteriza o funcionamento do guia proposto. Resultados preliminares de uma aplicação experimental indicam que o Guia de Referência aqui desenvolvido é: i. coerente para com os produtos já comercializados e recomendados para o deficiente visual; ii. aplicável para o público-alvo para o qual é destinado (projetistas com e sem experiência); iii. aplicável na fase de projeto que é direcionado (Projeto Conceitual); iv. instrumento para melhoria na qualidade das concepções de produto e para a diminuição do tempo despendido em um projeto.

Fθ 공식을 활용한 텔레센트릭 렌즈 및 플라이아이 렌즈의 설계

We try to find the generalized structural equation that gives a perspective understanding for telecentric lenses through paraxial optical algebraic equations and preconditions from a highly experienced design sense. The equation is named the formula and this formula is applied to single lenses, double Gauss lenses, Cooke triplet lenses and the compound lens composed of a Cooke triplet lens and a double Gauss lens step by step. And this formula is also applied to single fly-eye lenses plus a telecentric lens and double fly-eye lenses plus a telecentric lens in sequence. As a result, we can confirm that this formula leads to intuitive optical design with a structural understanding for telecentric lens systems.

Practical Design Issues of Sweeping Wideband Millimeter Wave Heterodyne Receiver Front-ends

The limited availability of analog-to-digital converters with high enough speed and dynamic range makes conventional heterodyne receivers still a reasonable solution for millimeter wave work when a wide frequency tuning range is desired. These basically well-known arrangements from the microwave bands may show surprising phenomena if the features of individual millimeter building blocks are not carefully analyzed. LNA gain below the frequency range of interest can be 10–20 dB more than expected which could severely impair the system noise performance after downconversion. Local oscillator tuning sensitivity above 1000 MHz/V, partly based on almost mandatory multiplication, together with very large tuning speed easily cause stability problems. Particularly active multipliers have often less than 20 dB rejection of fundamental frequency and unwanted harmonics output, which together with mixer LO/IF feed through can completely desensitize the front-end. An improperly matched mixer IF port may confuse even an experienced designer by phantom responses. Finally, modern logarithmic detectors chips can unexpectedly waste more than 10 dB of receiver sensitivity.

The effect of subliminal suggestions on Sudden Moments of Inspiration (SMI) in the design process

The purpose of the study is to identify Sudden Moments of Inspiration (SMI) in the architectural design process to examine the effect of subliminal suggestions on SMI. In the study, two experienced designers were selected and were provided with a design task. While one designer was subjected to subliminal suggestions through a slide show presentation and a video clip, the other designer was not. The design sessions of both designers were recorded, coded and analyzed, using concurrent and retrospective protocol methods. Comparison of the two design protocols provided convincing evidence of the occurrence of SMI influenced by subliminal suggestions.

James Smith and Rome

The architecture of James Smith (c.1645–1731) has been misunderstood in the obsessive search for Palladianism and his direct knowledge of Roman architecture and culture has been largely overlooked. His importance was well recognised by his contemporaries: Colen Campbell called him ‘The most experienced architect of that kingdom’ (Vitruvius Britannicus, Vol. II, 1717). After four years at the Scots College and the Collegio Romano in Rome, he rose very quickly to become the King's Surveyor and the leading architect in Scotland. This paper considers Smith's education and discusses the significance of his Roman experience not only for his own architecture but also, through his influence, for his contemporaries, for the next generation of Scottish architects and beyond.

A configurational approach to analytical urban design: ‘Space syntax’ methodology

Urban design has always been a challenging task and will remain one because of its inherent complexities and the diversity of the issues that are associated with it. A competent, experienced urban designer can use intuitive methods to deal with these complexities and still achieve a good design, but when projects become more complicated and multifaceted the intuition of the designer is not always adequate to ensure a successful design. This article argues that urban design process can be enhanced effectively by analytical methods that are applied at the specific stages of a design process. These methods can impact the inception of the design ideas, evaluate objectively the design outputs at different stages, assist the further development of the design solutions and reduce the risk of failure during the design process or project implementation. The article argues that for these methods to engage with the design process they have to be spatial in nature, as urban design is eventually manifested in a spatial entity. It is further argued that the analysis of space could bridge between space and the ultimate users of the design – or the people – if space is understood through an analysis of its ‘configurational’ properties. Finally, a configurational approach to analytical urban design is introduced, which is based on the theoretical foundations, analytical methods and modelling techniques of space syntax. The application of the methods, their role in urban design process and their contribution to urban design projects are all discussed through the review of a selected number of real-life projects.

External procedures in design problem solving by experienced engineering designers – methods and purposes

In the creative early phases of design problem solving, several kinds of external – especially manual – procedures of thinking (‘externalizations’) are applied. This was mainly shown in experimental settings for tasks of architects. We analysed the kinds and the reported purposes of externalising in the everyday work of experienced engineering designers. Three field studies with different samples of engineers (n = 55) show: the majority of experienced designers reported the application of simple low-cost externalising (especially manual sketching and impromptu-prototyping) in their everyday work mainly for memory relief, communication and generation of ideas. Different mental processes in the early phases of engineering design require different kinds of externalising to support them. Simple low-cost externalisations offer most perceived support for communication and sophisticated ones (e.g. manufactured prototypes) for the evaluation of solutions. The results based on retrospective memory reports of engineers are confirmed by self-records of an ongoing conceptual design process and the documented frequencies of different kinds of externalising.

Optimization‐driven design of dies for profile extrusion: Parameterization, strategy, and performance

AbstractA computational design optimization environment is developed, handling, for the first time, streamline dies used for profiles in unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) having multiple complex features, as well as simpler designs. Die cavity cross sections are described by planar contours, such as the cutting paths for wire electrical discharge machining of the plates from which streamline profile dies are constructed. Contours are parameterized using key points, and by joining the contours with ruled surfaces, the three‐dimensional geometry can be reconstructed. For the optimization a developed flow analysis on each die cross section is used with the avoid‐cross‐flow strategy. Cross sections are partitioned and the die is balanced to obtain the required flow rate through each. A robust and efficient parallel decoupled optimization strategy is developed. In application to a uPVC window profile, five cross sections were optimized. The number of design variables on each ranged from 2 to 46, and the cross section optimizations converged within one to seven cycles. Compared with the work of an experienced designer making manual changes to the computer‐aided design model, guided by computational fluid dynamics analyses, the design quality was comparable or better and computational demands similar; however, the time required from the designer was reduced seven times. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

Ten Questions With …

Why did you move from web design to medical devices?Timing and luck. A recruiter for Siemens Healthcare called me with this fantastic opportunity. A much greater challenge lies in the design of medical devices than in e-commerce or e-marketing. The stakes and risk are higher, but so are the rewards.Do you see any parallels between the two fields? If so, what are they?The basics of any good design are the same, Observe user needs and goals in context, design, evaluate, repeat. Domain knowledge or the ability to quickly acquire it helps a lot, but an experienced interaction designer—not a clinical user or an engineer—can translate that information into something elegant and useful. Too much domain knowledge can interfere with good design, and it is hard enough to do that it requires dedicated, trained designers.What is a common mistake manufacturers make when designing any device?I've met projects that had no risk management but needed it, which is horrifying. But commonly, manufacturers assume that you can bring in usability or user experience at the validation stage only—before submitting for the 510(k)—to fix all the problems that should have been fixed in the design verification process.Sadly, design problems are too expensive to fix at this point. Usability must be done iteratively in the design verification phase, preferably using the AAMI standard HE75 as a guide.What has been the proudest moment of your career?I look forward to telling you after it clears the 510(k)!What is the best career advice you ever got?“Keep digging, Gene.”If you could change one thing about your job, what would it be?Working so many hours. I live and love to learn and design.What is one habit you would like to break?Working so many hours. I live and love to learn and design.Who is your hero and why?The artist Ai Weiwei is surprisingly hilarious and thought provoking at the same time.What is one thing about you that others would be surprised to learn?Although I'm an interaction designer now, I was trained in ethnic studies. I'm a graduate of the Asian American Studies Master's Program at the University of California, Los Angeles, which opened countless opportunities for me. It is that rigorous academic training that has prepared countless others like me to tackle anything in life.What is your philosophy in 10 words or less?Primum non nocere. (“First, do no harm.”)

A case study on the design of learning interfaces

The design of educational software interfaces is a complex task, given its high domain dependency and multidisciplinary nature. It requires that teachers’ knowledge and pedagogical beliefs be incorporated into the interface, posing a challenge to both teachers and designers, as they have to act as partners from the earliest phases of the process, sharing their knowledge. The present work investigates the strategies designers used when paired with experienced teachers, to design two interfaces on chemistry, evaluating how designers work with subjects they know little about, in the initial phases of the design process. Our observations demonstrate that although experienced and non-experienced designers use different strategies to couple with the design task, both approached the task in a depth-first manner. These results should not be generalized, because few subjects were investigated, but point to the importance of being familiar with the knowledge domain – which poses a challenge for designers. ► The experienced designer used the approach “integrate as fast as you can”. ► The inexperienced designer used the approach “structure then design”. ► Both can be classified as depth-first strategies. ► Our result does not match Goel’s, probably because the domain was unfamiliar.

Earning Recognition For The Value Of In-House Designers

I recently read about a comment aimed at a senior designer within the UK's National Health Service, referring to their skills as an experienced and qualified designer. It sounded something like thi...

The cognitive profile of creativity in design

The objective of the study was to explore the cognitive profile of creativity in design by applying a new approach to the assessment of creativity based on the theory of meaning (Kreitler & Kreitler). The assessment of meaning enables to identify cognitive processes that characterize an individual as well as those necessary for good performance of some cognitive act, such as creativity. It was hypothesized that creativity in design will include partly cognitive components identified in previous studies of creativity and partly new ones. The participants were 52 students in a school of design, who were administered a designing task and the Meaning Test, assessing a broad range of cognitive processes. The design products were assessed for creativity by three experienced architects. The cognitive processes, differentiating significantly between the students who produced highly creative designs and those who produced less creative ones, were interpreted as constituting the cognitive profile of creativity in design. The obtained profile supported the hypothesis and provided information about the cognitive processes of creativity in design, which may also be used for promoting creativity in design students.

Industry-Experienced Graduate Student Program: Innovative Collaboration in Architectural Engineering at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln

In 2001, the Architectural Engineering Department at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, along with industry partners, established an industry-experienced graduate student program. The program was developed to bring experienced design professionals to collaborate with the industry while pursuing a Ph.D. in architectural engineering. This program is designed to be mutually beneficial to industry partners, -graduate students, the University of Nebraska–Lincoln Architectural Engineering Department, and the building industry at large. The first doctoral candidate in the program graduated, and significant collaborative work was completed for the industry partner. All parties to this initial offering are pleased with the outcome and believe the benefits significantly outweigh the costs. This paper presents the program, lessons learned, and plans for the future. The authors are the faculty, the industry partner, and the graduate associated with this initial application of the program.