Experiences Of Racism Research Articles

Casting a Long Shadow: Examining the Relationships between Vicarious and Direct Racism and Generalized Trust among Asian Communities in New Zealand during COVID-19

Utilizing a social learning perspective, this study investigated the associations between vicarious and direct racism and generalized trust among Asian communities in New Zealand during COVID-19, highlighting the comparability of their effects. Data from a cross-sectional online survey conducted in 2021 (N=1,377), were utilized to estimate the prevalence of vicarious and direct racism experiences and the distribution of since-COVID generalized trust. Linear regression was used to assess the association between experiences of racism and shifts in generalized trust. Findings indicate that almost 40% of participants experienced racism, with vicarious experiences of physical violence and unfair treatment being more prevalent, while direct experiences of microaggressions and verbal/written abuse were more common. Female, younger, Chinese, and South East Asian participants, those for whom English is a first language, and students reported disproportionate reductions in generalized trust. Negative associations were identified between vicarious and direct racism experiences and changes in generalized trust. Crucially, our analysis reveals that vicarious microaggression experiences have a greater negative association with generalized trust than direct experiences, challenging prevailing perceptions of their significance. Emphasizing a comprehensive approach to eliminating all forms of racism, the findings support the need for critical scrutiny of media reporting of racism and its influence on trust.

To what extent could eliminating racial discrimination reduce inequities in mental health and sleep problems among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children? A causal mediation study

BackgroundRacism is a fundamental cause of health inequities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. We estimated the potential reduction in inequities in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children’s mental health and sleep problems if interpersonal racial discrimination was eliminated. MethodsWe drew on cross-sectional data from the Speak Out Against Racism (SOAR; N=2818) and longitudinal data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; N=8627). The SOAR was completed in 2017 and the LSAC followed children from 2004 to 2014 in the kindergarten cohort and from 2008 to 2018 in the birth cohort. Exposure: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander/Anglo-European), a proxy measure of structural racism (SOAR: 10-15 years; LSAC: 4-5 years); Mediator: interpersonal racial discrimination (yes/no) (SOAR: 10-15 years; LSAC: 12-13 years); Outcomes: mental health problems (yes/no) and sleep problems (yes/no) (SOAR: 10-15 years; LSAC: 14-15 years). An interventional effects causal mediation approach was used. FindingsAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children had higher prevalence of mental health problems (SOAR: 40·1% versus 13·5%; LSAC: 25·3% versus 7·6%) and sleep problems (SOAR: 28·5% versus 18·4%; LSAC: 14·0% versus 9·9%) than Anglo-European children. Hypothetical interventions eliminating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children’s experiences of interpersonal racial discrimination could reduce 42·4% and 48·5% of mental health and sleep inequities in SOAR (equivalent to 11·2% and 4·7% absolute reductions) and 25·6% and 1·6% of mental health and sleep inequities in LSAC (equivalent to 5·5% and 0·1% absolute reductions). Absolute remaining inequities were similar across both studies for both outcomes. InterpretationTargeted policy interventions that eliminate racial discrimination against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children could have high potential to reduce inequities in mental health and sleep problems. Addressing racism and racial discrimination needs a multi-component and multi-level approach directed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and Medical Research Future Fund of Australia

Multilevel Factors Impacting Substance Use Treatment Access, Engagement, and Racial Equity Among Opioid Overdose Survivors in Boston, MA.

There are well-documented racial/ethnic inequities in drug-related overdoses and access to evidence-based opioid use services nationally and in Boston, MA. To qualitatively explore the drivers of racial/ethnic inequities in access to opioid use disorder treatment and services in Boston. Semi-structured qualitative interviews. Using purposive sampling, researchers recruited 59 opioid overdose survivors in Boston who self-identified as Black, Hispanic or Latino/a/x, and/or White. Interviewers administered a socio-demographic and drug use survey, and used a semi-structured interview guide to explore experiences with and perspectives on substance use treatment and services. Participants' racial/ethnic identities were distributed across three subgroups: non-Hispanic Black (n = 18; 31%), non-Hispanic White (n = 18; 31%), and Latino/a/x (n = 23; 39%). Qualitative analysis identified multiple themes that were organized into four social-ecological levels after analysis. At the individual level, some participants emphasized the importance of personal responsibility and individual motivation in determining access to services. Participants expressed a range of perspectives about using medication for opioid use disorder treatment; Black and Latino/a/x participants were more likely than White participants to have critical perspectives. At the interpersonal level, experiences of bias, stigma, and racism from staff in healthcare and treatment settings were common. At the program/process level, participants described challenges connecting to services following overdose and barriers within specific programs, with Black and Latino/a/x participants experiencing particular gaps. At the systems level, the limited availability of housing, employment, and mental health care negatively impacted treatment access and engagement. A racism lens was used during data interpretation to apply the themes at a broader population level. Through this lens, the identified barriers can be understood to have a disproportionate impact on people of color. Findings call for programmatic and policy solutions that address racism, break down stigma, and ensure equitable access to evidence-based services and social supports.

"If They Help Us, We Can Help Them": First Nations Peoples Identify Intercultural Health Communication Problems and Solutions in Hospital in Northern Australia.

Effective intercultural communication between First Nations peoples and healthcare providers in colonised countries is required to deliver equitable healthcare and improve patient experiences and health outcomes. This paper presents First Nations peoples' perspectives and proposed solutions to problematic communication experiences at Royal Darwin Hospital in northern Australia. The study's methodological foundations comprise decolonising principles rooted in Critical Race Theory, Freirean pedagogy, and cultural safety. Eleven individuals from diverse First Nations backgrounds receiving treatment at the largest hospital in the Northern Territory, participated in in-depth interviews conducted in their preferred languages. Data were inductively analysed, adapted from a constructivist grounded theory approach and guided by First Nations knowledges. First Nations patients at Royal Darwin Hospital described a culturally unsafe hospital due to ineffective intercultural communication. Patient "counterstories" recounted instances of confusion, aggression, healthcare provider resistance to shared decision-making opportunities, pressure to abandon cultural protocols, and institutional neglect. Poor communication incited anger among staff and patients, and contributed to experiences of racism, missed appointments, clinical mistakes, patients prematurely discharging before completing treatment, and patients experiencing financial troubles and homelessness. In a spirit of generosity, patients proposed solutions focused on relationship building and mutual understanding so that new decolonised systems, which draw on First Nations and Western knowledges, can be codesigned. This study serves as a call to action for policymakers, administrators, and healthcare providers to prioritise improving intercultural communication by addressing the behaviour of staff and changing systemically racist policies in the pursuit of health equity and cultural safety for First Nations peoples.

Unfair Racial Treatment in Healthcare, Healthcare Utilization, and Health Status Among Black, Indigenous, Women of Color

Black, Indigenous, Women of Color (BIWOC) face well-documented health disparities in the United States. However, the extent to which recent experiences of unfair racial treatment in medical settings contribute to health disparities is not well understood. The objective of this study was to examine associations of experiencing unfair racial treatment by a provider during the most recent medical encounter with healthcare utilization and health status in BIWOC. We utilized multivariate logistic regression models to examine data from the Association of American Medical Colleges’ biannual Survey of Healthcare Access collected between 2012 and 2019. Data were extracted for 5,549 participants who identified both as a woman and a Black, Indigenous, Person of Color to generate our BIWOC sample of interest. Among BIWOC, experiencing unfair racial treatment during their most recent healthcare visit in the past year was associated with higher odds of delaying healthcare ( OR = 3.50, p < .001) and using the emergency department as their usual source of care ( OR = 1.54, p < .001). Experiencing unfair racial treatment was also associated with having chronic physical conditions ( OR = 1.31, p = .002), chronic depression ( OR = 1.56, p < .001), and activity limitations due to both emotional ( OR = 2.98, p < .001) and physical ( OR = 2.47, p < .001) impairment. Recent experience of racial discrimination by a healthcare provider was associated with lower healthcare utilization and poorer health status in a national sample of BIWOC. Reducing unfair treatment in healthcare settings is critical for improving BIWOC health.

Abstract A155: Perceived interpersonal racism in healthcare settings and cancer screening

Abstract Introduction: Black and Hispanic people frequently report that perceptions of their race or ethnicity underlie racist and discriminatory experiences in many settings. In the healthcare field, these interpersonal racist experiences can severely impact the decision to receive care and the general health of the patient. Previous studies assessing the role of perceived racial discrimination in the healthcare setting and cancer screenings struggled with low sample sizes that precluded meaningful conclusions. Also, a methodological issue not considered in prior studies is the large degree of uncertainty reported by racialized groups in their assessment of perceived racism and its relevance to the measurement of this construct. In response to these data limitations and newly available nationally representative Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we assessed the relationship of perceived racial discrimination in the healthcare setting associated with timely cancer screening across racial/ethnic groups. Methods: Data was collected from the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which is a nationally representative state level population-based household survey with 28 states and the District of Columbia administering the optional modules assessing perceived racial discrimination. Perceived racism in healthcare was measured with the question: “Within the past 12 months when seeking health care, do you feel your experiences were worse than, the same as, or better than for people of other races?”. The outcomes were USPSTF recommendation concordant up-to-date colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer screening. Survey weighted logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, and state estimated prevalence differences stratified by race/ethnicity. Results: Colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer screening were lower in White persons who reported worse (aPD vs. "better": -11.6%, -15.8%, -19.3%) and uncertain (don’t know) experiences of racial discrimination (aPD vs. "better": -7.4%, -4.1%, -5.0%). Among Black people, colorectal and cervical screening were only lower in those reporting uncertain experiences (aPD vs. "better": -10.8% and -12.0%). Among Hispanic persons, breast cancer screening prevalence was lowest in those who reported uncertain and worse racial discrimination (aPD vs. “better”: -12.4% and -15.9%). Conclusions: In this large generalizable sample, perceived racial discrimination in the healthcare setting was associated with cancer screening for both White and Black persons, but in different ways. Worse interpersonal racism in the healthcare setting was associated with lower cancer screening in White persons; but being uncertain relative to other race groups was largely associated with worse cancer screening among Black persons. Uncertainty in self-reported, racist experiences must be considered in institutional efforts to measure and address racism in healthcare settings. Citation Format: Jessica Star, Priti Bandi, Kilan Ashad-Bishop. Perceived interpersonal racism in healthcare settings and cancer screening [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A155.

Racism and health and wellbeing among children and youth–An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundEvidence of racism's health harms among children and youth is rapidly increasing, though attention to impacts on physical health and biomarker outcomes is more emergent. We performed a systematic review of recent publications to examine the association between racism and health among children and youth, with a meta-analysis of the specific relationships between racism and physical health and biomarkers. MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search using four databases: Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed, and ERIC. Four inclusion criteria were used to identify eligible studies: (1) exposure was experiences of racism, (2) outcome was health and wellbeing, (3) quantitative methods were used to estimate the association between racism and health outcomes, and (4) the effect size of associations between racism and health and wellbeing was reported for participants aged 0–24 years. Correlation coefficients were used to report the pooled effect size for each outcome indicator. ResultsThere were 463 eligible studies included in the screening process, with 42 studies focusing on physical health or biomarker outcomes. Random-effects meta-analysis found minimal to moderate positive associations between racism and C-reactive protein, Interleukin 6, body mass index (BMI), obesity, systolic blood pressure, salivary cortisol, asthma, and somatic symptoms. There were marginal positive associations between racism and Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, cortisol collected via saliva, urine and hair, BMI-z score, and diastolic blood pressure, with imprecise estimates and wide confidence intervals. ConclusionsRacism is associated with negative physical health and biomarker outcomes that relate to multiple physiological systems and biological processes in childhood and adolescence. This has implications for health and wellbeing during childhood and adolescence and future chronic disease risk. Collective and structural changes to eliminate racism and create a healthy and equitable future for all children and youth are urgently required.

Racial discrimination predicts subjective cognitive decline: Perceived relationship support buffers the association

ObjectivesRecent studies show that chronic exposure to racial discrimination increases the occurrence of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) among Black Americans. Little research, however, has examined potential for protective factors, such as perceived partner support, to buffer these effects. MethodsThis study utilized longitudinal data over a 10-year period from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS) to examine the associations between experiences of racial discrimination, marital status, partner support, and SCD, measured by the Everyday Cognition (ECog) Scale, among 286 middle-aged Black American women. Regression analysis and internal moderator analyses were employed to analyze the data. ResultsAbout 31% were in married relationships. Thirty-four percent reported cognitive decline, especially in forgetting object locations and dates. Chronic discrimination predicted SCD, and for those in couple relationships, partner support buffered the adverse effects of discrimination, with those in warm and supportive relationships experiencing less SCD than those in relatively unsupportive relationships or not in a relationship. ConclusionsThe study's findings support the idea that racism influences SCD and underscores the importance of supportive couple relationships in promoting resilience. The results also highlight the potential value of culturally relevant family interventions and support strategies to reduce the impact of discrimination-induced stress on cognitive health.

Perceived Usefulness of Robotic Technology for Patient Fall Prevention.

Technology has the potential to prevent patient falls in healthcare settings and to reduce work-related injuries among healthcare providers. However, the usefulness and acceptability of each technology requires careful evaluation. Framed by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and using the Adaptive Robotic Nursing Assistant (ARNA) to assist with patient ambulation, the present study examined the perceived usefulness of robots in patients' fall prevention with implications for preventing associated work-related injuries among healthcare providers. Employing an experimental design, subjects were undergraduate nursing students (N = 38) and one external subject (not a nursing student) who played the role of the patient. Procedures included subjects ambulating a simulated patient in three ways: (a) following the practice of a nurse assisting a patient to walk with the patient wearing a gait belt; (b) an ARNA-assisted process with the gait belt attached to ARNA; (c) an ARNA-assisted process with a subject walking a patient wearing a harness that is attached to ARNA. Block randomization was used with the following experimental scenarios: Gait Belt (human with a gait belt), "ARNA + Gait Belt" (a robot with a gait belt), and "ARNA + Harness" (a robot with a harness). Descriptive statistics and a multiple regression model were used to analyze the data and compare the outcome described as the Perceived Usefulness (PU) of a robot for patient walking versus a human "nurse assistant" without a robot. The independent variables included the experimental conditions of "Gait Belt," "ARNA + Gait Belt," and "ARNA + Harness," the subject's age, race, and previous videogame playing experience. Results indicated that PU was significantly higher in the Gait Belt + ARNA and Harness + ARNA conditions than in the Gait Belt condition (p-value <.01 for both variables). In examining potential influencing factors, the effects of race (White, African American, and Asian), age, and previous video-playing experience were not statistically significant (p-value >.05). Results demonstrated that using robot technology to assist in walking patients was perceived by subjects as more useful in preventing falls than the gait belt. Patient fall prevention also has implications for preventing associated work-related injuries among healthcare providers. Understanding the effects of a subject's perceptions can guide further development of assistive robots in patient care. Robotic engineers and interdisciplinary teams can design robots to accommodate worker characteristics and individual differences to improve worker safety and reduce work injuries.

Barriers to Healthcare Access for Black Communities in Kingston and London, Ontario

Healthcare access is recognized as a fundamental human right by the World Health Organization. In Canada, the Canada Health Act mandates equitable and accessible healthcare for all. However, many communities, particularly the Black community, continue to face significant barriers due to socioeconomic factors. These challenges are deeply rooted in systemic racism, socio-economic barriers, and cultural biases, which disproportionately impact the health outcomes of Black individuals. This study explores the specific barriers to healthcare access within the Black community using pre-existing qualitative data. We analyzed semi-structured interviews with 15 Black community members in Kingston and 10 in London, Ontario, using NVivo software to systematically code the data and identify key themes. Additionally, a literature review was conducted, which revealed recurring themes such as lack of culturally competent care, distrust of healthcare institutions, and economic barriers. The analysis of the interview data confirmed these themes and highlighted additional issues related to service type, time and availability, and experiences of racism and discrimination. Despite individual differences, these findings consistently emphasize the pressing need for targeted interventions and policy reforms to address these disparities. However, our study was constrained by the limited availability of race-based data in Canada, underscoring the urgent need for increased research and data collection to advocate for equitable healthcare access and monitor the effectiveness of health services for marginalized communities.

People who share encounters with racism are silenced online by humans and machines, but a guideline-reframing intervention holds promise

Are members of marginalized communities silenced on social media when they share personal experiences of racism? Here, we investigate the role of algorithms, humans, and platform guidelines in suppressing disclosures of racial discrimination. In a field study of actual posts from a neighborhood-based social media platform, we find that when users talk about their experiences as targets of racism, their posts are disproportionately flagged for removal as toxic by five widely used moderation algorithms from major online platforms, including the most recent large language models. We show that human users disproportionately flag these disclosures for removal as well. Next, in a follow-up experiment, we demonstrate that merely witnessing such suppression negatively influences how Black Americans view the community and their place in it. Finally, to address these challenges to equity and inclusion in online spaces, we introduce a mitigation strategy: a guideline-reframing intervention that is effective at reducing silencing behavior across the political spectrum.

From adversity to advancement: uncovering how race and class shape Black tech entrepreneurial experiences

Abstract Black people in the technology industry face various barriers, from encountering micro-aggressions from their coworkers to facing blocked advancement in their professional careers. These challenges are particularly pronounced in entrepreneurship, where Black founders receive just one percent of all venture capital funding. But amidst these shared struggles, questions arise as to what ways, if any, these experiences vary. Using an intersectional lens to inductively study forty-six Black tech entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley, I reveal how class shapes Black entrepreneurial processes differently at various phases of entrepreneurship. Lower- and middle-class Black entrepreneurs faced more financial and network-based obstacles as they struggled to raise money from family and friends and had fewer effective networks when starting their businesses. Conversely, Black upper-class entrepreneurs had familial wealth and personal networks that aided their entrepreneurial efforts but faced challenges as they were not a “racial fit” within the industry. Consequently, they perceived that they confronted more instances of individual-level discrimination. Black lower and middle-class entrepreneurs were less likely to discuss instances of perceived individual-level discrimination because many had not reached the step of meeting with an investor. This research offers unique and nuanced insights into how class shapes the entrepreneurial pursuits of Black founders. Contributions to the sociology of race and ethnicity, intersectionality, and the sociology of entrepreneurship are also discussed.

Anti-Indigenous racism in Canadian healthcare: a scoping review of the literature.

Health inequity between Indigenous (First Nations, Inuit, and Métis) peoples and other citizens is an important policy concern in Canada, as in other colonial countries. Racism in healthcare has been identified as contributing to poorer care and to worse outcomes. Despite a large literature regarding racism in other healthcare contexts, the dimensions of the existing literature on anti-Indigenous racism in Canadian healthcare are unclear. A scoping review examined the evidence of anti-Indigenous racist experiences in healthcare in the research literature, including the types of racist behaviours identified, settings studied, and Indigenous populations and geographic regions included. We identified English and French language journal articles on anti-Indigenous racism in Canadian healthcare settings in Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, and the Bibliography of Indigenous Peoples in North America, and grey literature reports. A total of 2250 journal articles and 9 grey literature reports published since 2000 were included in screening, and 66 studies were included in the final review. Most used qualitative interviews with patients, but a large proportion included healthcare providers. Most were conducted in urban settings, a majority in Ontario or British Columbia, with mixed Indigenous populations. The largest proportion focussed on patient experiences with healthcare in general, rather than specific clinical contexts. Most racist experiences identified were 'covert' racism, including patients feeling treated differently from non-Indigenous patients, being ignored, treated more slowly, or not believed. Stereotyping of Indigenous peoples as substance users, poor patients, or poor parents was also commonly reported. 'Overt racism', including the use of racist slurs, was not widely found. Some quantitative studies did use standardized or validated instruments to capture racist experiences, but most did not result in generalizable estimates of their prevalence. The few studies linking racism to health outcomes found that experiencing racism was related to reluctance to seek healthcare, potentially leading to higher unmet healthcare needs. Gender was the intersecting dimension most identified as shaping healthcare experiences, with Indigenous women and girls at risk to specific stereotypes. Some papers suggested that socio-economically disadvantaged Indigenous people were at the highest risk to experiencing racism. Types of anti-Indigenous racism identified in Canadian healthcare appear similar to those reported in other jurisdictions. Indigenous peoples facing multiple dimensions of disadvantage, especially gender and social class, may be the most likely to experience racism. It is likely that the experience of racism in healthcare has implications for Indigenous peoples' health, mainly by reducing healthcare access.

Associations Among Racial Discrimination, Perceived Stress, and Birth Satisfaction in Black Women in the Postpartum Period

ObjectiveTo examine associations among experiences of racial discrimination, perceived stress, and birth satisfaction and to test if perceived stress mediates the relationship between racial discrimination and birth satisfaction among Black women in the postpartum period. DesignSecondary analysis of data from the Biosocial Impact on Black Births study. SettingA postpartum unit of a large hospital in Central Florida. ParticipantsBlack women (N = 154) in the postpartum period. MethodsParticipants completed the lifetime Experiences of Discrimination scale, Perceived Stress Scale and Birth Satisfaction Scale–Revised between 24 hours and 23 days after birth. We calculated descriptive statistics and Spearman’s ρ correlation coefficients to evaluate associations among variables. We used multiple linear regression to evaluate perceived stress as a mediator between racial discrimination and birth satisfaction. ResultsRacial discrimination had a positive association with perceived stress (β = 2.445, p = .03), and perceived stress had a negative association with birth satisfaction (β = –0.221, p = .02). Racial discrimination had no significant direct effect on birth satisfaction (β = –0.091, p = .94); therefore, perceived stress did not mediate the relationship. ConclusionMore experiences of discrimination over the life span were associated with higher levels of perceived stress. Participants who reported higher levels of perceived stress reported lower levels of birth satisfaction. Our study adds to the body of knowledge regarding associations between racial discrimination and perceived stress and perceived stress and birth satisfaction.

Psychosocial and Structural Correlates of Tobacco Use Among Black Young Adults

IntroductionUS- and foreign-born Black young adults (YA) often have different cultural backgrounds and experiences that can an affect the types, extent, and response to psychosocial stressors encountered. This study examined whether psychosocial and structural stressors are similarly related to any and polytobacco (i.e., two or more tobacco products) use among sub-groups of Black YA in the U.S. MethodsCross sectional data were collected in 2023 from 445 Black YA (18-25 years) in the U.S. Stratified regression models were used to examine the association of psychosocial (mental health adversity, race-related adversity, concerns about societal issues), and structural (food insecurity, and housing insecurity) stressors with past 6 month any and polytobacco use among U.S.- and foreign-born Black YA. ResultsRace-related adversity was associated with higher odds of polytobacco use (vs. non-use) among both U.S.- (aOR=1.36, 95% CI=1.06, 1.74) and foreign-born (aOR=2.18, 95% CI=1.18, 4.03) Black YAs. Food insecurity was associated with higher odds of polytobacco use among foreign-born Black YA (aOR=1.92, 95% CI=1.13, 3.27) and any tobacco use among both U.S.- (aOR=1.36, 95% CI=1.04, 1.79) and foreign-born (aOR=1.47, 95% CI=1.01, 2.17) Black YA. However, concern about societal issues was associated with reduced odds of polytobacco use in both groups. ConclusionsIn all models, experiences of racism and discrimination (race-related adversity) was linked to higher odds of polytobacco use, while concern about societal issues was protective. However, there were nativity differences in the association of food insecurity with any and polytobacco use. Findings support the need for culturally/ethnically conscious tobacco prevention strategies that address the underlying psychosocial and structural drivers of tobacco use among Black YA subgroups.

Experiences of Care, Racism, and Communication of Postpartum Black Women Readmitted After Delivery

OBJECTIVE: To explore the contribution of psychosocial factors, perceived barriers to care, structural racism, and experiences of care to disparities in postpartum outcomes for Black patients, as measured by emergency department (ED) visits and postpartum readmissions. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with women of color who were readmitted or had an ED visit related to perinatal outcomes within 30 days of delivery hospitalization. We created an interview guide based on patient, community, and health system factors, asking questions about care and lived experience through delivery, discharge, coming home, and ED visits or readmission during the postpartum period. Patients were identified through the electronic medical record system. Interviews ranged from 30 to 60 minutes and were transcribed, and medical charts were reviewed for delivery and postpartum outcomes. We coded interviews through deductive engagement with the interview guide, which was validated through double-comparative coding between researchers, and used content analysis to delineate themes surrounding barriers to and lack of quality postpartum care for birthing people of color. RESULTS: Principal themes that emerged from the interviews with participants were: perceived lack of communication about the complications they experienced; structural racism described through examples of not being listened to or believed; a perceived lack of respect for Black women's bodies by doctors and nurses, which became embedded in inappropriate verbal and nonverbal communication practices by clinicians and staff; and mismatches in care for participants were noted from the care provided and chart documentation compared with what patients understood to be happening with their health. CONCLUSION: To counter the increasing rates of morbidity and mortality among postpartum Black patients, stronger efforts are required to address the needs of Black patients during the postpartum period through documenting and acknowledging patients' lived experiences, addressing communication needs, and understanding the consequences of structural racism.

Empowering Disabled Voices: A Practical Guide for Methodological Shifts in Biology Education Research.

Biology education research provides important guidance for educators aiming to ensure access for disabled students. However, there is still work to be done in developing similar guidelines for research settings. By using critical frameworks that amplify the voices of people facing multiple forms of marginalization, there is potential to transform current biology education research practices. Many biology education researchers are still in the early stages of understanding critical disability frameworks, such as Disability Critical Race Studies (DisCrit), which consists of seven tenets designed to explore the intersecting experiences of ableism and racism. Our Research Methods Essay uses DisCrit as a model framework and pulls from other related critical disability frameworks to empower disabled voices in biology education research. Drawing from existing scholarship, we discuss how biology education researchers can design, conduct, and share research findings. Additionally, we highlight strategies that biology education scholars can use in their research to support access for participants. We propose the creation and sharing of Access and Equity Maps to help plan-and make public-the steps researchers take to foster access in their research. We close by discussing frequently asked questions researchers may encounter in taking on critical frameworks, such as DisCrit.

Centering Asian Americans in Social Work Education, Research, and Policy

ABSTRACT The Asian American population is incredibly diverse in terms of ethnicity, culture, language, religion, class, and histories of war shaped by U.S. imperialism. Understanding this immense diversity is crucial for engaging with communities while recognizing the diversity–convergence paradox - the idea that Asian Americans share common experiences of discrimination and racialization despite their varied backgrounds and social locations. This paradox offers a critical lens to address health and social challenges for Asian Americans and other minoritized populations. Drawing on insights that account for this paradox, this article reflects on the authors’ experiences as Asian American social work scholars and alumni of the Council on Social Work Education’s Minority Fellowship Program. We discuss contemporary and historical issues facing Asian American communities as well as offer recommendations for advancing antiracism, diversity, equity, and inclusion within social work and beyond.

Responding responsively: Benefits of responsive racism-specific support for Black college students in same- and cross-race friendships.

Black people seek racism-specific support (RSS)-social support in response to racism-from same-race (vs. cross-race) friends because they feel more understood by Black friends. The present study tested whether supportive and responsive (i.e., validating) RSS from Black or non-Black friends differentially influenced friendship dynamics and factors associated with Black support-seekers' psychological well-being (e.g., affect). Same-race (Black/Black; ndyad = 17) and cross-race (Black/non-Black; ndyad = 29) friendship dyads (Mage = 20.25, SD = 3.26) discussed an experience of racism. Both friends rated the supportiveness and responsiveness of RSS (or support) and completed pre- and postconversation measures (e.g., affect, emotional closeness). Supportive and responsive RSS predicted increased closeness between same- and cross-race friends. Responsive RSS predicted increased postconversation positive affect for Black support-seekers talking to same-race (vs. cross-race) friends. Exploratory analyses revealed support-providers also perceived support-seekers as providing responsiveness during exchanges. Responsive and supportive RSS predicted positive cross-race friendship outcomes, and responsive RSS, especially among same-race friends, predicted improvement in Black support-seekers' affective reactions associated with psychological well-being. Moreover, the role of seeking and providing support might be dynamic, particularly when Black friends talk about racism with other friends of color. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Moving from Second Sight to Critical Consciousness Building: Using Social Justice Youth Development and Youth Participatory Action Research to Promote Praxis in Out-of-School Time

Abstract Youth development programs offer flexible environments for healing and positive identity development for youth facing discrimination and oppression. Programs often occur in out-of-school time (OST), a context that is clearly positioned in tandem with the education system to create complex relationships that lead to challenges in OST spaces. Youth development programs occurring in OST settings have the potential for resisting or replicating oppressive practices toward youth occurring in the education system. This article highlights a youth participatory action research (YPAR) project within an OST program using photovoice, field trips, and arts-based strategies. Eleven youth participated in the project over the course of nine months. Thematic content analysis of weekly photovoice and critical consciousness resulted in a primary theme of peeling back the layers. This theme encompassed the evolution of youth understanding the interconnectedness between their individual-level experiences of racism and broader community and systems-level inputs. This article describes critical consciousness development of OST youth participants through intentional engagement in critical dialogue, experiential field trips, and reflective art making.