Experience Of Infertility Research Articles

Women's experiences of infertility after the Holocaust

Nuremburg trial evidence demonstrated that Nazis sought methods of mass sterilization of Jewish women. Immediately upon arrival at the concentration camps, over 98% of women stopped menstruating. There has been minimal investigation as to the cause(s) of amenorrhea, beyond malnutrition and trauma. The major objectives of this article are to 1) provide an alternate hypothesis to explain women's amenorrhea, i.e., surreptitious administration of exogenous hormones to women; 2) detail survivors' reproductive histories so as to demonstrate long-term sequellae, especially pregnancy losses; 3) provide women's subjective narratives of the short- and long-term experience of reproductive losses; 4) link women's amenorrhea, subsequent primary and secondary infertility and the evidence for the hypothesized causal mechanism, i.e., the administration of sex steroids which might have led to both immediate and long-term reproductive impacts. We conducted telephone interviews from 2018 to 2021 with Holocaust survivors internationally in 4 languages. We collected 93 testimonies from female Holocaust survivors (average age 92.5) or offspring who could provide complete reproductive histories for survivors. The interviews focused on reproductive histories, including amenorrhea beginning in 1942–45, subsequent attempts to conceive, numbers of pregnancies, miscarriages and stillbirths. Ninety-eight percent of women interviewed were unable to conceive or carry to term their desired number of children. Of 197 confirmed pregnancies, at least 48 (24.4%) ended in miscarriages, 13 (6.6%) in stillbirths and 136 (69.0%) in live births. The true number of pregnancy losses is likely much higher. Only 15/93 (16.1%) of women were able to carry more than two babies to term, despite most wanting more children desperately. Amenorrhea among Jewish women arriving at concentration camps was too uniform and sudden to be effected only by trauma and/or malnutrition. Survivors' narratives and historical evidence suggest the role of exogenous hormones, administered without women's knowledge to induce amenorrhea as well as subsequent primary and secondary infertility.

A survey of Australian and New Zealand medical parents' experiences of infertility, pregnancy, and parenthood.

ObjectiveTo describe the incidence of infertility, pregnancy complications, and breastfeeding practices among Australian and New Zealand doctors and identify factors associated with increased pregnancy complication rates.MethodsA survey of ANZ doctors using an online questionnaire during November 2021.ResultsOne thousand ninety-nine completed responses were received. The median age of female doctors at the time of their first child was 32.4. Fertility testing was undertaken by 37%, with 27% having in vitro fertilization. More than 60% of respondents delayed family planning due to work. Pregnancy loss occurred in 36% of respondents, and 50% suffered a pregnancy complication. There were significant differences between specialists, with surgeons working longer hours before and after pregnancy, but having greater access to maternity leave than general practitioners.ConclusionFemale doctors delay starting and completing their family due to work-related demands and structural biases in career progression, which may result in higher infertility and pregnancy complication rates.

Achieving proportional representation in a reproductive health survey through social media: process and recommendations

BackgroundThe narrative surrounding women’s reproductive health has shifted from a medical model to an emphasis on reproductive well-being over different life-stages. We developed and piloted a tracker survey for monitoring women’s reproductive health and well-being in England, recruiting respondents online. This paper reports on the success of the online recruitment strategies in achieving a sample proportionally representative of the England general population.MethodsRecruitment was through Facebook and Instagram advertisements and dissemination through Twitter and a blog. At the end week one, the sample was reviewed and compared to the 2011 Census England population. From week two, recruitment targeted under-represented groups. Key data were compared with prevalence estimates from the Third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3).ResultsBetween 1 July-17 August 2021, 13,962 people initiated the online survey, with 11,578 completing it. Numbers were low initially, but peaked at 1700 survey initiations per day after increasing the daily advertisement budget on day seven. At the end of week one, minority ethnic groups and people without a degree or equivalent were under-represented. From week two, we altered the advertisement settings to show to people whose profile indicated they were a ‘high school leaver’ had ‘up to some high school’, worked in industries that do not typically require a degree or lived in local authorities with a high proportion of ethnic minority residents. This had a modest effect, with the final sample short of proportional representation in terms of ethnicity and education but close in terms of region and age. Compared to Natsal-3, we found consistency in the proportion of respondents reporting an abortion and a live birth in the last year, however, the proportion of our sample reporting ever having experienced infertility was significantly higher than in Natsal-3, as was the proportion of ‘planned’ pregnancies in the last year.ConclusionsIt is possible to recruit large numbers of respondents online, relatively quickly, to complete a reproductive health survey. This will be valuable to track reproductive health and well-being at a national level over time. More work is needed to understand reasons for non-response among under-represented groups.

A Cross-Sectional, Exploratory Study on the Impact of Night Shift Work on Midwives' Reproductive and Sexual Health.

Background: Shift work is the basis for health care system functioning. The non-standard schedules enforce abrupt changes in the timing of sleep and light-dark exposure. It can contribute to the increased risk of various medical conditions, including reproductive and sexual health issues. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of shift work with night shifts on midwives’ reproductive and sexual health. Methods: This cross-sectional, exploratory study included 520 midwives. A descriptive questionnaire was distributed in person (414) and online (106) from July 2019 to May 2020. We used the Female Sexual Function Index (PL-FSFI) standardized questionnaire and proprietary research tools (applicable to demographic and social data and reproductive health). All statistical calculations were performed with the IBM SPSS 23 statistical package. Results: Shift work affects midwives’ reproductive and sexual health. Midwives working night shifts are more likely to experience reproductive problems and sexual dysfunctions. The most pronounced differences are observed in the experience of infertility and the number of miscarriages. PL-FSFI results clearly showed the adverse impact of working shifts including night shifts on functioning in various dimensions of sexual health. Conclusion: Shift work negatively affects reproductive and sexual health and causes work-life conflict experience. It is necessary to develop procedures that minimize shift rotation and implement work schedules that allow for recuperation or rest and ensure proper family and social life.

The social and cultural consequences of infertility in rural and peri-urban Malawi.

Relatively little is known about infertility experiences among women in rural Malawi and the impact of infertility on women's marital and family relations. This article examines the perspectives of women and health care providers regarding women's concepts of reproductive health and attitudes toward infertility. The paper explores the supports and barriers to managing infertility at the individual, household, and community levels. The data presented was drawn from semi-structured interviews with health care providers and patients within a prevention of mother to child transmission program and focus group discussions with community men and women in four communities in Southern Malawi. Seventy-eight patients, 12 health care providers, and 32 community leaders participated in the study. The findings suggest that gender inequities and kinship relations intersect to produce infertility related stigma which exacerbates the social and cultural consequences of being infertile in these study communities. Social support from other women experiencing infertility is one strategy to help women manage the social and cultural burden of infertility in these study communities. These results shed light on the meaning of motherhood to women living in rural and peri-urban Sub-Saharan African communities and call for an expansion of infertility services, social services, and mental health services for both women and men who experience infertility.

The Role of Media in the De-Stigmatization of Infertility in Nigeria

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate how the Nigerian newspaper reports infertility and its potential effect on stigmatization. Background: Infertility, a devastating condition, is a universal problem affecting a considerable number of people. However, perceptions on the causes and consequences of infertility differ across societies. The approach in which the media outlines issues can influence the public’s understanding and interpretation of those issues. Media coverage of infertility contribute and affects the social construction, perception and understanding of fertility, which tends to elicit behaviors that directly or indirectly stigmatize individuals with infertility. The present study will investigate the framing of newspaper reports on infertility with respect to causes and solutions. Methods: A content analysis was conducted on the reports of two newspaper organization that contained the key word ‘infertility’ from January 2017 to April 2018 (N = 96). The articles were analyzed and coded using a pre-determined themes. Results: The most commonly cited treatment was in-vitro fertilization (IVF), the interpretation of infertility framed by the media were unduly ascribed to female–related issues, the main cause of infertility were identified to be mainly female-related, and the evaluation of the experiences of infertility was mainly from female perspective. Conclusion: The Nigerian newspaper reports tends to present infertility as a serious and predominantly a women’s disease. This partial representation of infertility may be a source that promotes the social and cultural stigmatization directed at women in the Nigerian society. The consequences for the societal perception and understanding of infertility are discussed. Keywords: Infertility, Stigmatization, Media, Framing DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-14-04 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

Judicial medical management of mild and minimal endometriosis in selected patients of infertility is non-inferior to surgical treatment – a retrospective analysis

Background: Endometriosis is an enigmatic disease that affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age and almost 50% of women with endometriosis experience infertility. These women experience symptoms of dysmenorrhea, premenstrual pain, dyspareunia, and infertility, but many affected women are asymptomatic. Objective: To analyse the clinical pregnancy rate after treating mild and minimal endometriosis causing infertility with dienogest (2 mg) or by surgical intervention. Materials and Methods: 146 subfertile women with mild and minimal endometriosis, enrolled over a period of 36 months (January 2017 to December 2019) at Calcutta Fertility Mission have been included in the present study. They were grouped in A and B and treated with dienogest (2mg) for 90days or by laparoscopic ablation, and ovulation induction. Clinical pregnancy rates were analysed. Results: In our study, 18.52% of patients with early stage asymptomatic endometriosis, had conceived spontaneously after treatment with dienogest for 3 months, and 37.04%, 44.44% had conceived after treating them with dienogest followed by letrozole and letrozole and GnRH, for subsequent 3-6months, respectively. 13.64% , 36.36% , 50% of women had conceived spontaneously after laparoscopic ablation, after treating them with ablative procedure and letrozole and with letrozole and GnRH in the next 3-6 cycles, respectively. Spontaneous pregnancy and pregnancy following letrozole only or letrozole and GnRH in Group A and B were also not statistically significant (p - 0.961, p - 0.698). Conclusion: Clinical pregnancy in infertile women with early endometriosis treated with dienogest is non-inferior to others treated with laparoscopic ablation and minimal adhesiolysis.

P-486 Fertility in the workplace: The emotional, physical and psychological impact of infertility in the workplace

Abstract Study question How can a supportive workplace environment influence the emotional and physical wellbeing of those Impacted by fertility issues? Summary answer Implementing a supportive environment and workplace fertility policies can substantially improve physical and emotional wellbeing and is indeed best practice benefiting both employees and employers. What is known already Most people facing fertility issues are in some form of employment. Trying to conceive, fertility investigations and fertility treatment, can impact physical and emotional wellbeing causing distress, anxiety and affect relationships with family, friends and colleagues. This can lead to a detrimental effect on workplace performance, job satisfaction, career progression and an increase in absence or sick time for those employees who are actively trying to conceive. The demands of navigating treatment whilst working can cause immense emotional stress on an individual as well as potentially affecting the wider organisation as a whole unless best practice in support is shown. Study design, size, duration During October 2021, two surveys were conducted to explore and make the link between the personal / human experience of infertility and the corporate impact / responsibility in supporting someone through it. The first survey was disseminated to 503 workers who were either trying to conceive, currently pregnant, or who have conditions related to fertility and the second survey was sent to 1054 workers who did not identify that they were on a fertility journey. Participants/materials, setting, methods Two online anonymous surveys were conducted, the first contained 18 questions and were aimed at 503 workers who identified that they were either trying to conceive, currently pregnant or who had conditions related to fertility. The second questionnaire contained 9 questions and was aimed at 1054 respondents who were not on a fertility journey, 508 of which were in senior or management positions. All respondents were in current employment in various roles. Main results and the role of chance The main results of the combined surveys showed that nearly 2 in 3 women have felt overwhelmed by their fertility journey. Over half of respondents feel that their fertility journey has made them feel depressed and/or anxious and the majority of those who have had miscarriages say that their fertility journey has been traumatic (79%). Almost two thirds (63%) have not been offered fertility counselling or support by their workplace. Employees who are on their fertility journey are often? unable to work to their full potential, with 40% having considered leaving their job entirely. Reduced working hours, a change in career path and passing up important career opportunities are all actions respondents have taken whilst on their fertility journey. This remains equal across both male and females, with 31% of those who have reduced their hours/ gone part time having had a partner experience miscarriage. 61% have told their employer about their fertility journey, 23% have spoken about it in detail. 24% of those on their journey have had to lie to colleagues/ managers in order to attend/ manage fertility appointments and/or treatment. Limitations, reasons for caution No limitations identified. Male, female and gender neutral/ non-binary respondents were included in the survey, along with those who identified as single or were in heterosexual or same sex relationships. Wider implications of the findings These study findings support the research conducted by Fertility Network UK which highlights that supporting workers and employees, signposting to specialist fertility counselling, implementation of flexible working, fertility workplace policies, a supportive workplace and education is recommended for all organisations. To benefit both employer and employee alike Trial registration number not applicable

Does male fertility-related quality of life differ when undergoing evaluation by reproductive urologist versus reproductive endocrinologist?

The female infertility experience is well-described, but the male experience is less explored. We sought to understand if fertility motivations and quality of life differ for males undergoing fertility evaluation by a reproductive urologist (RU) versus a reproductive endocrinologist (RE). A cross-sectional study of 201 males undergoing fertility evaluation at an academic centre, by either a RU or RE, over a 2-year period, was performed. A survey was administered, with demographic, medical, and fertility motivations questions, and the validated Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) questionnaire. Responses were compared by provider type using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and t-test. Most men (91.1%) pursued evaluation because of a mutual desire for children. RE evaluated males were older, earned higher incomes, and were more likely to pursue IVF versus those RU evaluated (p < 0.05). Men evaluated by RUs had lower FertiQoL scores, (p < 0.05), which correlated with having known male factor infertility (p < 0.05). Nearly all (96.2%) men evaluated by RUs indicated this was helpful for understanding their infertility. Our findings provide new insight into the male fertility evaluation experience. Despite the lower QoL seen by men seeing a RU, nearly all men reported that a RU evaluation was helpful for understanding their infertility experience.

The usefulness of homoeopathic medicines for infertility – A case series

Introduction: Infertility is the inability to achieve a successful pregnancy within 2 years of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. About 8–12% of couples of reproductive age experience infertility worldwide. Infertility may result from any underlying pathology or unexplained causes and can cause severe emotional disturbances in both partners. The complexity and cost of conventional treatment may not be affordable for a majority of people. Case Summary: Three cases of infertility with an underlying pathology successfully treated with standalone homoeopathic treatment are reported. These cases presented with a structural deformity as a cause of infertility. The patients partners were also given homoeopathic medicines in all the cases. The first case showed a long liquefaction time on semen analysis and the female partner had a unilateral tubal block. The second case investigation reported ipsilateral varicocele and small-sized testes with oligospermia. In the third case, the female had polycystic ovarian syndrome with a sub-septate uterus and multinodular goitre. All three cases were treated with individualised homoeopathic medicine. All these cases were followed up regularly and they conceived within 6 months of treatment.

Knowledge of Fertility and Perspectives About Family Planning Among Female Physicians

Pervasive gender disparities exist in medicine regarding promotion, achievement of academic rank, and appointment to leadership positions. Fertility and childbearing concerns may contribute to these disparities. To assess fertility knowledge and concerns and evaluate barriers to family building and impact on academic attrition reported by female physicians. This qualitative study used mixed methods; first, structured 1:1 interviews exploring fertility knowledge and family-building concerns were conducted among 16 female physicians between November 2019 and May 2020. Transcripts were coded in Dedoose and used to develop a survey instrument with subsequent pilot testing conducted among 24 female physicians between April 2020 and September 2020. Data analysis was performed from January 2021 to March 2021. Fertility knowledge, perceptions of peer and institutional support surrounding childbearing, factors contributing to delayed childbearing, and impact of family planning on career decisions. Among 16 women who completed qualitative interviews, 4 (25%) were Asian, 1 (6%) was Black, 1 (6%) was multiracial, and 10 (63%) were White; mean (SD) age was 34.9 (4.0) years. Evaluation of fertility knowledge revealed 3 notable themes: (1) inadequate formal fertility education, (2) informal learning through infertility experiences of patients, peers, or personal struggles, and (3) desire to improve medical education through early introduction and transparent discussions about infertility. Exploration of childbearing concerns similarly revealed several salient themes: (1) high incidence of delayed childbearing, (2) perceived lack of peer and administrative support, and (3) impact of family building on career trajectory. These themes were borne out in pilot testing of the survey instrument: of 24 female physicians (7 Asian women [27%], 1 Black woman [4%], 1 Hispanic or Latinx woman [4%], 1 multiracial woman [4%], 15 White women [58%]; mean [SD] age, 36.1 [6.7] years), 17 (71%) had delayed childbearing and 16 (67%) had altered their career for family-building reasons. Qualitative interviews identified fertility and family building concerns among female physicians and were used to develop a tailored survey for women in medicine. These findings suggest that female physicians may delay childbearing and make substantial accommodations in their careers to support family building. A large-scale national survey is needed to better characterize the unique fertility, childbearing, and parenting needs of women in academic medicine to better understand how these concerns may contribute to academic attrition.

MP34-11 EFFECT OF ANASTROZOLE ON SPERM CONCENTRATION IN MALE PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFERTILITY

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022MP34-11 EFFECT OF ANASTROZOLE ON SPERM CONCENTRATION IN MALE PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFERTILITY Bryan Naelitz, Carlos Munoz-Lopez, Neel Parekh, Scott Lundy, and Sarah Vij Bryan NaelitzBryan Naelitz More articles by this author , Carlos Munoz-LopezCarlos Munoz-Lopez More articles by this author , Neel ParekhNeel Parekh More articles by this author , Scott LundyScott Lundy More articles by this author , and Sarah VijSarah Vij More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002588.11AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Anastrozole, a selective aromatase inhibitor, may be prescribed as empiric medical therapy in men with idiopathic infertility. The goal of this study is to identify patient factors associated with an improvement in semen parameters in patients treated with anastrozole. METHODS: We performed a single-center, retrospective cohort study of men prescribed anastrozole for idiopathic infertility. History and physical examination data were captured from the medical record, along with hormone and semen parameters. Exclusion criteria included history of prior exogenous testosterone use, grade II or III varicocele, recent scrotal surgery, and pre-treatment normozoospermia. The primary outcome was an upgrade in World Health Organization semen concentration category (WHO-SCC). Univariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of WHO-SCC upgrade, while linear regression was used to model the association between predictor variables and change in semen concentration. RESULTS: 40 men were included for analysis. The median age was 35 (IQR: 31-38) and median BMI was elevated at 42 m/kg2 (IQR: 33-53). 40% (16/40) of men exhibited an upgrade in WHO-SCC after starting anastrozole and were labeled as responders. Non-responders included the 43% (17/40) of patients with no WHO-SCC change and the 18% (7/40) of men who experienced a downgrade (Figure). Median sperm concentration increased from 2.4 to 3.9 M/mL following initiation of therapy (p=0.002). Across the cohort, levels of testosterone (409 vs 210 ng/dL, p <0.0001), LH (8.1 vs 6.2 IU/L, p=0.0003), and FSH (9.3 vs. 5.3 IU/mL, p <0.0001) increased following treatment with anastrozole. Logistic regression showed that patients with greater baseline semen concentration were more likely to experience a WHO-SCC upgrade following initiation of anastrozole (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.04-1.55, p=0.03). Linear regression revealed that lower baseline levels of FSH were generally associated with improvement in semen concentration (β: −0.28 M/IU, 95% CI: −0.65 to 0.03 M/IU, p=0.08). CONCLUSIONS: A subset of men with idiopathic infertility experience clinical improvement in semen parameters after initiating anastrozole therapy. Men with higher pre-treatment sperm concentrations and lower baseline FSH levels may be more likely to respond to treatment. Source of Funding: None © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e582 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Bryan Naelitz More articles by this author Carlos Munoz-Lopez More articles by this author Neel Parekh More articles by this author Scott Lundy More articles by this author Sarah Vij More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE WITH INFERTILITY IN INDONESIA REFLECTED IN FERTIQOL SCORES

ABSTRACT&#x0D; &#x0D; This study aimed to assess the early psychometric condition of people with infertility in Indonesia using the Indonesian online Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL). The online FertiQoL was developed with the PT. Integra Inovasi Indonesia and aimed at women/men over 18 years of age who have problems with infertility, and have or have not undergone treatment and can be accessed on https://integra.web.id/fertiqol-int/ and is open to the public and is easily accessed via a personal computer/Smartphone. R project version 3.6.3 was used for data merging and statistical analyses, i.e. two sample t-test or ANOVA). There were 214 participants from all over Indonesia. There were three Sociodemographic factors that gave significant differences. The first was age on the Mind/Body, Social, Core FertiQoL and Total FertiQoL subscales; the second was education, on the Environment and Tolerability subscales; and the third was medical conditions on the Environment subscale. In group 4 there were participants who have undergone consultations, diagnostic tests, and infertility treatment. The results of the Indonesian version of the online FertiQoL showed that 32.72% of people with infertility experience mental disorders, namely depression (16.36%) and anxiety (16.36%). &#x0D;

Adoption, Infertility, and Love Affirmed

A nurse describes the emotional journey of getting pregnant and giving birth after the experiences of adoption and infertility.

Organizing male infertility: Masculinities and fertility treatment

AbstractThis paper explores how organizations within the fertility treatment sector in the UK discursively construct (cis) male infertility and whether, in so doing, they reinforce or reproduce prevailing institutionalized discourses and practices of masculinity. We seek to address the gender disparity in contemporary understandings of reproductive health in Organization Studies (OS) where women's experience of infertility and its impact is well researched, but only occasionally does this extend to issues of male infertility. Specifically, we build on existing literature in the social sciences and OS on male infertility and expand it by investigating the organizations that treat fertility issues. We examine and discuss how they may inadvertently contribute to this neglect, by reflecting and reproducing the masculine norms that surround male infertility. We employ a thematic analysis to examine texts produced by organizations involved in the fertility sector and find that male infertility is discussed and presented through three intersecting lenses: (a) a hegemonic masculinization of infertility; (b) male infertility as an othering experience; and (c) disembodied masculinity. We highlight how these gendered organizational narratives (re)produce prevailing norms and practices of masculinity, and how an organizational shift within the sector needs to take place if substantial changes toward more caring, relational, and collective approaches to gender and reproductive health are to be achieved.

MEDICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE SURROGATE MOTHER PHENOMENON

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;U&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;terine rental (Surrogate Mother)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; is&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; where a woman makes a gestational agreement with a husband and wife. The surrogate mother is willing to bear the seeds of a married couple by receiving certain rewards. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;U&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;terine rental occurs because the wife can not conceive because of something that happened to her womb. This study uses normative law research methods using normative case studies in the form of legal behavior products by reviewing Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; Government Regulation&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;(&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;PP&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; No. 61 of 2014 concerning Reproductive Health, the Civil Code, and Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; The results of this study are 1. U&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;terine rental &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;is a pregnancy outside the natural way that can only be done to married couples bound by a legal marriage and experience infertility or infertility to produce offspring 2. All forms of surrogate mother agreements in Indonesia are null and void because they contradict the existing laws and regulations. 3. A child born to a Surrogate Mother who is bound in marriage is the legal child of the woman and her husband, but if the child is born to a Surrogate Mother who is not bound by marriage, the child will be the illegitimate child of the woman. 4. Inheritance rights of children born to surrogate mothers who are bound in marriage will receive inheritance rights from the surrogate mother and her husband. If the surrogate mother is not bound by marriage, the child will only receive inheritance rights from the surrogate mother.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

MEDICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE SURROGATE MOTHER PHENOMENON

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;U&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;terine rental (Surrogate Mother)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; is&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; where a woman makes a gestational agreement with a husband and wife. The surrogate mother is willing to bear the seeds of a married couple by receiving certain rewards. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;U&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;terine rental occurs because the wife can not conceive because of something that happened to her womb. This study uses normative law research methods using normative case studies in the form of legal behavior products by reviewing Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; Government Regulation&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;(&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;PP&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; No. 61 of 2014 concerning Reproductive Health, the Civil Code, and Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; The results of this study are 1. U&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;terine rental &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;is a pregnancy outside the natural way that can only be done to married couples bound by a legal marriage and experience infertility or infertility to produce offspring 2. All forms of surrogate mother agreements in Indonesia are null and void because they contradict the existing laws and regulations. 3. A child born to a Surrogate Mother who is bound in marriage is the legal child of the woman and her husband, but if the child is born to a Surrogate Mother who is not bound by marriage, the child will be the illegitimate child of the woman. 4. Inheritance rights of children born to surrogate mothers who are bound in marriage will receive inheritance rights from the surrogate mother and her husband. If the surrogate mother is not bound by marriage, the child will only receive inheritance rights from the surrogate mother.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Posttraumatic Growth in Women With a Long-Standing Experience of Involuntary Childlessness in the Czech Republic

This qualitative research study aimed to examine aspects of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in women with a long-standing experience of involuntary childlessness. In-depth semi-structured interviews, lasting an average of 53 min, were conducted in the Czech Republic. Twenty-four women, averaging 38.8 years old with an average of 6.2 years of infertility experience, participated. They were asked how involuntary childlessness affected/changed their partnerships, sexual life, job, future plans, attitude to children/values/faith, and leisure time. Participants shared both positive and negative aspects of the infertility experience. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Five main themes of PTG were identified: strengthening of partnership, greater humility, deeper self-appreciation, reassessment of relationships, and changes in the philosophy of life. These findings could be useful to mental health providers to facilitate the PTG process in patients.

Depression, anxiety, quality of life and coping in women with infertility: A cross-sectional study from India.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety in women with infertility, elucidate the psycho-social factors affecting infertile women, identify the commonly employed coping strategies, and evaluate their self-esteem and quality of life. A total of 150 women with infertility, from a tertiary care hospital, participated in this study. Cross-sectional assessment was performed by using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, WHO-Quality of life-BREF, and Brief-COPE Inventory. Overall, 58% (87/150) of women reported depression on HDRS, 24% (36/150) reported anxiety on HAM-A, and 24% (36/150) had both depression and anxiety on HDRS and HAM-A. Comparative analysis of women reporting depression and anxiety indicated that they were subjected to significant discrimination, received lower social acceptance, had financial problems, higher depression and anxiety, poorer quality of life, and employed maladaptive coping. Living in a joint family, and using maladaptive coping were significant risk factors for anxiety and depression. Conversely, the family's ability to provide support, share problems, and assist with decision-making, along with receiving support from their spouses, were chief protective factors. Women with infertility experience depression, anxiety, poor quality of life, and employ maladaptive coping. Supportive relationships with one's family and spouse are chief protective factors.

The journey from infertility to uterus transplantation: A qualitative study of the perspectives of participants in the Dallas Uterus Transplant Study.

To assess how absolute uterine factor infertility affects women who undergo uterus transplantation, how uterus transplantation impacts women with absolute uterine factor infertility and how uterus transplant recipients view uterus transplantation in terms of their reproductive autonomy. Qualitative semi-structured interview study. Uterus transplant programme in a large academic medical centre in the USA. Twenty one uterus transplant recipients. A medical chart review was conducted to collect patient demographic information and clinical outcomes. Semi-structured interviews collected information regarding participants' experience. The outcomes of interest were participants' experience of infertility, experience with uterus transplantation and general perceptions of uterus transplantation. Six participants were pregnant (one with a second child), six had experienced early graft failure and removal, five had delivered a healthy baby, and four had a viable graft and were awaiting embryo transfer. The primary themes identified were: the negative impact of absolute uterine factor infertility diagnosis on psychological wellbeing, relationships and female identity; the positive impact of uterus transplantation on healing the emotional scars of absolute uterine factor infertility, female identity and value of research trial participation and the perception of uterus transplantation as an expansion of reproductive autonomy. All participants reported that uterus transplantation was worthwhile, regardless of individual outcome. Absolute uterine factor infertility has a negative impact on women from a young age, affects multiple relationships and challenges female identity. Uterus transplantation helps to reverse this impact, transforming women's life narrative of infertility and enhancing female identity. Absolute uterine factor infertility (AUFI) adversely affects women. Uterus transplantation helps mitigate the negative impact of AUFI, by transforming women's life narratives of infertility and enhancing female identity.