Sport Experience Research Articles

Here’s an IDEA to Improve Sport Education: Use a Flipped Classroom to Increase Student Role Efficacy

Sport education (SE) is an instructional model that attempts to provide students with more authentic sport experiences. A key student-centered structural feature of SE is the assigning of student role responsibilities that go beyond that of a player. Students have been shown to enjoy these team roles but may initially feel overwhelmed with the demands of these newly appointed responsibilities, which may potentially jeopardize their role performance and the quality of the SE season. There remains a need for realistic teaching strategies that can help students grow in their role efficacy within SE. Employing student role training, however, can often be a formidable task when considering the quantity of physical education offered in many schools nationwide. A flipped classroom can potentially circumvent this barrier by providing students with online learning experiences that prepare them for their role responsibilities before class. These online learning experiences have the potential to target all four sources of self-efficacy. As a result, students will come to class with a greater belief in their ability to perform their given role, which will likely improve their performance when in-person. This article provides a description of how a progressive flipped classroom approach (IDEA: Identify, Develop, Embed, and Assign) can be infused within SE to improve student role efficacy and the overall SE experience.

Effects of 4weeks of whole-body vibration training on energy expenditure during deep squats of male well-trained students.

From the perspective of energy expenditure, this study investigated the effects of whole-body vibration training on the energy metabolism of deep squats with different weights. Twenty-two healthy male college students with sports experiences were selected and randomly assigned to perform resistance exercise vibration (REV) or resistance exercise (RE) with varying loads two times per week for 4weeks. Oxygen uptake and heart rate were measured before, during, and after exercises using a gas analyzer, and energy expenditure was calculated. The results showed the following: 1) the oxygen uptake and energy expenditure of the REV group were significantly higher than those of the RE group during and 30min after exercise (p < 0.01), respectively, and the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was also significantly higher than that of the RE group (p < 0.01). 2) Changes in the oxygen uptake and energy expenditure were stable with increasing exercise in both vibration and non-vibration conditions. There was no difference in energy expenditure per unit of body mass versus additional energy per kilogram of body weight (p > 0.05). 3) No significant differences in changing exercise intensity were observed in the REV group compared to those in the RE group during the adjacent incremental load phases of △ (40%-0%) and △ (80%-40%) of load during and 30min after exercise (p > 0.05). Our results suggest that 1) vibration training can increase energy expenditure during low-intensity training and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and improve the exercise intensity. 2) The effects on energy expenditure were the same for both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing deep squats, up to 40% of body mass.

Toward value co-creation in private youth sport for ‘secondary’ consumers: expert coaches’ perceptions of parent–coach collaboration

ABSTRACT Research question Recent evidence suggests parents and coaches would find value in a collaborative relationship. However, the specific roles of parents and coaches in co-creating value remain unclear. Therefore, this research aims to establish expert coaches’ perception of effective collaboration between parents and coaches in the market-driven private youth sport setting. Research methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 expert coaches to examine their perceptions of effective parent–coach collaboration. Results and findings Through a reflexive thematic analysis, the authors identified four themes explaining expert coaches’ perceptions of parent–coach collaboration in market-driven youth sport experiences. The themes include: (1) balancing individual circumstance and private sport system demands; (2) collaboratively developing programming; (3) establishing flexible relationship parameters and (4) navigating involvement boundaries. Implications These themes were used to create a practical guide for coaches in navigating relationships with ‘secondary’ consumers of youth sport (i.e. parents). Moreover, a theoretical conceptualization of value co-creation for ‘secondary’ consumers of youth sport is offered.

Assessing the Shooting Velocity According to the Shooting Technique in Elite Youth Rink Hockey Players

This study aimed to report the shooting velocities and to assess the differences in shot velocity according to the techniques used in elite youth male rink hockey players. Fifteen rink hockey players (age = 18.40 ± 1.44 year; body mass = 73.52 ± 6.02 kg; height = 1.76 ± 0.06 m; BMI = 23.61 ± 2.12; sports experience = 6.44 ± 1.76 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Shooting velocities were assessed for four techniques: slap shot without approach run, drive shot without approach run, slap shot with approach run, and drive shot with approach run. Shooting velocity measurements were conducted using a radar Stalker ATS systemTM. The results demonstrated that drive shots consistently achieved higher velocities compared to slap shots (F(3,56) = 23.9 p &lt; 0.01, ηp2 = 0.58). Additionally, incorporating an approach run significantly increased shooting velocities for both techniques (p &lt; 0.01). These findings hold significant implications for coaches and players seeking to optimize shooting performance in rink hockey.

To pay or not to pay? Parents’ view of the commercialisation process in children and youth sports

The commercialisation of children’s and youth sports has experienced a significant rise in recent decades. Currently, there is a lack of in-depth knowledge regarding the implications of this commercialisation for Swedish youth participating in sport as well as family members directly involved in the youth sport experience. As such, the purpose of this study was to investigate parents’ perceptions of commercialisation processes in children and youth sports in Sweden. In particular, we sought to examine why some parents are willing to pay for commercial alternatives and how the increased commercialisation of youth sport are associated with youth sport participation. We also sought to investigate parents’ views about the impact of commercialised alternatives on coaches and voluntary sports clubs, both now and in the future. A total of nine focus group interviews were conducted, including a total of 48 parents (22 men and 26 women) strategically chosen based on their children’s participation in different strands of commercialised sports businesses. The findings indicate that the excessive demands from voluntary sports clubs combined with the desire to be considered a good parent appear to influence parents’ willingness to pay for commercialised businesses.

“He ringa raupā - Calloused hands”: Negotiating the intersections and responsibilities as sport practitioners and academics in Aotearoa

ABSTRACT Indigenous voices are rising across the world. Indigenous people and culture exist in sport, although it is challenging to hear their voices in sport management. A review of the published journal articles in the main sport management journals revealed that Indigenous voices and an understanding of Indigenous issues are largely absent. This article highlights the challenges of publishing articles that include Indigenous voices and, demonstrates an attempt for Indigenous and non-Indigenous authors within Aotearoa (New Zealand) to genuinely work in partnership. The pertinent literature in the field is summarised highlighting the literature published by Indigenous authors. The Ringa Raupā model to test the veracity of a Kaupapa Māori approach is introduced as a reflective tool to frame the lived experiences in sport and academia of the Māori authors. We collectively reflect on how to be responsive to the provisions and principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi as Tangata Whenua and Tangata Tiriti in a sport management and university context. Questions of positionality, criticality, self-determination, access, authorship, praxicality and dissemination are raised, to challenge readers, and enable Indigenous scholars’ voices to be heard on their, not Western, terms.

“Someday it will be better again”: upper-secondary student athletes’ experiences of schoolwork and sport 7 and 14 months after the COVID-19 outbreak

ABSTRACT Globally, educational systems were thoroughly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Upper-secondary students were faced with school closures and distance education. For student-athletes, the COVID-19 pandemic, besides academic stress, also contributed to sports-related stress. In this paper, we explore upper-secondary school student athletes’ experiences of schoolwork and sport during two phases of the pandemic. A qualitative research design was used, and 53 student-athletes participated in focus group interviews. Three themes appeared: Struggling to cope with the new life situation, Reevaluating and longing for social life, and Speeding up the transition to adulthood. The themes were elucidated from temporal perspectives. The students experienced challenges in handling school, sports, and social life, but they also experienced opportunities for personal development. Student-athletes are a common responsibility between schools and sports, and, based on the results, schools and sports in collaboration need to increase readiness for action when major societal challenges, such as pandemics, occur.

Auditory separation and perceptual advantage in team sports players: A behavioral study

There is a dearth of research related to perceptual advantages in noise, specifically in speech perceptual skills. In an initial study from this lab, the investigators observed that perceptual advantage was present in team sports players with higher percent correct scores relative to non-team sports players, specifically in noise. Research is required to understand if the perceptual advantage is present only for players engaged in specific team sports or not, hence the need for this study. The purpose of this study was to compare speech discrimination and identification skills in soccer players, other team sports players, and non-team sports persons. Thirty participants in the age range of 20-45 years were recruited: 10 soccer players, 10 other team sports players, (e.g., football), and 10 with no experience in team sports. Speech sounds /a/ and /s/ were presented in quiet and in the presence of background noise using speech babble at 0 signal-to-noise ratio. The procedure included a speech discrimination task using AX paradigm and speech identification using four closed-set response. Percent correct responses and reaction times were measured and analyzed using mixed model ANOVA. The findings from the study help towards applying speech in noise perception in sports rehabilitation.

Gender Differences in Coaching Behaviors Supportive of Positive Youth Sports Experience

In the youth sports domain, few coaches are women, masculine ideologies permeate the culture, and coaching practices do not always align with behaviors supportive of positive youth sports experience. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in men’s and women’s coaching behaviors associated with creating positive youth sports experience, including behaviors that create a safe and fun participation environment, a mastery motivational climate, and autonomy-supportive coaching. A total of 219 youth and high school coaches across different sports in one county in a western state responded to the survey—29% of them women. Along with the overall dearth of women in coaching, we found differences between men and women in the types of coaching positions they hold and the behaviors they bring to their coaching. Female coaches were more likely to be paid, primarily part-time, and they were also less likely to have children. Using a multivariate analysis of variance, significant mean vectors were found between female and male coaches in the four coaching behaviors measured. Women’s ratings were significantly higher on individual measures for autonomy and safety. As the coaching field comes to better understand the approaches that lead to positive youth sports experience, these findings raise important questions about why women and mothers are not a larger proportion of the coaching landscape and how that might change.

The Value of Incorporating Inclusive Sports in Schools: An Exploration of Unified Sport Experiences.

School sports programs intentionally created for students with and without disabilities may increase social participation of students with intellectual disabilities (IDs). Special Olympics Unified Sports is one program where students with and without ID participate on one team. Guided by a critical realist paradigm, this study explored the perceptions of students with and without ID and coaches of in-school Unified Sports. Interviews were conducted with 21 youths (12 with ID) and 14 coaches. Thematic analysis resulted in four developed themes (identified is outdated language): Inclusion-Is it a "we" or a "they?" Roles and Responsibilities, Educational Context for Inclusion, and Buy-In. Findings suggest students with and without ID and coaches value the inclusive nature of Unified Sports. Future research should explore training for coaches on inclusive practices (e.g.,language), and optimal methods for consistent training (e.g.,use of training manuals) to foster the philosophy of inclusion within school sports.

Differences in motor imagery abilities in active and sedentary individuals: new insights from backward-walking imagination

Evidence has shown that imagining a complex action, like backward-walking, helps improve the execution of the gesture. Despite this, studies in sport psychology have provided heterogeneous results on the use of motor imagery (MI) to improve performance. We aimed to fill this gap by analyzing how sport experience influences backward-walking MI processes in a sample of young women (n = 41, mean age = 21 ± 2.2) divided into Active and Sedentary. All participants were allocated to two randomized mental chronometric tasks, in which they had first to imagine and then execute forward-walking (FW) and backward-walking (BW). The Isochrony Efficiency measured the difference between imagination and execution times in both conditions (FW and BW). Moreover, we analyzed the ability to vividly imagine FW and BW within various perspectives in both groups through the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ-2). Findings showed that active individuals performed better in the BW imagery task when compared to sedentary ones (F1,39 = 4.98; p = 0.03*), while there were no differences between groups in the FW imagery task (F1,39 = .10; p = 0.75). Further, VMIQ-2 had evidenced that the ability to imagine backward is influenced by perspective used. Specifically, the use of internal visual imagery (IVI) led to worse Isochrony Efficiency (t32,25 = 2.16; p = 0.04*), while the use of kinesthetic imagery (KIN) led to better Isochrony Efficiency (t32,25 = − 2.34; p = 0.03*). These results suggest a close relation between motor experience and complex motor imagery processes and open new insights for studying these mental processes.

Formation of the structure of psychophysiological features of elite basketball players

Among coaches and scientists, one of the main topics is the improvement of the system for training elite athletes. Traditional studies in basketball devoted to the actual connection of study with a long training process. Training and competitive activity in basketball includes neurodynamic, psychomotor, cognitive and psychoe-motional characteristics. Modern research devoted to the characteristics of the functional states of athletes in various training and competitive conditions. But among the modern studies of team sports, there are no data on the psychophysiological states of elite athletes for different types of monitoring. Purpose: Development of the system of psychophysiological support of elite basketball players as an actual scientific direction in the theory and methodology of sports training Materials and methods: The 13 elite basketball players, age 19-23 (sport experience more than 8 age) were examined. The sensory-motor response, mobility and balance of nervous process, verbal memory, operative thinking and general intelligence were studied. All of tests include the complex of computer diagnostic “Multipsychometer 05”. Also, in battery were include tests: estimates of actual psychical state (by color test Lusher), field independence (by Stroop test), motivation (by Mehrabian test) and aggressive (by Bass-Darki test). With the factors analysis the main components of psychophysiological characteristics of basketball players were obtained. Results: The factor’s structure of psychophysiological state of elite basketballs included 4 factors: neurodynamics, cognitive resources, energy-information and emotional-cognitive. Conclusion: The factor structure of psychophysiological state of elite basketball players was revealed. The identified factors can be used to correct the training process of elite athletes.

Talent development in childhood: Early specialization or sampling? From an either… or… question to a 2 × 2 × 3 question cuboid

A central, yet still unresolved, question about optimal youth talent development asks whether children should specialize and train systematically in one sport— early specialization—or gain different playful experiences in several sports— early sampling. Based upon theoretical considerations, we problematize dichotomous discussions and offer a complex 2 × 2 × 3 question cuboid differentiating between two goals (performance in adulthood and positive youth development), two continuum-based dimensions (task-specificity and exercise mode), and three perspectives (nomothetic, group-specific, and idiographic). Accordingly, resolving the question about optimal youth talent development involves assembling answers derived from 12 different questions. Through our theoretical contribution, we identified several nomothetic principles offering stakeholders initial recommendations and orientations to estimate the appropriate need for high task-specificity and exercise mode in relation to each goal. We suggest adapting these recommendations according to group-specific characteristics, such as sport and age, and idiographic fine-tuning according to children's biopsychosocial characteristics.

Relationship of indicators of ability and experience of military sports skydiving with the psychological state and performance in competition of elite jumpers

Multiple variables must be considered when talking about sports performance. Among them, the literature establishes the importance of psychology and indicator techniques of experience acquired in the discipline. This study aims to establish the relationship between certain constructs that define the psychological profile of the athlete with skill indicators in military parachuting. For this, 42 jumpers aged 40.86 years old (±7.35) belonging to the Spanish army and the civil guard during the celebration of the National Military Championship of Skydiving which is held annually surveyed to know their level of optimism, resilience, psychological well-being, and burnout. It is concluded that the years of skydiving experience and the number of jumps, as indicators of skill, must be taken into account with a higher level of concreteness and specificity since certain psychological variables can increase or decrease depending on them. It is convenient to study each case, in particular, to understand what can happen in the state of the parachutist and develop strategies for optimizing sports performance. Se deben considerar múltiples variables cuando se habla de rendimiento deportivo. Entre ellas, la literatura establece la importancia de la psicología y las técnicas indicadoras de la experiencia adquirida en la disciplina. Este estudio pretende establecer la relación entre determinados constructos que definen el perfil psicológico del deportista con indicadores de habilidad en paracaidismo militar. Para ello, se encuestó a 42 saltadores de 40,86 años (±7,35) pertenecientes al ejército español y a la guardia civil durante la celebración del Campeonato Nacional Militar de paracaidismo que se celebra anualmente, para conocer su nivel de optimismo, resiliencia, bienestar psicológico y burnout. Se concluye que los años de experiencia en paracaidismo y el número de saltos, como indicadores de habilidad, deben ser tomados en cuenta con un mayor nivel de concreción y especificidad, ya que ciertas variables psicológicas pueden aumentar o disminuir dependiendo de ellas. Conviene estudiar cada caso en particular para comprender qué puede ocurrir en el estado del paracaidista y desarrollar estrategias para optimizar el rendimiento deportivo. Múltiplas variáveis ​​devem ser consideradas quando se fala em desempenho desportivo. Eentre eles, a literatura estabelece a importância da psicologia e das técnicas indicadoras da experiência adquirida na disciplina. Este estudo visa estabelecer a relação entre determinados constructos que definem o perfil psicológico do atleta com indicadores de habilidade no paraquedismo militar. Para tal, foram inquiridos 42 saltadores com 40,86 anos (±7,35) pertencentes ao exército espanhol e à guarda civil durante a celebração do Campeonato Nacional Militar de paraquedismo que se realiza anualmente para conhecer o seu nível de optimismo, resiliência, bem-estar psicológico e esgotamento. Conclui-se que os anos de experiência em paraquedismo e o número de saltos, como indicadores de habilidade, devem ser levados em consideração com maior grau de especificidade, pois certas variáveis ​​psicológicas podem aumentar ou diminuir. É conveniente estudar cada caso em particular para entender o que pode acontecer no estado do paraquedista e desenvolver estratégias para otimizar o desempenho esportivo.

The impact of weightlifting training on the somatotype of male students: a one-year study

The sedentary lifestyle of students during online learning has been linked to negative effects on somatometry, including somatotype and other anthropometric characteristics. Online education can lead to increased sedentary behavior and reduced physical activity levels, which may significantly affect the physical form and body composition of students.&#x0D; In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of engaging in heavy athletics training to positively influence the somatotype of male students aged 18-19 years. We conducted a year-long pedagogical observation involving 47 male students from various universities in Kharkiv who had no prior experience in sports. Among them, 22 participants engaged in heavy athletics training and constituted the experimental group, while the control group consisted of students who remained inactive during the observation period. Somatometric measurements were collected using the Carter method, which assesses somatotype based on three main anthropometric components in different age groups, including height-weight ratios, bone diameters, volumetric dimensions, and skinfold thickness. The somatotype was represented numerically as a combination of these components.&#x0D; At the onset of the study, there were no significant differences in somatometric measurements between the control and experimental groups. However, after one year, the experimental group showed a considerable increase in the mesomorphic component and a decrease in the endomorphic component compared to the control group. While the ectomorphic component did not exhibit significant differences between the groups.&#x0D; The findings indicate that male students who engaged in heavy athletics training demonstrated significant improvements in their somatotype over the course of one year by increasing their mesomorphic component and reducing their endomorphic component. On the other hand, non-active peers experienced a notable increase in their endomorphic component during the same period.&#x0D; In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of heavy athletics training to positively impact the body composition of male students and emphasizes the need for further research to explore the underlying mechanisms. The results provide valuable insights into promoting physical activity among young adults during online learning and have implications for fostering healthier lifestyles among the student population.

How open access boosts the societal impact of humanities and social sciences research

In this poster, we’ll share findings from our open access partnerships in different countries (including the Nordics), showing measurable benefits such as facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration to help solve the world’s most pressing issues. We’re also keen to work with the research community on other innovative ways to accelerate the transition to OA and boost research impact for institutions in Europe. We’ll also present a few case studies of how research influences policy and improves lives, such as: Addressing socio-economic challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic Investigating the socio-cultural impact of UK gendered school sport uniform The article ‘The Impact of long COVID on the UK workforce’ (Reuschke &amp; Houston 2022) was published OA by the University of Southampton through the Jisc Agreement UK in July 2022. It provides evidence of the profound impact of Long COVID on national labour supply. The article has been cited by at least one policy document, published jointly by the think tank Demos and The Physiological Society (Dawson &amp; Phillips 2022). The article ‘Practical, professional or patriarchal? An investigation into the socio-cultural impacts of gendered school sports uniform and the role uniform plays in shaping female experiences of school sport’ (Howard 2023) was published OA by Durham University through the Jisc Agreement on 6 April 2023. It explores how school sport uniform directly impacts female sporting experiences and participation in physical activity, and how uniform policy could be changed to promote greater female sport participation. By 26 April, less than three weeks after publication, the article had already been mentioned in 17 news stories. Although it's too early to measure citations in research and policy documents, the research has already led to new inclusive kit regulations in domestic hockey. We’ll use a collection of datasets as evidence to support our argument that publishing open access increases the visibility and impact of research. It encourages innovation and collaboration and boosts public engagement. As the largest humanities and social sciences publisher in the world, Taylor &amp; Francis is committed to supporting sustainable routes to OA for HSS research communities, who typically have less funding for OA publishing than their peers in STEM.

Selecting (or not) physical education as an elective subject: Spanish high school students’ views

ABSTRACT Background: The interactions between behavior, environment and personal factors are the basis of the Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, A. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action. NJ: Prentice Halls). Within this theory, students’ behavior and motivation toward an activity is dependent on their feelings, thoughts and beliefs (Lodewyck and Pybus 2013. “Investigating Factors in the Retention of Students in High School Physical Education.” Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 32 (1): 61–77). Physical education can provide attractive contexts to promote students’ learning, but this depends on the teachers’ ability to offer them relevant educational experiences (Bailey, R. 2018. “Sport, Physical Education and Educational Worth.” Educational Review 70 (1): 51–66). Meaningful physical education is a pedagogical approach whose aim is to help teachers design significant experiences for all students (Beni, S., T. Fletcher, and D. Ní Chróinín. 2022. “‘It’s not a Linear Thing; There are a Lot of Intersecting Circles’: Factors Influencing Teachers’ Implementation of Meaningful Physical Education.” Teaching and Teacher Education 117: 103806). Physical education is a compulsory subject in Spain, but it is not included in the final year of high school. In 2018, one autonomous community decided to offer it as an elective subject in this course. Scholars and institutions claim for more hours of physical education. But, what about the students? Do they really want more? Purpose: The goal of the present study was to uncover the reasons why students selected, or not, physical education when it was included as an elective subject in their final year of high school. Participants and settings: A total of 795 year-13 students (17–18 years), enrolled in 13 different high schools participated. 444 (55.8%) had not selected physical education (61.71% females), while 351 (44.2%) did selected it (44.44% females). Convenience sampling was used to include participants, considering the possibilities of the researchers to access them. Research design: The study followed an ex post facto, transversal, prospective research design to gather data in a single time point (Cohen, L., K. Manion, and K. Morrison. 2011. Research Methods in Education. Routledge). Within this framework, a qualitative research design was selected to obtain rich, detailed, and heavily contextualized information from the source (Creswell, J. W. 2013. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Sage). The participants responded to an open-ended question 3–4 weeks after the beginning of the school year to ‘fully explain the reason(s) for (not) selecting physical education in the final year of high school’. The qualitative software package MAXQDA 11 was used to help with data administration. Results: The deep analysis of the participants’ responses produced five themes for not selecting physical education (from strong to weak): academic stress, negative experiences, out-of-school physical activity, timetable, and importance, and four themes for selecting it: grade point average, importance, sport, and positive experiences. Conclusions: Results indicate that many students would eliminate physical education from their timetables if they had the chance. In many cases, it does not provide meaningful experiences, which produces low domain value. If physical education wants to survive as an academic subject in the schools, it must listen to its students, and attend their demands.

Gay men, well-being, and sport participation: A phenomenological analysis

ABSTRACT There is a growing interest among scholars and practitioners in LGBTQ+ experiences in sport and leisure. To add to that growing body of literature, the purpose of this study was to explore how gay men navigate potentially stressful environments and derive experiences of well-being, and to gather phenomenological accounts of how gay men derive and experience well-being through sports participation. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, data were collected through semi-structured interviews over Microsoft Teams with nine gay men between the ages of 32 and 43. The participants were all living in Canada and the United States and are currently involved in team sports. Superordinate themes that capture the overall phenomenon were constructed. These were Sports and Living Authentically, and Sports as an Escape. The data demonstrated the complexity of gay men’s experiences of well-being. The findings highlight how gay men derive experiences of well-being from sports participation and the roles stressors play in these processes. This study provides a deeper theoretical understanding of the experiences of gay men participating in sports, as well as highlighting how gay men derive positive outcomes from these experiences.

Do Past Positive Or Negative Experiences Of Exercise And Sports Affect Current Exercise Participation?

Do Past Positive Or Negative Experiences Of Exercise And Sports Affect Current Exercise Participation?

Exploring Gender Differences In Coaching For Positive Youth Sports Experience Using Structural Equation Modeling

Exploring Gender Differences In Coaching For Positive Youth Sports Experience Using Structural Equation Modeling