London Experience Research Articles

A Celebrity Artist’s Studio: Angelica Kauffman in Rome

A Celebrity Artist’s Studio: Angelica Kauffman in Rome Wendy Wassyng Roworth (bio) In June 1766, Angelica Kauffman left Italy to pursue her painting career in England, where she became a Founding Member of the Royal Academy of Arts and a popular painter of portraits and history paintings. In London, she followed the English practice of maintaining a room for the display of finished paintings that was separate from her working studio, for while the public exhibitions in London at the Society of Artists and Royal Academy attracted large crowds, members of fashionable society also enjoyed visiting individual artists to view their recent work and to engage in informal social interactions and business transactions.1 Angelica Kauffman and her new husband, Venetian painter Antonio Zucchi, returned to Italy in 1781 and settled in Rome in November 1782. Her Italian biographer Giovanni Gherardo De Rossi noted that Kauffman established her Roman studio just a few years after the death of Anton Raphael Mengs and the publication of his art theory as a way to link her with the revered neoclassical painter and his influential ideas on painting.2 In fact, Kauffman and Zucchi moved into the house Mengs formerly occupied on the via Sistina in the popular artists’ quarter near the church of S. Trinità dei Monti above the Spanish Steps.3 As a well-established, successful artist by the time she returned to Italy, Kauffman’s celebrity status attracted Grand Tourists from all over Europe. [End Page 137] The Kauffman-Zucchi home, where she held a well attended salon, attracted foreign travelers from Britain, Russia, Poland, Germany, Sweden, and elsewhere, who came to meet the celebrated artist and to commission portraits and subject pictures. She was constantly busy with multiple commissions throughout the 1780s and 1790s. Even during the French occupation of Rome in 1799 and its aftermath, when tourism was much reduced and work for artists limited, she managed to be productive. Several travel diaries and letters describe Kauffman’s well-appointed reception rooms decorated with some of her recent works, her small collection of Renaissance and seventeenth-century paintings, and replicas of antique statues and busts.4 Some prominent foreign visitors, as well as Kauffman’s friends and fellow artists, also spent time in her studio where client sittings for portraits took place. In contrast to her earlier experience in London, where it was customary and advantageous to maintain a show room to impress potential patrons, by the 1780s, as a celebrity at the height of her career, Kauffman no longer needed to attract commissions. On the contrary, clients on the Grand Tour came to her, and she had almost more work than she could handle. She produced numerous portraits of patrons and friends, history paintings, and compositions to be reproduced as engravings, and she continued to send pictures to London for the Royal Academy’s annual exhibitions until 1797. Many high-ranking travelers, whose comings and goings in Rome were recorded in the press, made visits to artists’ studios. In January, 1784, the Diario Ordinario di Roma reported that Emperor Joseph II of Austria visited the house of “Sig. Maria Kofeman, rinomata Pittrice” and the studios of Pompeo Batoni and Anton von Maron.5 It is interesting, and perhaps significant, that this notice refers to Kauffman’s house (casa) as distinct from Batoni’s and von Maron’s studios (studio), though whether that was a deliberate distinction based on gender or the location of the artists’ workspaces is not clear. Kauffman’s friend and biographer, Giovanni Gherardo De Rossi, noted that Joseph II was pleased to learn she was one of his German subjects and wished especially to see her highly praised portrait of members of his own family, King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Queen Carolina, the emperor’s sister, with their children (fig. 1).6 Kauffman described the emperor’s visit in a letter to one of her cousins in Schwarzenberg, Austria, her family’s native village. She expressed pride and admiration of the gracious and kind royal visitor, who spent more than an hour in her painting studio: Ich hate die unverhoffte Gnade Ihro Keyserliche Majestet in meinem hause zu sechen Ihro Majestet hielten...

The Shape of Social Policies. Architectural Experiences in London Between 1964 and 1979

The Shape of Social Policies. Architectural Experiences in London Between 1964 and 1979

"…in every…art, fundamental matters are perennially being discovered, discredited, forgotten, rediscovered and reaffirmed".

In this first issue of 2018, we are happy to provide the readership of Clinical Anatomy a Special Issue on Ocular Trauma. This issue was organized by Dr. Arne Viestenz of the Department of Ophthalmology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg. Other articles of interest in this issue include papers on body donation, the facial artery and a new substitute for formalin. The title of this editorial is attributed to surgeon John Homans (Fig. 1) who was born in 1877 in Boston. He was educated at Harvard and his initial residency training was at Massachusetts General Hospital. Homans trained with Halsted and Cushing (Barker, 1999). After experiences in Baltimore and London, in 1912, he returned to Boston to join Cushing at the new Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Late in his career, he spent a year at Yale University as the Carmalt Visiting Professor. Interestingly, one of Homans’ ancestors had been surgeon general to George Washington. John Homans (1877–1954) Homans later worked on peripheral vascular disease, helping to popularize the ligation of the saphenofemoral junction for treatment of varicose veins, and advocating ligation of the superficial femoral vein to stop migrating clots causing pulmonary embolus. He described the sign which bears his name in 1944, and reported the first instance of deep venous thrombosis occurring in flight in 1954 (the same year as his death) in a doctor who had flown between Boston and Caracas (Barker, 1999). He was also interested in lymphedema, developing the Homans operation for this condition. Homans’ sign is a sign of deep vein thrombosis and defined as discomfort behind the knee on forced dorsiflexion of the foot. It was later redefined as “discomfort need have no part in the reaction”, including increased resistance, involuntary flexure of the knee or pain in the calf to forced dorsiflexion as positive responses.

OP09.01: In utero therapy for fetal heart block: UCLH, London experience

Congenital complete atrioventricular (AV) block is defined as the dissociation of atrial and ventricular contractions which causes a significant drop in the ventricular rate and it may cause fetal cardiac failure, including fetal hydrops and intrauterine demise. The optimal prenatal therapy for affected fetuses has proven controversial. It can be associated with underlying structural heart disease or can develop in association with a multifactorial, autoimmune process, associated with the trans-placental transfer of maternal autoantibodies to Ro and La proteins, which affect the fetal cardiac conduction system. We administered intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and/or dexamethasone to the mothers of nine fetuses with heart block caused by maternal antibodies. The aims is to review the prenatal treatment of AV. Over the past 5 years, we diagnosed 11 cases of fetal heart block at UCLH at 20+3 to 28+4 weeks and treated mothers with dexamethasone 4 mg orally each day for 2 weeks and 2mg each day afterwards for the remainder of the pregnancy and/or intravenous IVIG for 5 days and then 2 weekly until delivery. They were 31 women with 40 pregnancies who were positive with anti-Ro and/or anti-La. 29 pregnancies were not affected by heart block. 11 pregnancies were affected by complete heart block, 2 pregnancies were not treated. In the remaining 9 pregnancies, 3 pregnancies were treated with dexamethasone, 5 pregnancies were treated with IVIG, 1 treated with both. 3 pregnancies which was treated with IVIG, has reduction in the degree if hear block and resolution for the effusions and ascites in the other two cases. Those who were treated with IVIG or dexamethasone did not show any further progression of the heart block. IVIG may be a new effective approach to treat and prevent CHB in fetuses with positive maternal circulating antibodies through a potential reduction of maternal autoantibody titres as well as fetal inflammatory responses.

‘No Longer Young and Not Yet Old’ London: Spatio-Temporal Ambivalence in Hanif Kureishi’s Something to Tell You

This article examines the peculiar spatio-temporal ambivalence of Hanif Kureishi’s 2008 novel, Something to Tell You. Building on Doreen Massey’s (2005) understanding of space and place, I put forth a new framework of spatial production and experience, comprising the cartographical and the phenomenological. Through these terms, I argue that we can engage with both the particularity and the plurality of the novel’s representation of London. Geographic Information System (GIS) software is employed both to make explicit the novel’s relationship to cartography, and to cartographic London, but, equally, to conceptualise Something to Tell You’s reconstellation of the city. By way of conclusion, I suggest that Something to Tell You bears a political and poetic ambivalence that is symptomatic of a wider hesitancy toward representing the capital (as representation relates to stultification). And whilst this unsettledness and non-surety as to the ‘where’ and the ‘when’ of London experience is, for protagonist, Jamal, a cause of great anxiety, is it nonetheless true to the ‘reality’, in Wolfreys’ (1999) sense of the term, of living, of doing, and of being in London.

Social inclusion and audience development at the Royal Opera House: a tourist perspective

PurposeThe Royal Opera House, located at the epicentre of Covent Garden, stands as the UK’s leading provider of opera and ballet performances. Having been extensively redeveloped, its front facade is not visible from the area’s central market place and the perceived exclusivity and elitism commonly associated with its art forms also impose a challenge. This study aims to analyze the influence that the Opera House exerts on the tourist’s perception and experience of the world-renowned London’s “Theatreland”.Design/methodology/approachIn all, three hundred and six semi-structured interviews with domestic, international, first-time and repeat tourists were conducted in six different locations throughout the area and inside the flagship building using a convenience sampling approach. These were then analyzed with the assistance of qualitative data analysis software (QSR N*Vivo) in two stages leading to an initial set of categorical topics that derived in a number of findings related to the factors that influence the tourist’s perception and experience of place.FindingsThe Opera House’s perceived urban concealment proved to have an impact on its influence on Covent Garden’s sense of place. But its social inclusion and audience development initiatives that foster a new generation of opera and ballet theatre-goers emerged as important findings as the House’s open door policy for daytime visitors along with live relays of current opera and ballet productions in other locations spark an interest in experiencing the building from the inside.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper focuses exclusively on findings related to audience development and social inclusion initiatives currently used at the Royal Opera House and their impact on the tourist’s perception and experience of place. However, many other factors influence these processes and scope for further research is highlighted.Practical implicationsThe Royal Opera House’s perceived urban concealment imposes a challenge to the task of developing new audiences for its current and future productions. Its learning and participation unit must endeavor to engage younger and international markets by focusing on the quality of the House’s performances, its heritage and added facilities of the venue such as exhibitions and shop.Social implicationsThe Royal Opera House’s creed of “excellence, access and artistic development” is implemented by extending opportunities to younger target markets to engage with its cultural produce.Originality/valueThis paper addresses the gap in knowledge related to the development of the niche Opera House tourist segment of the cultural tourism market.

Double sequential defibrillation therapy for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: The London experience

BackgroundDespite advances in treatment for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), a subgroup of patients remain in refractory ventricular fibrillation (RVF) during resuscitation. Recent evidence suggests that double sequential defibrillation (DSD), where two shocks are delivered to the patient in quick succession, may provide an effective therapy for RVF. This study describes the characteristics and survival outcomes of OHCA patients treated by ambulance clinicians using a local DSD protocol in an attempt to resolve RVF. MethodsThis is a retrospective, observational analysis of patients who received DSD by the London Ambulance Service from 1st July 2015 to 31st December 2016. A comparator group of patients who received more than six consecutive standard shocks (not DSD) for persistent VF was also identified. Outcomes included pre-hospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), ROSC sustained to hospital, and survival to hospital discharge. DSD patients who survived to hospital discharge are reported in further detail. ResultsDuring the 18-month study period, 45 patients were treated with DSD: a third obtained a pre-hospital ROSC and 7% survived to hospital discharge. We observed similar ROSC and survival rates amongst those who received standard defibrillation only. ConclusionOur observational study did not find any clear benefit of DSD use by EMS in the treatment of RVF. However, we find that 3 patients, who were treated with DSD following unsuccessful single shocks, had their VF terminated. Prospective randomised clinical trials are urgently needed to investigate the potential value of DSD in the pre-hospital setting.

‘To Give Fear a Face’: Memory and Fear in Paula Rego’s Early Work

This article follows Paula Rego’s first experiments in figuration from the late 1950s on, and analyses how the motifs suggested by her Portuguese background and particular conceptions of British art, such as Herbert Read’s ‘geometry of fear’, were connected. Rego’s exploration of unconscious and automatic resources in this period’s paintings and drawings signalled a direct relationship between subjectivity and creative practice. In this process of converting personal references into visual forms, her artistic training at the Slade and the intellectual, cultural and artistic framework that her experience in London provided clearly pointed to a certain plastic direction.

From peripheral region to escalator region in Europe: Young Baltic graduates in London

This paper examines recent migration from three little-studied European Union (EU) countries, the Baltic states, focusing on early-career graduates who move to London. It looks at how these young migrants explain the reasons for their move, their work and living experiences in London, and their plans for the future, based on 78 interviews with individual migrants. A key objective of this paper is to rejuvenate the core–periphery structural framework through the theoretical lens of London as an ‘escalator’ region for career development. We add a necessary nuance on how the time dimension is crucial in understanding how an escalator region functions – both in terms of macro-events such as EU enlargement or economic crisis, and for life-course events such as career advancement or family formation. Our findings indicate that these educated young adults from the EU’s north-eastern periphery migrate for a combination of economic, career, lifestyle and personal-development reasons. They are ambivalent about their futures and when, and whether, they will return-migrate.

‘Aesthetic dentistry is more than just bright, white teeth’

We hear from Tina Green who enlightens us on the London experience

Is centralisation of head and neck cancer services a cost effective option? The London experience

Background: Centralisation of health care services has been one of the recent developments in the field of health policy. The aim of such projects is to improve the quality of the services provided to the patients and to achieve more efficient cost allocations. Objectives: In this study we aim to examine the costs incurred by the centralisation of head and neck cancer surgery from a peripheral London Hospital (Chase Farm Hospital) to University College London Hospital (UCLH) Head and Neck Department. We then compare those with the costs incurred by Chase Farm prior to implementing the centralisation. Methods: The costs are calculated using the Trust reference costing as published by the Department of Health, United Kingdom. A sensitivity analysis of the costs is performed. Findings: The transfer of head and neck cancer surgery from a peripheral London Hospital to UCLH has been accompanied by cost savings on this study. The results suggest, though, that there is further space for improvement. Conclusion: Our study has been performed in a difficult economic climate that every health authority is pursuing cost efficiencies and cost reductions. It is a positive signal that when costs can be identified and measured, then resources can be allocated more efficiently. Oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) cannot stay outside these developments; it is imperative that OMFS doctors and nurses engage in cost evaluation processes in order to guarantee the future of the specialty.

Experiences and perspectives of mothers of the pertussis vaccination programme in London

BackgroundIn 2012, a pertussis outbreak prompted a national vaccination programme for pregnant women, which provides passive protection for infants. Vaccine uptake in London is consistently lower than elsewhere in the UK. There are few studies looking at the reasons why pregnant women accept or refuse pertussis vaccination. Therefore, this study aimed to gain a better understanding of London women's views and experiences, to identify how services might be improved. Study designCross-sectional qualitative semi-structured interviews study. MethodsPurposive sampling of four London boroughs was made, taking boroughs in different geographical locations, with varying levels of deprivation and pertussis vaccine uptake. Participants were recruited through baby clinics and interviews conducted covering knowledge about pertussis, the vaccine, information given during pregnancy, factors influencing decision-making, experience of vaccination, future intentions in another pregnancy and recommendations for improving uptake. A thematic analysis approach was used. ResultsA total of 42 interviews were conducted. Five main themes were identified: (1) lack of discussion about pertussis; (2) desire to protect the baby; (3) trust in health professionals; (4) convenience of vaccination; and (5) help navigating ‘busyness of pregnancy’. This study found that, if offered, most women would accept vaccination. Although vaccination through the general practitioner was convenient, more options for vaccination, such as through antenatal clinics, might increase uptake. Despite usage of the internet to look up medical information, women wanted to discuss vaccination with their midwives or general practitioners. Women wanted a simple pregnancy ‘checklist’ to help ensure that they had received all recommended aspects of antenatal care including vaccination. ConclusionPoor uptake of vaccine is not always due to lack of demand or active refusals. Service providers have an important role to play in actively promoting vaccination services, ensuring women have access to the information they require and in increasing the availability and access to vaccination programmes.

Worrying About Crime: Experience, Moral Panics and Public Opinion in London, 1660–1800*

Abstract This article considers the nature and significance of public opinion about crime in the eighteenth century. Existing research suggests that a combination of increasing crime and the growth of printed literature about crime led to public anxieties which contributed to important changes in judicial and penal policy. The prominent role accorded to the media in these arguments has led some historians to adopt the concept of the moral panic to encapsulate this phenomenon. But this article argues that the impact of such panics on policy was limited, and we need to examine the issue of ‘panic’, and public opinion more generally, from the point of view of the participants, the public who were supposedly rendered anxious by the widespread negative reporting of crime in print. Based on extensive research into diaries and correspondence, the article presents new evidence about Londoners’ actual experiences of crime, what they read about it, and their responses to such reports, during periods of both the presence and absence of supposed moral panics. It suggests that actual experiences of crime were relatively rare, and that Londoners relied primarily on printed sources for their information about crime. Since those representations were actually very diverse, and were often read sceptically, public opinion was resistant to the efforts of ‘moral entrepreneurs’ to induce anxiety. Attitudes were shaped by a complex combination of printed representations, oral discussions, and personal experiences, all reflected through the prism of individual personalities. Consequently, neither individual experiences of crime, nor print culture, created sufficiently strong support for policy changes. Instead, Londoners focused on their ability to shape judicial outcomes through the exercise of discretion when dealing with individual criminals. There are reasons to believe that this individualised approach to crime changed in the nineteenth century, with the adoption of the idea of a ‘criminal class’

Moving Beyond the Confines of the Local

This article explores the concept of belonging in understanding how working-class young people construct themselves as ‘subjects of value’ in historically high-poverty areas now undergoing complex social class unsettlements and changes in visual repertoires. Dramatic changes to space and place raise questions for our participants regarding belonging as well as the boundaries of respectability and authenticity. Drawing upon empirical data from two case studies, we conceptualize belonging as a process of sense-making tied to place and value. We find that social class identity and locality play a vibrant role in the shaping of young people’s identities. In seeking to understand how social experiences of young people are lived within classed, ethnic and gendered life worlds, we draw on sociological scholarship of youth, place and space. We explore young people’s lived experiences in South East London and how they explain these experiences as influencing their subjectivities and sense of belonging.

London in the First World War: Questions of Legacy

The impact of the First World War on London has long been unduly overshadowed by the war that came after. In fact, the years 1914–1918 proved transformative for the future direction of both London and the Londoners. The unprecedented employment prospects of the war years revolutionized the working lives and living standards of the London poor. The metropolis expanded to accommodate new industrial areas that formed the nucleus of London's suburban development in the interwar years. As part of that, the war ensured that the economic fortunes of West London would be tied to the aeroplane, quickly adapted for civilian uses once hostilities ceased. This wartime capital, which depended so heavily on women's labour to oil the machinery of government and of munitions manufacture, would never lose its dependence on women in the new industries that emerged from the economy of total war. And the experience of London's workers during the war began a tendency that altered for generations their political alignment; the Labour Party in London continues to reap the harvest sown during the First World War.

London and the First World War

This article outlines the relationship between London and the First World War. The metropolitan dimension of total war is an emerging field of research at the intersection of military history and urban studies. The article (and special issue) aims to set out an agenda for historians of war/the city. While it is true that what happened at the ‘home front’ generally occurred in the capital city too, the London experience of the Great War was in many respects distinctive. The nerve centre of both the national and imperial war effort, the metropolis was the site of heightened anticipation, dense experience and concentrated commemoration. For London, the First World War proved an accelerator and incubator of socio-cultural change. Even so, London's stability vis-à-vis other imperial capitals was remarkable. The true impact of the war and its legacy can only be gauged by contrasting it with the state of London around 1914.

Boswell in London: An Eighteenth-Century Soundscape Study

The journals in which James Boswell records his experiences in London between 1760 and 1795 are a rich source of information regarding the sounds that were generated by and heard within the city. They are also highly revealing in terms of the manner in which a single individual listened, thought about sound and noise, and represented this form of sensory experience through writing. This article makes the case that a productive approach to this material is to examine it in relation to the widely used but often loosely defined concept of the soundscape. It draws together the various dimensions of this concept, including the ideas of immersion, selection, regulation, manipulation, and imagination, and brings them into dialogue with existing scholarship on Boswell’s construction of self through writing, and on the influence of The Spectator project and the role ascribed to the senses within the philosophical writing of Locke and Hume, both on him personally and eighteenth-century society more broadly. In so doing, it argues that we can nuance our understanding of Boswell in relation to others, himself, and the world and can identify patterns regarding the relationship between Boswell’s external and internal experience as they change over time.

P179 Characteristics of MSM attendees and rate of STI re-testing in a dedicated MSM service versus the general walk in GU clinic

Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) in London experience inequalities in sexual health despite bearing the highest burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Annual STI screening in MSM is recommended in the UK. Our London based clinic has a dedicated service for MSM to foster rapport with patients, promote safer sex and normalise regular STI screening. Aims To describe characteristics of MSM attending a general walk in clinic (GWI) versus a dedicated MSM service (MSMS), and rate of STI retesting between the two clinics. Methods A case-note review of MSM and bisexual male attendees between October and December 2014 in the GWI and MSMS and new episode attendances up to January 2016. Results Information on 101 MSM (50 GWI, 51 MSMS) was collected; median age was 32 (range 25–59) and 29 (22–49) years respectively, and they were of white ethnicity in 33/50, 66%, and 40/51, 78% in GWI and MSMS respectively. There were no differences in HIV status or new STI/HIV diagnoses between clinic attendees. There were 82 and 104 further new episode attendances amongst these GWI and MSMS attendees respectively; the latter mostly re-attended the MSMS (69/101, 68%). There was no differences in number of non-reattenders (18, 36%; 19, 37% respectively). Conclusion Patients in our MSMS tended to re-attend more for repeat screening and within the same service, in comparison to GWI. Similar numbers of patients never re-attended in both clinics, suggesting that further strategies are needed to embed a culture of regular screening in this group.

When Sex Threatened the State: Illicit Sexuality, Nationalism, and Politics in Colonial Nigeria, 1900–1958 by Saheed Aderinto

When Sex Threatened the State: Illicit Sexuality, Nationalism, and Politics in Colonial Nigeria, 1900-1958, by Saheed Aderinto. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2015. xviii, 241 pp. $95.00 US (cloth), $32.00 US (paper). In seven engaging chapters and an epilogue, Saheed Aderinto has produced a very important contribution to African social history and Nigerian historiography specifically. His intellectual journey, as revealed in his introduction, is a must read for graduate students for this book is the outcome of a scholar who listened closely to his sources and grappled with the complex realities they revealed. Aderinto had initially planned to write a history of gender and prostitution in colonial Nigeria by examining the correlation between sex work and social class. However, as he followed his sources along the pathways they presented, he came to appreciate that to do justice to the topic he had to engage multiple archives and literatures (6-7). Sexuality was of concern to legal, medical, social welfare, and military arms of the state, as well as multiple social groups including the clergy, nationalists, elite women, village elders, and landlords. While keeping these different actors and their competing perspectives and objectives in the same frame, Aderinto provides a clear and accessible narrative that locates the evolution of prostitution and state sanctions within the changes in the larger political economy. Sexuality, and more specifically prostitution, also raises questions of morality and Aderinto illustrates throughout the text the multiple ways in which discussions about morality and prostitution were further nuanced by ideas about race, gender, and class. Aderinto argues that African men and women were at the forefront of discussions to prohibit prostitution. Without creating monolithic or binary oppositions, he illustrates the points of conversion, overlap, and disagreement as Nigerian men, women, and different branches of the colonial state debated prostitution in public and in private. Africans too connected morality and prostitution; however, that connection unfolded in discourses that challenged colonial racism, critiqued colonial policy and practice, and anticipated a post-colonial future. The Lagos Women's League offered the first concerted effort to compel the government to prohibit prostitution (65). Motivated in part by a politics of respectability and guided by their cosmopolitan experiences in London, the Lagosian elite wanted the colonial state to invest similar levels of resources to address prostitution in Lagos. Both colonial officials and the Lagosian elite expressed moral panic about child prostitutes, and shared the developmentalist notion that mitigating adult crime required juvenile intervention (158). Whereas elite women imagined that they would play a significant role in the infrastructure created to address female delinquents, colonial officials could not imagine educated African women serving in any administrative capacity. …

Viewing the Metropolis: The Experience of London by Bus

This essay critically examines some of the many different interpretations of what could be seen both from, and by means of, the London bus, and begins an analysis of just how different were the responses to this aspect of metropolitan life. While some observers, like photographer E.O. Hoppé, tended to continue certain well-established approaches to this theme, others brought new ways of conceptualizing the experience of metropolitan modernity. Above all, and especially in the Edwardian period, the discourse of seeing London by bus was frequently pervaded by a profound nostalgia for an apparently disappearing world, and the slower pace of life represented by horse-drawn transport.