Experiences Of Racism Research Articles

Sexual Racism and Queer Asian American Men's Depression and Hazardous Drinking.

While research suggests that sexual racism is prevalent within the gay community, studies have neglected to examine how this specific manifestation of racism influences queer Asian American men's mental health. Queer Asian American men's health outcomes are often overlooked as racism-related studies tend to homogenize queer Asian American men with queer men of color broadly. Thus, the present study examined the association between sexual racism and queer Asian American men's depressive symptomatology and hazardous drinking, as well as the moderating role of collective racial self-esteem. The final sample consisted of 151 queer Asian American men who completed a 30-minute cross-sectional survey. Regression analyses indicated that sexual racism was positively associated with depressive symptomatology, whereas it was not associated with hazardous drinking. Additionally, collective racial self-esteem was not found to have a moderating effect. These findings underscore the necessity of racial justice-promoting interventions to minimize queer Asian American men's experience of sexual racism in gay communities. Results also highlight the importance of developing culturally congruent training for clinicians working with queer Asian American men to gain an understanding of how sexual racism impacts this population.

Intergenerational impacts of racial discrimination on child executive functioning problems.

The proposed study sought to investigate whether maternal experiences of racial discrimination and gendered racial stress are associated with offspring executive functioning. Total 266 Black mother-child pairs in the United States were assessed from pregnancy through child age of 4 years. We hypothesized that children whose mothers reported higher rates of perceived gendered racial stress during pregnancy and racial discrimination throughout their lifetime would have lower scores on executive functioning assessments. Furthermore, we hypothesized that low maternal education and income would act as risk moderators whereas social support would act as a protective moderator in the associations between maternal experiences of discrimination (EOD) and child executive functioning. Main effect findings support our hypothesis of an intergenerational association between maternal EOD and gendered racial stress and lower child executive functioning scores. Income was a significant moderator. As hypothesized, the association between mothers reports of lifetime discrimination and lower child executive functioning scores was stronger at lower levels of income. In contrast, however, the association between maternal prenatal reports of gendered racial stress and lower child executive functioning scores was stronger at higher levels of maternal education and income. Social support did not have a significant moderating effect on any of the association.

"I Won't Put Myself or My Family Through That": Decision Preferences, Family Experiences, and Kidney Disease Decision-Making.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern that uniquely impacts older Black Americans, a population also likely to have family members also diagnosed with CKD. This study aimed to (1) describe how participants viewed their decision preferences considering the experiences of family, and friends previously diagnosed with CKD, and (2) to understand how these social complexities informed their own decisions for future CKD care. Utilizing a phenomenologically-informed approach, this study explored participants' perceptions of how patients and their family members' experiences with CKD influenced treatment-related decision-making. A reflexive, thematic content analysis was conducted to identify patterns across participant responses (N=52). Participants were pre-dialysis, diagnosed with stage four or five chronic kidney disease, and were receiving outpatient nephrology care at a large, urban midwestern hospital. Three primary themes emerged: (1) uncertainty regarding decision-making, (2) lived experience of racism, and (3) impact of quality of care, information, and education on decision-making. These three interconnected themes centered on factors that influenced why and how decisions related to chronic kidney disease were made and how racial identity and prior family experiences with CKD influenced these decisions. Over the next 40 years, the population of Black Americans aged ≥ 65 years will nearly triple. Because of the complex support requirements and burden(s) of care for CKD patients, there are implications for reshaping the negative and disorienting narratives that influence decision-making conflicts.

The effectiveness of providing training and ongoing support to foster cultural humility in volunteers serving as mentors to youth of color: a mixed-methods study protocol

BackgroundThe aim of this randomized control trial is to test the impact of providing additional training and support to volunteers who are paired with youth of color in the Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) community-based mentoring program. The aim of the intervention activities is to enhance the capacity of mentors to have more culturally responsive and informed interactions with their mentees of color, thereby strengthening the youth’s ethnic/racial identity and abilities to both cope with experiences of racism and contribute to causes that advance social justice.MethodsRecruitment started in June 2022, with a goal of enrolling 240 dyads (i.e., “matches”), each consisting of a volunteer mentor and a youth of color aged 9- to 17-years old with whom they were paired through BBBS. Each match is assigned randomly to receive either standard BBBS services or to services that incorporate the intervention activities (i.e., approximately 3 h of initial training that is then supplemented with booster emails and in the context of the contacts that case managers have with mentors routinely in the program). The BBBS staff who are responsible for delivering the enhancements receive preparatory training as well as ongoing support with implementation. The study has a mixed-methods design. Survey data, on outcomes (e.g., ethnic/racial identity, sense of mattering, efficacy) aligned with the theory of change, are collected at multiple time points within 12 months from mentors, youth and their parent/guardian, and BBBS staff. Multiple qualitative interviews are conducted with a subset of youth, mentors, parents and BBBS staff to examine how the intervention works and how it impacts relationship development and youth outcomes over time. Integration of quantitative and qualitative data will aim to better understand whether and how the intervention works with respect to its potential influence on mentor attitudes (e.g., cultural humility), mentor-youth interactions, and emergent identities and capacities that have well-documented importance for the resilience and well-being of youth of color.DiscussionThis culturally tailored training and support intervention for volunteer mentors may be one way to increase the effectiveness of mentoring programs for youth of color. Study findings will have implications for youth mentoring programs and for other settings (e.g., schools, after school programs) in which children and adolescents form relationships with adults.Trial registrationwww.clinicaltrials.gov—Clinical Trial #NCT05391711; original 05.21.2022; Amendment 07.01.2022: study status was updated and more details were provided on outcome measures; Amendment 11/13/2022: sample size was modified, a few mentor outcome measures were added in the 12-months survey, the timing of a mentor measure was updated.

The principal’s role in Ethiopian-descent teachers’ inclusion and integration into the Israeli education system: perceptions of Ethiopian-descent teachers and school principals

Graduates of teacher-education programs of Ethiopian descent often encounter significant challenges in securing permanent employment and fully integrating into the Israeli education system. This study aims to explore how these teachers perceive the role of the school principal in their inclusion and integration into the Israeli education system and how principals perceive Ethiopian-descent teachers. 13 Ethiopian-descent teachers were interviewed, and seven school principals participated in focus groups. The data were analyzed using a qualitative-phenomenological approach. The findings reveal the difficulties faced by Ethiopian-descent teachers and identify factors that impact their job retention, with school administration emerging as a critical factor in teacher turnover. Principals who employ Ethiopian-descent teachers often view them as less competent and inferior compared to their majority-group counterparts. The study presents coping strategies and resilience of the Ethiopian-descent teachers as well as the importance of principals’ support. These insights highlight a significant link between teachers’ inclusion and integration processes and experiences of racism.

Examining Spiritual Well-Being as a Protective Factor Against Suicidality in Black Women Dealing with Everyday Discrimination

Research has shown that experiences of systemic oppression, racism, and discrimination are associated with increased psychological distress among Black women and that this might present as thoughts of suicide and suicidal behavior. The current study aims to contribute to the growing literature on suicidality among Black women by examining spiritual well-being as a protective factor that moderates the relationship between everyday discrimination and suicidality. A moderation analysis indicated a significant moderation effect of spiritual well-being on the relationship between everyday discrimination and suicidality in Black women, indicating that at high levels of spiritual well-being, the relationship between everyday discrimination and suicidality becomes weak. The current study aims to provide clinical implications relevant to culturally specific intervention plans for suicide risk among clients who are Black women.

Challenges and Resiliency: Social Determinants of Health, COVID-19, and the Disproportionate Impact on Immigrants and Refugees Living with HIV.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic is a global public health and social justice issue. HIV continues to disproportionately affect marginalized populations, including immigrants and refugees living with HIV (IRLHIV). This study investigated and captured the experiences of IRLHIV using the social determinants of health framework. This study examined the intersecting factors affecting the health and well-being of IRLHIV in Alberta, Canada, prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Concurrent mixed methods were used. Employing an online survey (n = 124) and photovoice methodology (n = 13), the researchers identified five salient themes: experiences of racism and discrimination, challenges accessing nutrition, healthcare, and affordable housing, and precarious employment situations. The findings underscored the amplification of pre-existing inequities during the COVID-19 pandemic, intensifying the discrimination and stigma faced by IRLHIV due to both their health status and immigration background. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted, evidence-based interventions to address the social determinants of health that adversely affect IRLHIV. The researchers recommend further participatory research action into health disparities for IRLHIV to create responsive and culturally safe services for IRLHIV.

International students and everyday multiculturalism: rethinking ‘connection’ through mundane sites of encounter

Abstract Dominant narratives of international students in the existing literature paint them as ‘missing’ or living ‘in parallel’ to their local communities, predominantly through evaluating the composition of their friendship networks. In this study, we query whether the use of a new conceptual framework can provide alternative explanations for these deficit framings. Using the lens of ‘everyday multiculturalism’, we explore instead how (international) students encounter, enact, and engage with multiculturalism in their local communities in more micro ways through banal acts of daily living. This has been developed through interviews with 41 international and home students across four cities in Germany, using a photo elicitation method and centring narrative storytelling. This study finds that micro sites of encounter, such as rubbish bins and bus rides, are symbolised by students as meaningful spaces of multicultural encounter and learning. We further reflect on how everyday multiculturalism holds a dual function as a site of experienced xenophobia and racism, as well as spaces where stereotypes are confirmed. Together this highlights the value of alternative conceptual frameworks for critiquing deficit framings of international students’ connections to multicultural societies by highlighting how they are multicultural society.

The Framing of Latinxs’ Education: An Examination of Spanish-Language Newspapers

ABSTRACT This study examines Spanish-language newspapers’ framing of Latinxs’ education in the United States. Adopting critical race, Latina/o critical race, and critical discourse epistemologies, we investigate how four Spanish-language newspapers with the largest circulation in, respectively, the Northeast, South, Midwest, and West United States frame Latinxs’ education. Our critical race, Latina/o critical race, and critical discourse analysis highlights that newspapers engage in a structural, yet constructivist framing of Latinxs’ education that breaks away from deficit-based stereotypes. The discourse in the selected Spanish newspapers highlights three frames on which the twenty articles in our sample rely when discussing Latinxs’ education: (a) “racialization of education,” (b) “education as the state’s responsibility,” and (c) “Latinxs’ value education.” We suggest that these frames challenge the hegemonic understandings of educational attainment as the product of liberalism and meritocracy which have traditionally ignored the racialized experiences of Latinxs. And yet, whereas the adoption of these frames flips the deficit-based cultural construction of Latinxs’ education to an asset-based one, we highlight some of the ways in which the framing simultaneously reinforces some stereotypical constructions of Latinx groups.

Discrimination and racial socialization profiles: Associations with Asian American adolescent attachment, activism, and self-esteem.

Theory and research suggest that racial discrimination is associated with attachment insecurity (Stern et al., 2022), whereas racial socialization is an integral aspect to fostering secure attachment with parents (Coard, 2022; Dunbar, Lozada, et al., 2022). In addition, with greater attachment security, people of color are more likely to deal with threats more effectively (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2022). The present study tested these theories by examining (a) latent profiles of racial discrimination experiences and racial socialization messages and (b) whether the latent profiles were related to secure attachment with parents and in turn, activism and self-esteem among Asian American adolescents. The sample included 301 Asian American adolescents who completed an online survey. There were three profiles: (a) high discrimination, high interpersonal racial socialization, moderate systemic racial socialization; (b) moderate discrimination, moderate interpersonal, and systemic racial socialization; and (c) low discrimination, low interpersonal, and systemic racial socialization. Adolescents in the high discrimination, high interpersonal racial socialization, moderate systemic racial socialization profile were more likely to engage in activism. Adolescents in the moderate discrimination, moderate interpersonal, and systemic racial socialization profile were also more likely to engage in greater activism through secure attachment to fathers. Although there were no differences among the profiles and self-esteem, secure attachment with both mothers and fathers was related to greater self-esteem. Findings highlight the importance of racial socialization and secure attachment with fathers in bolstering Asian American adolescents' fight for racial justice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Multiculturalism and the Experiences of Visible Minority Immigrant Women in Canada

This essay examines of multiculturalism in Canada’s constitution obscures the persistent experiences of racism and discrimination among minority immigrant women.. Immigrant women often confront an impetus to assimilate; resistance to assimilation may result in their cultural values being silenced because they do not conform to the Canadian national identity. Focusing on the period between 1987–2012, this essay will explore the challenges faced by visible minority immigrant women as they undergo settlement in a “multicultural” Canada. It argues that Canadian multiculturalism fails to adequately provide equal opportunities to visible minority immigrant women by overlooking their negative experiences exacerbated by discrimination and structural inequities. Additionally, this essay contends that visible minority immigrant women are neglected by the multicultural framework in Canada, evidenced by disproportionate experiences of challenges to social alienation, cultural preservation, and the paid labour force. This analysis reveals that multicultural policies provide a narrow definition of racism by reducing it to acts of violence against visible minorities. Policy should expand to also encompass the impacts of racial stereotyping and exclusion directed against these women. Therefore, to better address inequities between visible minority immigrant women, Canadian policy makers should address the issue of systemic racism rather than focusing on cultural homogeneity.

Immobility, remote education, and racism experiences of Chinese and Korean international students during COVID-19

This study examines international student experiences from two different yet intersecting dimensions: immobility and racism on campus during COVID-19. In addition to pre-existing challenges, COVID-19 introduced additional barriers to international student life. During the pandemic, international students encountered an unexpected remote education system designed to bridge their transnational connection with American higher education. This study aims to uncover the experiences of Chinese and Korean students and understand how COVID-19 further complicated their situations. The research reveals that international students also faced discrimination at various levels, exacerbated by heightened anti-Asian sentiments and the political climate during the pandemic. As hate incidents increased, international students began to recognize that educational institutions were not safe spaces but rather contact zones operating within power differentials. However, this study concludes that despite the intensified vulnerability caused by COVID-19, international students demonstrated resilience through various copying mechanism while finding this period of immobility meaningful.

Maternal adverse childhood experiences and lifetime experiences of racial discrimination: Associations with current household hardships and intergenerational health.

Growing evidence shows parents' exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and lifetime experiences of racial discrimination (EOD) negatively impacts not only their own health, but also their children's health. ACEs and EOD can be conceptualized as a reflection of shared underlying adversities and structural injustices that manifest in inequitable educational and employment opportunities and differential treatment by public policies and programs that impede parents' capacity to support their families. Therefore, a potentially important, but underexplored, mechanism of effects of parent ACEs and EOD on the next generation is through effects on household material hardships. Using cross-sectional survey data collected from 1629 mothers of young children aged <4 years during pediatric healthcare visits in four US cities (Baltimore, MD; Boston, MA; Little Rock, AR; Philadelphia, PA), we examined individual and joint associations of mothers' ACEs and EOD with their health and their children's health, as well as household-level material hardships. In demographics-adjusted Poisson and multinomial logistic regression models, mothers who had experienced high ACEs, high EOD, or high combined ACE-EOD reported more household hardships and were less likely to report that they and their young children were in good health. Mediation analyses showed evidence that associations with maternal health were partially mediated by household hardships. Our results suggest that maternal ACEs and EOD may undermine maternal and child health via household hardships, along with other potential mechanisms. Counteracting downstream effects of these adversities requires timely intervention on multiple levels, including addressing remediable household hardships. Ultimately, a focus on achieving equity comprehensively through policy design and implementation is needed to realize the full potential of public policies for supporting family and child health.

Effects of strategies to tackle racism experienced by healthcare professionals: a systematic review

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) training interventions on race inequalities experienced by healthcare professionals.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesCochrane, MEDLINE and Embase...

'Mob aren't staying when there's no support': Enablers and barriers of recruitment and retention of First Nations midwifery students - A qualitative study.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter referred to as First Nations) childbearing women report negative experiences from a lack of culturally safe maternity care. Evidence supports improved health outcomes for First Nations women and infants when cared for by First Nations midwives. There are barriers to First Nations students accessing university, particularly nursing and midwifery students, with a lack of evidence exploring the experiences of First Nations midwifery students. This study aims to understand the impact of the current strategies to improve recruitment and retention of First Nations midwifery students and identify further innovations. A semi-structured yarning circle was held with six Bachelor of Midwifery students at a university in Queensland, Australia. Three key categories emerged: student recruitment, student retention and student success. Enablers included culturally appropriate recruitment, partnerships with other First Nations peoples, incorporating First Nations ways of Knowing, Being, and Doing, culturally safe support, placements and mentorship, and identification and representation. Barriers included financial impacts, experiences of racism and lack of Cultural Safety and humility. Overall, students felt the university provided a culturally safe environment and implemented strategies that supported students' recruitment, retention and success in the degree. They suggested improvements to current strategies and new ideas for implementation. Strategies to improve recruitment and retention of First Nations midwifery students are imperative to close the gap in educational attainment and improve health outcomes for First Nations peoples. These strategies need to be multi-layered, culturally appropriate and implement a whole of university approach.

Racism in German healthcare: uncovering the construction and silencing of the "other".

While the impact of racism on healthcare interactions has been researched extensively in many parts of the world, substantive studies on healthcare-related racism in Europe, and particularly in Germany, remain scarce. This paper builds on a study that applies Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) and aims to explore healthcare users' experiences of racism within German healthcare. Community members were trained as peer researchers and given support as they conducted a total of six focus group discussions that involved a total of 14 study participants: these participants were organized into two subsamples of seven participants each (subsample one: Black, African, Afro-diasporic healthcare users; subsample two: healthcare users perceived or self-describing as Muslim), and each subsample had three focus group discussions. A democratic approach to qualitative data analysis was applied in the form of the DEPICT model. The data analysis developed iteratively, with inductive and deductive steps complementing one another. The study results illustrate how the collaboratively developed concepts of being treated as "other" and being made inaudible can advance our understanding of the forms, dynamics, and effects of racism in healthcare encounters. Because this paper focuses on the process of racialization, it helps illumine the mechanisms of subtle racism, which, as study results suggest, can damage healthcare users, cause a loss of trust in the system, and lead to invisibilization of racism in healthcare. By doing so, it draws attention to areas for change and transformation, to larger power structures that must be challenged in order to ensure responsive and equal healthcare for all healthcare users. The application of CBPR and, particularly, the engagement of racialized healthcare users in the research process offered pathways for analyzing the subtle, otherwise hard-to-detect mechanisms of racism, and for learning from the wisdom of situated knowledges.

The Association Between Peritraumatic Dissociation and Race-Based Trauma Symptoms: The Role of Negative Cognitions

ABSTRACT Peritraumatic dissociation is a risk factor for the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Per the cognitive model of PTSD and empirical research, cognitive appraisals mediate the relationship between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD. Racial trauma has recently been conceptualized as a psychological sequelae to racism and discrimination that involves a posttraumatic stress reaction to experiences of racism and discrimination. Given the theoretical parallels between PTSD and racial trauma, we hypothesized that negative cognitions would intervene in the relationship between peritraumatic dissociation and racial trauma. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether negative cognitions about the self and the world and self-blame intervened in the relationship between peritraumatic dissociation and racial trauma among 220 minoritized participants. The results indicated that negative views about the self (b = .24) and the world (b = .18), but not self-blame intervened in the relationship between peritraumatic dissociations and racial trauma. These findings provide some insight regarding how negative cognitions relate to peritraumatic dissociations and racial trauma, allowing for a discussion of potential treatment implications.

The association between experiences of racism and mental health on children and young people in the UK: rapid scoping review.

Racism is increasingly recognised as a key contributor to poor mental health. However, the existing literature primarily focuses on its effects on adults. To identify literature on the association between experiences of racism and mental health in children and young people in the UK. Inclusion criteria were: (a) peer-reviewed publications containing original data; (b) UK-based research; (c) included examination of associations between mental health and experiences of direct or indirect racism (quantitative or qualitative); (d) inclusion of an assessment of mental health outcomes; (e) participant ages up to and including 18 years of age or (if the range went beyond 18) with a mean age of 17 years or less. Six databases were searched between 2000 and 2022; an initial 11 522 studies were identified with only eight meeting the inclusion criteria. Five of the identified studies provided quantitative data and three provided qualitative data. The majority of studies (7/8) focused on children and young people aged 10 years and over; only one focused on children under the age of 10 years. Measurements of racism varied among the studies providing quantitative data. Only four studies directly focused on the effects of racism on the mental health of children and young people. Although the included studies highlighted potential negative impacts of experiences of racism on children and young people in the UK, this review shows the lack of available literature to inform policy and practice. No studies examined the impact of internalised racism, systemic and institutional racism, or intersectionality.

'They attacked you just like that': Negotiating racial epistemics in making claims about racism.

Social psychological research on race and racism has shown that claims about racism are not always accepted or received as valid reports. In this paper, I offer racial epistemics as one mechanism by which race-talk takes place. I examine how ascribing category-bound entitlements to experiential or other knowledge about racism is variously realised and complicated in the production of claims about racism. Through examining news media accounts where Black persons were invited to talk about their experiences of racism in India, I show that despite ascribing a privileged epistemic position to Black persons, recipients (interviewers and other panellists) could make salient epistemic entitlements to commonsense, specialised, or other forms of (racial) knowledge in collaboratively establishing, confirming or correcting, and challenging claims about racism in India. The findings are discussed in relation to the broader understanding of racism in social psychology. The data are in Indian English.

Investigating Moral Distress in Clinical Research Professionals—A Deep Dive into Troubled Waters

ABSTRACTMoral distress occurs when professionals are constrained from taking what they believe to be ethically appropriate actions or are forced to take actions they believe are ethically inappropriate, challenging their professional identities and representing systems‐level issues within organizations. Moral distress has been recognized in a variety of health care‐related fields; however, the phenomenon is still comparatively unexplored among clinical research professionals (CRPs). In this qualitative study, we interviewed ten CRPs to unearth root causes of moral distress in this ethically unique profession. Four themes emerged from the data as contributors to moral distress: commodification of research; concern for research participants; compromised science; and structures of hierarchy. The experience of racism as a source of moral distress is also explored. The findings of this study indicate that the existence of moral distress in clinical research is troubling not only for the welfare of CRPs but also for the greater clinical research enterprise.