Experienced Colleagues Research Articles

Review: Rapid Ethnographic Assessments: A Practical Approach and Toolkit for Collaborative Community Research, by Thurka Sangaramoorthy and Karen A. Kroeger

Review: <i>Rapid Ethnographic Assessments: A Practical Approach and Toolkit for Collaborative Community Research</i>, by Thurka Sangaramoorthy and Karen A. Kroeger

Воспринимаемый учителями начальных классов стресс и показатели выгорания во время пандемии COVID-19

Studies conducted in various countries indicate that teachers’ exposure to high levels of occupational stress makes them vulnerable to burnout syndrome. There are various sources of occupational stress in teaching profession: teaching overload and bureaucratic tasks, students’ misbehaviors and lack of motivation, overpopulated classes and lack of didactic resources and materials, time pressure, lack of support from the administrative staff and from other more experienced colleagues, lack of adequate professional training, high expectations from the parents and society etc. The Covid-19 pandemic dramatically changed teachers’ professional and personal lives, multiplied and amplified their sources of occupational stress, making them even more vulnerable to burnout. The perceived stress and the indicators of burnout in primary school teachers from Romania during the COVID-19 Pandemic were investigated in this study. The results were discussed in relation with those obtained in similar studies conducted in other countries and cultures.

Limitations in cataract surgical services for children in Ethiopia: a nationwide survey of pediatric cataract surgeons

BackgroundBilateral cataract is a significant cause of blindness in children in Ethiopia. This study aimed to identify the resources available for cataract surgery in children, and to assess current surgical practices, surgical output and factors affecting the outcome of surgery in Ethiopia.MethodsA Google Forms mobile phone questionnaire was emailed to nine ophthalmologists known to perform cataract surgery in young children (0–5 years).ResultsAll nine responded. All but one had received either 12- or 3–5-month’s training in pediatric ophthalmology with hands-on surgical training. The other surgeon had received informal training from an experienced colleague and visiting ophthalmologists. The surgeons were based in seven health facilities: five in the capital (Addis Ababa) and eight in six public referral hospitals and one private center.Over 12 months (2017–2018) 508 children (592 eyes) aged 0–18 years (most < 15 years) were operated by these surgeons. 84 (17%) had bilateral cataract, and 424 (83%) had unilateral cataract mainly following trauma. A mean of 66 (range 18–145) eyes were operated per surgeon. Seventy-one additional children aged > 5 years were operated by other surgeons. There were substantially fewer surgeons per million population (nine for 115 million population) than recommended by the World Health Organization and they were unevenly distributed across the country.Methylcellulose and rigid intraocular lenses were generally available but less than 50% of facilities had a sharp vitrectomy cutter and cohesive viscoelastic. Mean travel time outside Addis Ababa to a facility offering pediatric cataract surgery was 10 h.ConclusionDespite the high number of cases per surgeon, the output for bilateral cataracts was far lower than required. More well-equipped pediatric ophthalmology teams are urgently required, with deployment to under-served areas.

Reflections of Clinical Psychologists in a Pediatric Setting: Facing Challenges and Building Possible Solutions

With the integration of mental health services in medical settings and response to children’s psychosocial needs with physical illness and their families, a clinical psychologist’s role is gradually becoming more important. However, working within such an environment could be demanding and complex. The purpose of this article is to highlight the challenges where professional requirements, working with other experienced colleagues, adapting to medical setting, and training lacunae can all give rise to multiple interpretations and ways in which these problems might be addressed. This paper reflects on the authors’ experiences in working within a paediatric care setting in one of the medical establishments in South India.

Variations in breast cancer detection rates during mammogram-reading sessions: does experience have an impact?

To examine whether radiologists' performances are consistent throughout a reading session and whether any changes in performance over the reading task differ depending on experience of the reader. The performance of ten radiologists reading a test set of 60 mammographic cases without breaks was assessed using an ANOVA, 2 × 3 factorial design. Participants were categorized as more (≥2,000 mammogram readings per year) or less (<2,000 readings per year) experienced. Three series of 20 cases were chosen to ensure comparable difficulty and presented in the same sequence to all readers. It usually takes around 30 min for a radiologist to complete each of the 20-case series, resulting in a total of 90 min for the 60 mammographic cases. The sensitivity, specificity, lesion sensitivity, and area under the ROC curve were calculated for each series. We hypothesized that the order in which a series was read (i.e. fixed-series sequence) would have a significant main effect on the participants' performance. We also determined if significant interactions exist between the fixed-series sequence and radiologist experience. Significant linear interactions were found between experience and the fixed sequence of the series for sensitivity (F[1] =5.762, p = .04, partial η2 = .41) and lesion sensitivity. (F[1] =6.993, p = .03, partial η2 = .46). The two groups' mean scores were similar for the first series but progressively diverged. By the end of the third series, significant differences in sensitivity and lesion sensitivity were evident, with the more experienced individuals demonstrating improving and the less experienced declining performance. Neither experience nor series sequence significantly affected the specificity or the area under the ROC curve. Radiologists' performance may change considerably during a reading session, apparently as a function of experience, with less experienced radiologists declining in sensitivity and lesion sensitivity while more experienced radiologists actually improve. With the increasing demands on radiologists to undertake high-volume reporting, we suggest that junior radiologists be made aware of possible sensitivity and lesion sensitivity deterioration over time so they can schedule breaks during continuous reading sessions that are appropriate to them, rather than try to emulate their more experienced colleagues. Less-experienced radiologists demonstrated a reduction in mammographic diagnostic accuracy in later stages of the reporting sessions. This may suggest that extending the duration of reporting sessions to compensate for increasing workloads may not represent the optimal solution for less-experienced radiologists.

Pedagogic practices in the context of students’ workplace learning: a literature review

ABSTRACT Pedagogic practices at workplaces are provided to support students’ vocational education. To contribute to the understanding of supporting workplace learning, the focus of this literature review is to operationalise how pedagogic practices play out in practice. An overview is provided of pedagogic practices applied at workplaces to support students’ vocational learning. Included studies provide descriptions of manifestations of pedagogic practices enabled by experienced colleagues, such as supervisors, in the context of students’ workplace learning. Three sets of relevant search terms were defined, including synonyms and related definitions of ‘pedagogic practices’, ‘supervisors’ and ‘workplace learning’. Forty-seven studies were selected, retrieved and processed qualitatively. Findings represent a comprehensive overview of fourteen categories of pedagogic practices. Three perspectives on supporting students are discussed: demonstrating vocational activities, stimulating vocational participation, and entrusting vocational activities.

Presenting a Typology of Efficiency and Their Plausible Measurement into Healthcare Systems: A Global View

Health care systems around the globe suffered from inefficient delivery and financing systems. This paper aims to introduce and measure insights into the typology of efficiency of the health care system in Jordan and the like to improve and enhance the healthcare outcomes (Health Status). The researcher screened the typology and likely measures of efficiency in the health care industry in the published materials and characterized potential measures accordingly. In addition to that, the researcher consulted highly experienced colleague experts in different fields to generate and abstract information. This descriptive and analytical study utilized descriptive statistics to evaluate the six types of efficiency in the health sector and primarily employed a comparison between the neighborhood and universal figures of three epochs (the 1990s to 2020) based on worldwide authorized database records (World Bank). The 25% wastage of health expenditures in Jordan is compared favorably with the worldwide trend of 20-40%. Progressing efficiency within the health system can reduce the rising cost; provide equitable services to the penniless. Hence, prioritizing among available choices (70% curative and 30% preventive) ought to be based on health problems, social and financial-related components. Unequivocally, addressing priority setting is imperative to make more efficient strategies of allocation for scarce productive health resources. Despite the remarkable productive, technical, social with minimal vertical and horizontal efficiency capabilities of the Jordanian health care delivery and financing systems founded, a thoroughly enforced reform strategy can way better fit to attain the national key objective (health for all Jordanians in 2025). There were no majestic studies or other implications coupled with a lack of information to recognize the importance of efficiency in health systems encourage in selectivity and prioritization of health services delivery conveyance to the total mass in an efficient manner. In this manner, this paper came to recognize essentially pertinent six sorts of efficiency that could be utilized and measured in health systems, suggesting all over the maximization of outputs for a given level of inputs indicators. Subsequently, presenting efficiency into healthcare systems is profoundly approved because it can offer room for advancing equity and esteem in healthcare.

Tackling the content of a course for academic legal purposes

Abstract This article addresses the practices that English for academic legal purposes (EALP) teachers employ to tackle law subject content. It draws on research that took place in a British university pre-sessional course for third-year undergraduate and postgraduate law students. The data come from tutorials, legal skills classroom observations and semi-structured interviews. The original study examined four EALP teachers; here I focus on the findings regarding one EALP teacher with sound experience of teaching EAP but no specific law background. The results of the study show that in EALP, as well as wider English for specific academic purposes (ESAP) contexts, limited subject-content knowledge (SCK) can lead to the frustration and lack of confidence of the ESAP teacher, and suggest utilizing the SCK of experienced colleagues and students to address this.

Coaches’ perceptions of innovation programs of the Royal Spanish Tennis Federation

This research studied the coaches’ perceptions of the innovation programs of the Royal Spanish Tennis Federation (RFET) during 2016-2020. The RFET is one of the most relevant national federations in Spain both in terms of results at the highest levels of the game as well as in terms of participation and grassroots tennis. Coaches are considered relevant stakeholders of any sport federation due to their role in delivering the sport. A 29-item questionnaire adapted to tennis was completed by 132 certified coaches RFET members which had different years of experience and coached players of various skill levels. Results showed significant differences between the coaches with more than 20 years of experience as they perceived more rivalry between regional federations in the access to grants and more international competitiveness at high-level tennis as compared to their less experienced colleagues. Coaches also considered that the COVID-19 pandemic had negatively affected the innovation strategy and capability of the organization. They identified a grassroots initiative and a coach education project as the two most valued innovative programs implemented by the RFET in the period. These last findings coincide with those from previous research and highlight the relevance of providing coaches with clear player development guidelines and opportunities for continuous professional development through education. It can be concluded that federation leaders should consider the coaches’ perceptions on their innovation programs. This will assist them to better provide initiatives that will satisfy their needs and improve the effectiveness of their federations.

New Leadership, New Layout

New Leadership, New Layout

The Swedish textile conservators’ transformation: From the museum curator’s assistant to a profession in its own right

Abstract Over recent years, in Sweden, the vocation of textile conservator has been transformed from that of being regarded simply as a museum curator's assistant to becoming a profession in its own right. The members of the textile conservators association, the Swedish Association for Textile Conservation founded in 1967, played a crucial role in this transformation with the establishment of a university-based vocational education programme in 1985. The transformation is further scrutinized by considering aspects of gender where, for example, gender bias employment strategies favoured men as painting conservators, as well as social class where demarcation of women as curators was evident. This is discussed and compared with the contemporary shift of gender distribution among the employees in the museum sector that historically was largely male dominated. Social class and the effects of a university education on occupational status are considered, and the effects that education had on elderly, experienced colleagues are another important intersectional aspect. Today’s textile conservators have reached a professional status in several aspects with university education being probably the most important contributing factor. The image of the vocation has improved from that of a seamstress who performed repairs on textiles at the direction of her superior, to an academic who, on the basis of their scientific knowledge, independently performs the many tasks included in preservation, as well as conducting research to doctorate level. Despite this, it would seem that the museum community has not yet managed to take full advantage of textile conservators’ competence as researchers.

Why Don’t We Sing about That?

One of the most common pieces of advice given to fledgling hymnwriters by their more experienced colleagues is to write about topics that are underrepresented in congregational song. Yes, a general...

New Leadership, New Layout

New Leadership, New Layout

New Leadership, New Layout

New Leadership, New Layout

Managing conflicting ethical concerns in modern small animal practice-A comparative study of veterinarian's decision ethics in Austria, Denmark and the UK.

Small animal veterinarians frequently have to manage conflicting interests. Beside the key consideration of the patient’s interests, small animal veterinarians are often challenged to consider not only client’s emotional needs, but also their own personal aspirations to provide quality patient care and to make a good living as a professional. Further, veterinarians have an interest in continuous professional development and the use of the newest treatments, which may influence their decision-making process. Based on published work, we hypothesize the existence of four decision ethics orientations that veterinarians can use to manage potentially conflicting concerns. These are: the patient-focused, the client-empathetic, the client-devolved and the development-oriented decision ethics orientations. We surveyed small animal veterinarians in Austria, Denmark, and the UK using a questionnaire (N = 648), and successfully identified the four decision ethics orientations in all three countries. The patient-focused and client-empathetic decision ethics orientations are salient in all countries, whereas Danish and UK veterinarians are slightly more client-empathetic and client-devolved compared to their Austrian colleagues. Across countries our findings show that experienced and older veterinarians tend to be more client-empathetic. Younger and less experienced professionals are more development-oriented compared to their older and more experienced colleagues. In contrast to other studies investigating ethical issues in small animal practice, we found no evidence that gender plays a decisive role in the tendency towards any decision ethics orientation. We also show that veterinarians with a higher client-empathetic orientation and development-orientation more often discuss the possibility of health insurance with clients who do not have it. The present study provides a first empirical insight into how veterinarians manage challenging expectations and ethical concerns as part of decision making in modern small animal practice.

A brief history of medical cross-consultations

Physicians have long needed and sought out the support and advice of experienced colleagues. This practice, endorse by Hippocrates and Galen, remaining unchanged until the Enlightenment. During that age, cross-consultations boomed. Monographic works were written, the characteristics and qualities that consulting physician had to possess were studied the problems that it could cause were examined, and rules and guidelines to follow during a cross-consultation were established.It remained unchanged until the end of the 19th century, when the emergence of various medical specialties offered the possibility of seeking specialized assistance. This specialization gave rise to a fragmentation of medical care which favored the emergence of the internist as a “universal consultant.” In the last quarter of the 20th century, in light of the importance of and problems arising from cross-consultation, it began to be studied on its own, specialized services were created to attend to them, and, finally, comanagement appeared.

Pain management in children

In 2020, less than three in ten (29.8%) children in England saw an NHS dentist.1 The lack of dental access during the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with parents' reluctance to take their children to the dentist, has amplified the needs of those seeking treatment. Significant numbers of children first attend a dentist when suffering with dental pain. In a busy dental practice, emergency appointments can often be time limited, making the treatment challenging for less experienced colleagues. These constraints, coupled with a lack of accurate diagnosis, can lead to inappropriate pain management resulting in a child that continues to have a symptomatic tooth and disgruntled parents.

Gender intersections identified whilst transitioning mass vitamin A supplementation into an integrated reproductive and child health programme in Sierra Leone.

Since 2006, Sierra Leone has achieved high rates of vitamin A supplementation (VAS) coverage (>88%) during mass campaigns. In 2017, campaigns started transitioning to routine VAS within a six-monthly contact point for integrated reproductive and child health (RCH) services. This contact point included improved counselling and provision of modern contraceptives; throughout this transition high VAS coverage (>85%) has been maintained. VAS programmes have traditionally operated on the assumption that they are gender-neutral, but recent research suggests these programmes should re-examine how they interact with gender. This qualitative study examined intersections between gender and Sierra Leone's integrated VAS programming by conducting 32 individual interviews with parents, district health management and national staff, and six focus group discussions with health workers and community health workers (CHWs) in three pilot program districts. The study found that most senior health positions are held by males, and the lower cadres of majority female health workers often felt unsupported/disrespected by their male superiors and male CHW supervisees, or that their years of experience were overlooked in favour of the academic qualifications of less experienced male colleagues. Gender was not included in program training, and most staff did not have a good understanding of gender intersections; however, health workers actively engaged in awareness raising with male stakeholders to increase male involvement in RCH. Routine delivery requires mothers to invest time and money to access health facilities, where most mothers felt that better qualified staff were able to offer better advice and more services. Health workers felt that outreach services utilizing CHWs could decrease this time/money burden; however, CHWs are unqualified to provide counselling and provision of modern contraception, and there are fewer female CHWs. Records kept in health facilities record VAS by sex, but monthly reports submitted to the district and onwards to the national Health Management Information System are not disaggregated by sex. Programme and policymakers should consider improving the representation by females in senior, decision-making positions, integrating gender information into all trainings, supporting female health workers, training and recruiting more female CHWs, and reporting VAS coverage by sex.

Proctorship in Minimally Invasive Colorectal Surgery.

Teaching an established surgeon in a novel technique by a colleague who has acquired a level of expertise is often referred to as "proctoring" or "precepting." Surgical preceptorships can be defined as supervised teaching programs, whereby individual or groups of surgeons (proctors) experienced in a certain technique support a colleague who wants to adopt this technique (sometimes referred to as "delegates" or "preceptees"). Preceptorship programs really focus on a specific technique, technology, or skill which is required to broaden, complement, or transform an established surgeon's practice. Within colorectal surgery, in the past 30 years, there is been an evolution of interventional options including open, laparoscopic, robotic, and endoscopic procedures. With each new emerging technology and technique, safe and effective uptake by established surgeons is best been attained by a period of proctorship by an experienced colleague. Formalizing this has been facilitated largely through industry support. There, however, remains a considerable chasm when it comes to standardization, quality control, and jurisprudence. This article aims to describe the requirements for a contemporary proctorship program, to examine instruments of quality control, and how to improve effectiveness.

Into the storms: Organising oncological home care services during natural disasters and global pandemics.

Into the storms: Organising oncological home care services during natural disasters and global pandemics.