Expensive Protein Sources Research Articles

50 Effects of cottonseed supplementation on the rumen microbiota of parasite-challenged meat goats

Abstract Cotton serves as a vital economic driver within the agricultural sector of Mississippi. The seeds of cotton are rich in fat and protein content, making them a cost-effective alternative to soybean meal and other expensive protein sources. Additionally, cottonseed is the primary source of gossypol, a phenolic compound with significant potential for natural parasite control. The rumen microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms, has a pivotal role in nutrient digestion and detoxification. However, the impact of cottonseed on rumen microbial ecosystems remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cottonseed supplementation on the rumen microbiota of meat goats with and without the challenge of parasites. Forty female weaned Boer × Spanish crossed meat goats were assigned to one of the four treatments (n = 10 per treatment) in a 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of control group (CON), parasite challenge group (P), cottonseed supplementation (0.5% body weight) without parasite challenge group (CS-NP), and CS supplementation with parasite challenge group (CS-P). The parasite challenge was performed with a dose of 4,000 infective third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus per animal. After 25 d following the first dose, the treatments were applied for 10 wk. The goats were slaughtered at the end of the experiment, and rumen digesta samples were collected for microbiota analysis using high-resolution full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The results revealed that the parasite challenge significantly reduced the number of bacterial species in the rumen (P = 0.032), regardless of cottonseed supplement. Anaeromassilibacillus senegalensis, which has been isolated from kwashiorkor (severe protein malnutrition) patient, Hungateiclostridium aldrichii, and Mogibacterium diversum were enriched in rumen of P group, while Anaerocella delicata and the rumen lipolytic organism Anaerovibrio lipolyticus were reduced compared with the CON group [linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores > 3.6]. Cottonseed supplementation did not affect the number of bacterial species in the rumen of parasite-challenged goats, but it did lead to an increase of Anaerovibrio lipolyticus (P = 0.008) and a reduction of Anaeromassilibacillus senegalensis (P = 0.007). Moreover, cottonseed supplementation tended to increase the number of bacterial species in the rumen of meat goats without parasite challenge (P = 0.08) and increased the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria such as Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans and Intestinimonas butyriciproducens, along with the butanol-producing bacteria Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum (LDA scores > 2). Conversely, cottonseed supplementation inhibited cellulolytic bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes, polysaccharide-degrading bacteria Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, and several Prevotella species, including P. oris, P. loescheii, P. copri, and P. albensis (LDA score > 2). In conclusion, parasite challenge affects the rumen microbial diversity and certain bacterial species that utilize protein and lipids, and cottonseed supplementation partially restores the altered rumen microbial ecosystem of the parasite-challenged meat goats.

PSIII-17 Evaluation of Cheese co-Products in Comparison with Specialty Proteins on Growth Performance of Weaned Pigs

Abstract Plant protein, animal protein, and milk protein are common protein sources in nursery diets. To ensure growth performance of pigs and profitability of feeding programs, specialty protein ingredients are strategically selected by nutritionists primarily based on energy value, digestible amino acid (AA) content, nutrient variability, and cost. Indeed, standardized ileal digestibility of AA and metabolizable energy are greater in cheese co-products than fishmeal or enzymatic-treated soybean meal (ESBM). Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine if replacing specialty protein sources with a novel cheese co-product in nursery diets could improve growth variables and profitability. In experiment 1, a total of 540 pigs (PIC 800 x Camborough; 7.1 kg) were blocked by body weight and allotted to 3 treatments, 10 replicates per treatment, and 18 pigs per pen. The three dietary treatments were a control diet containing ESBM and microbial biomass (MB) or 5% of cheese co-product from manufacturer A or B added to the basal diet with replacement of ESBM and MB. In experiment 2, a total of 1,080 pigs (PIC 800 x Fast 276; 6.7 kg) were blocked by body weight and allotted to 4 treatments, 15 replicates per treatment, and 18 pigs per pen. The four treatments were a control diet with ESBM and MB, control with 5% of cheese co-product by replacing ESBM; control with 0.5% of functional protein; control with 4% of bovine plasma. All experimental diets were formulated on an equal SID Lys basis and a common diet was provided after approximately 3 weeks post-weaning. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with treatment as a fixed effect and block as a random effect. Results from experiment 1 showed that pigs fed cheese co-products regardless of the source had greater ADG (P < 0.05) by 4.4% than those fed control. Results from experiment 2 showed that pigs fed cheese co-product had greater (P < 0.05) intake in week 2 and week 3, which resulted in an overall increase in feed intake by 7.5% compared with those fed functional protein. However, there were no difference in overall gain, ADG, and feed efficiency during the entire 40-day study. Economic assessment showed that pigs fed cheese co-products had better income over feed cost than control in experiment 1 and had an equivalent income over feed cost compared with control in experiment 2. These results suggest that the novel cheese co-products can effectively substitute for ESBM and other specialty proteins in nursery diets and provide some flexibility to substitute expensive protein sources without jeopardizing growth and profitability.

Determinants of adoption and intensity of improved haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties: A Socio-agronomic study from southern Ethiopia

The Haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume crop in Ethiopia, serving as the main cash crop and the least expensive protein source for farmers in many of the lowlands and midlands of the country. This study examines the factors that influence the adoption and intensity of improved haricot bean varieties and associated agronomic techniques in the study area. To choose four rural kebeles (purposive sampling) and 100 (technology user) respondents (systematic random sample), a two-stage selection approach was used. In addition, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were held. The findings of the Tobit econometric model revealed that a wide range of factors had varying effects on adopting better haricot bean production practices. The adoption and intensity of improved haricot bean varieties and related agronomic practices were positively and significantly influenced by the gender of the head of the household, attendance at improved training in haricot bean production, field day programs, demonstrations, access to improved seed credit, and membership in a seed multiplication group, while the market distance was negatively influenced. When evaluating and choosing improved haricot bean varieties, farmers in the study area gave high yield, market demand and price advantage, maturity time, grain color, grain size, disease resistance, and storage priority. The Nasir cultivar comes first based on these criteria, followed by the Dimtu cultivar. Furthermore, fewer farmers in the study area applied fertilizer and seed at rates than advised by research and extension. Lack of extension assistance, high fertilizer costs, and lack of funds contributed to farmers' departure from advised packaging practices. To enhance the adoption of improved cultivars, it is suggested that the promotion of improved haricot bean cultivars, as well as improved farmers' access to extension services and timely market information, be emphasized.

Inclusion of Different Level Leucaena in Dairy Ration to Balance Rumen Degradable and Undegradable Protein Ratio

Abstract Sustainability use of expensive protein source in a dairy ration requires ration formulation based on rumen degradable and undegradable protein ratio (RDUP). It improves the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and less feed residue to the environment. Providing less expensive green protein sources such as leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) is also an alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dairy ration based on RDUP with leucaena addition on in vitro fermentability and digestibility. This study was conducted in a 4 x 3 factorial randomized block design. Factor 1 was RDUP levels (R1= 60:40; R2= 55:45; R3= 50:50; R4= 45:55) and factor 2 was Leucaena addition (L1= 10%; L2= 20%; L3= 30%). The data were analyzed using ANOVA and followed by the Duncan test. The result showed that increasing RDUP levels increased NH3 concentration and dry matter digestibility. Treatment L2 resulted in a high NH3 concentration compared to other L treatments. The combination of R1 with L2 and L3 resulted in the highest total VFA concentration than other treatments. Protozoa population increased with increasing leucaena in the ration. It is concluded that dairy ration with 60:40 rumen degradable protein to undegradable protein ratio and 20% leucaena can improve ruminal fermentation and digestibility.

Protein food consumption among students in a Nigerian university: A demand modelling

Abstract Adequate consumption of protein is indispensable for human growth and health. Nigeria has a high burden of protein deficiency with attendant loss of economic productivity and high health bills due to ill-health. Owing to paucity of information on demand for protein foods among Nigerian youths, the study assessed the demand for protein foods among students of the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The data collected from 300 students through a multi-stage smapling procedure were analysed using descriptive statistics and Quadratic Almost Ideal System model (QUAIDS). The results have shown that some of the price coefficients expectedly had a negative relationship with the expenditures. The youths also spent more on beans and chicken but spent less on groundnut. Furthermore, expenditure elasticities of all protein foods were positive. Moreover, expenditure elasticities for beans, eggs, beef and goat meat showed that they were necessities goods, whereas chicken, turkey, soy milk, pork, groundnut and milk were luxury goods. Both compensated and uncompensated elasticity showed that own-price elasticities for the selected protein food items were inelastic, with the exception of goat meat. Demand for protein foods was influenced by own-prices of the protein foods, prices of other protein foods and being a male student. In order to meet their daily dietary needs within a limited budget, students should substitute expensive protein sources like chicken, goat meat, beef and turkey with cheaper ones like groundnut, soymilk, beans and eggs in their diets.

Single Cell Protein: A Potential Substitute in Human and Animal Nutrition

Single cell protein (SCP) is the first product of the fermentation process and has proven to be a good protein alternative. Food competition is becoming more intense as the world’s population continues to grow. Soon, SCP may be able to compensate for a protein deficit. Various global businesses are focusing on SCP production, and the scope of its application is expanding as time and knowledge increases. High quantities of SCP can be produced by microorganisms, such as algae, yeast, fungi and bacteria, due to their fast development rate and the significant level of protein in their chemical structure. Beside proteins, SCP contains carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, minerals, vitamins and several important amino acids. SCP has been an effective substitute for more expensive protein sources such as fish and soybean products. In conclusion, SCP can easily replace traditional protein sources in human and animal feed without detrimental effects. Potential substrate candidates and optimization strategies for SCP production have been extensively studied. This review article focuses on the various aspects of SCP, from its production, using different substrates, player microorganisms and nutritional benefits, to its economic aspects.

Augmenting Feeding Value of Rice Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles Through Dietary Addition of Enzymes in Broilers

Background: Substitution of expensive protein sources like soybean meal with lower cost ingredient like rice distillers dried grain with solubles (rDDGS) would reduce the cost of the feed. Various enzymes supplementation may be used to increase their inclusion level. Methods: An in-vivo study of 42 days was undertaken (n= 384) in broilers divided into 12 dietary treatments as per 3x4 factorial design. Two levels of rDDGS consisted of 12.5 and 15% without and with three different types of enzymes xylanase, protease and multienzymes were used to find out substract specific enzyme. Result: Overall the growth performance of broiler chicken was significantly lower at 15% rDDGS level as compared to control and 12.5% rDDGS level. However, it was significantly (P less than 0.01) improved by supplementation of any of the three enzymes (xylanase, protease and multienzymes) in 12.5 and 15% rDDGS groups. Nitrogen retention, dry matter and energy metabolizability were significantly (P less than 0.01) improved in all enzymes supplemented groups. The cost of feed per kg live weight and meat yield was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower at 12.5% rDDGS with enzymes supplementation. Thus, it is concluded that the enzymes supplementation can increase inclusion level of rDDGS from 12.5 to 15% for economic broiler production.

Cost Economics of Feeding Rice Gluten Meal and Soybean Meal through Dietary Addition of Enzymes in Broilers

Background: The rice gluten meal a relatively newer feedstuff is by-product of wet-milling of rice obtained after starch extraction and syrup preparation. The rice gluten meal is high crude protein and energy ingredient which is priced lower than soybean meal. Substitution of expensive protein sources with lower cost ingredients would potentially reduce the cost of the feed.Methods: A biological experiment of 42 days duration was undertaken in day old chicks (n= 384) divided into 12 dietary treatments as per 3x4 factorial design having 4 replicates per treatment with 8 birds in each. Twelve experimental diets were prepared by incorporating control, two different levels of rice gluten meal RGM consisted of (15 and 17.5%), without and with three different types of enzymes xylanase (X), protease (P) and multienzymes (M).Result: The rice gluten meal at the inclusion level of 15% reduced feed cost per kg live weight, meat yield and eviscerated yield by 5.44, 5.13 and 4.69%, respectively. Protease enzyme supplementation in 15% rice gluten meal further reduced feed cost per kg live weight by 2.60%. Thus, it may be concluded protease enzyme is most cost effective in rice gluten meal diet.

193 Substitution of Expensive Protein Sources by Soybean Meal Supplemented with a β-mannanase Enzyme Results in Improved General Clinical Health Score During the Post-weaning Period

Abstract β-Mannans are strongly anti-nutritive polysaccharide fibres found in most vegetable feed ingredients. The objective of the study was to compare piglet performance and antibiotic use between a Control group, fed a conventional 2-phase diet, and an Enzyme treated group, fed an adapted 2-phase diet including a β-mannanase enzyme (Hemicell™ HT; Elanco). A seven-week feeding trial was conducted with 320 pigs in two rotations of 160 piglets in 20 replicate pens of 8 pigs. Two different 3-phase diets were compared: a standard 3-phase control diet and an adapted 3-phase diet including a β-mannanase enzyme included at 300 g/tonne. The following adaptation were made: Phase-1 (weeks 1–3): 0.15% potato protein concentrate and 2.00% Danex [extruded soybean meal (SBM)], was replaced with SBM 48%, Phase-2 (weeks 4–7): β-mannanase was formulated to replace 63 kcal/kg NE. Standard piglet performance parameters (ADWG, ADFI, FCR) and antibiotic use were recorded. All data analyses were performed using R version 3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2020). All tests were performed at the 5% level of significance. When multiple testing was involved, the nominal 5% Familywise Error Rate (FWER) was used. Throughout the trial and within each phase, ADWG, ADFI and FCR were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between Control and Enzyme group. No mortality occurred and no antimicrobials were used in either of the treatment groups. Inclusion of a β-mannanase in nursery diets with an adapted formulation, by replacing expensive protein sources by soybean meal, or reducing the NE content by 63 kcal/kg, resulted in similar piglet performance post-weaning with reduced mortality and less antimicrobials used.

192 Application of Hemicell HT™ – a β-mannanase Enzyme – Retains Post-weaned Piglet Performance in the Presence of Challenging Protein Sources

Abstract β-Mannans are strongly anti-nutritive polysaccharide fibres found in most vegetable feed ingredients. The objective of the study was to compare piglet performance and antibiotic use between a Control group, fed a conventional 3-phase diet, and an Enzyme treated group, fed an adapted 3-phase diet including a β-mannanase enzyme (Hemicell™ HT; Elanco). A seven weeks feeding trial was conducted with 896 pigs in two rotations of 448 piglets in 32 replicate pens of 14 pigs. Two different 3-phase diets were compared: a standard 3-phase control diet and an adapted 3-phase diet including a β-mannanase enzyme included at 300 g/tonne. The following adaptations were made: Phase-1 (weeks 1–2): 1.14% potato protein concentrate and 1.00% Forcital (extruded soya product) were replaced with soybean meal. Phase-2 (weeks 3–4): 0.46% potato protein concentrate and 0.68% Forcital were replaced with soybean meal. Phase-3 (weeks 5–7): β-mannanase was formulated to replace 63 kcal/kg NE. Standard piglet performance parameters (ADWG, ADFI, FCR) and antibiotic use were recorded. All data analyses were performed using R version 3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2020). All tests were performed at the 5% level of significance. When multiple testing was involved, the nominal 5% Familywise Error Rate (FWER) was used. Throughout the trial and within each phase, ADWG, ADFI and FCR were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between Control and Enzyme group. Mortality was significantly (P < 0.001) lower (-0.90 %) in the Enzyme treated group. Antimicrobial use was significantly (P < 0.01) lower (-56%) in the Enzyme treated group as compared to the Control group. Inclusion of a β-mannanase to nursery diets with an adapted formulation by replacing expensive protein sources by soybean meal, or reducing the NE content by 63 kcal/kg, resulted in similar piglet performance post-weaning with reduced mortality and less antimicrobials used.

Single cell protein production using low quality fruits of some dates

Single cell protein (SCP) is a good source of essential amino acids. This study aimed to utilize some date by-products such as date fruit flesh to produce single cell protein. Fruit flesh of three unknown dates and three date varieties were used to produce a single cell protein by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC64712 under different condition (sugar concentrations in the extract media, temperatures and pH values). The results showed that the optimum production of the biomass (42.85 g/l) was produced from date extracts media at 18% sugar, 30˚C and pH 4.5. To reduce nucleic acids content in the biomass, heat shock was used. The effect of heat shock on protein content and nucleic acids percentage for the studied yeast strain was 75.83%, and the maximum reduction of nucleic acids was observed at pH4 and 60°C for 30 sec with 20.88% loss of its protein content. The present study provides evidence that date flesh is a great source for single cell protein that can be used in variable fermentations. Additionally, single cell protein has a high level of essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine and threonine. This source of protein has been proved a good replacement of other expensive protein sources like fish and soybean meals. Therefore, conclusion can be made that single cell protein can easily replace traditional (plant and animal) protein sources in human, animal as well as fish diets without any detrimental effect.

Supplementation of a \u03b2-mannanase enzyme reduces post-weaning diarrhea and antibiotic use in piglets on an alternative diet with additional soybean meal

Enzyme supplementation with a β-mannanase to degrade β-mannan fibers present in the diet has been shown to restore and improve performance in swine. The current study was conducted on a farm which had historical episodes of post-weaning diarrhea. In total, 896 newly weaned piglets were enrolled in two consecutive trials. Each trial consisted of 32 pens of 14 piglets housed in one large post-weaning compartment. Piglets at the same feeder were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups. The study compared the performance of post-weaned piglets fed either a commercial 3-phase nursery diet (Control) or an adapted diet supplemented with a β-mannanase (Hemicell HT; Elanco) (Enzyme), with some of the more expensive proteins replaced by soy bean meal in phase 1 and 2, and net energy (NE) content reduced by 65 kcal/kg in phase 3. All data analyses were performed using R version 3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2020). All tests were performed at the 5% level of significance. When multiple testing was involved, the nominal 5% Familywise Error Rate (FWER) was used. The study showed similar performance on the alternative diet with β-mannanase and the common commercial diets (P > 0.05). However, the Enzyme treated group had a significantly better general clinical score. Moreover, the number of individual treatments was a factor exp(0.69441) or 2 (CI 95% [1.46; 2.74]) higher (P < 0.001) in the Control group as compared to the Enzyme treated group. The number of treated animals was a factor exp(0.62861) or 1.87 (CI 95% [1.43; 2.53]) higher (P < 0.001) and the number of pigs with a repeated treatment was a factor exp(0.9293) or 2.53 (CI 95% [1.26; 5.09]) higher (P = 0.009) in the Control group as compared to the Enzyme treated group. In total, 7 (1.56%) piglets died in the Control group, whereas only 2 (0.45%) piglets died in the Enzyme treated group. The hazard ratio for mortality in the Control group relative to the Enzyme treated group was and estimated as 1.74 (CI 95% [0.51; 5.96]). Thus, the Control group had a non-significantly (P = 0.375) increased mortality. In conclusion, the results suggest that the use of an exogenous heat-tolerant β-mannanase allowed reduced levels of expensive protein sources to be used in the first two diets fed post-weaning, and 65 kcal/kg lower net energy content to be used in the third diet without adverse effects on intestinal health or overall performance. In fact, the occurrence of PWD and number of individual treatments during the post-weaning period were significantly reduced on the β-mannanase supplemented diets.

A Review of Bio-Processing of Market Crop Waste to Poultry Feed in Uganda

This paper reviews the current state of bio-processing of market waste to poultry feed in Uganda. A focus was put on crop wastes since previous studies have indicated that, they contribute the biggest percentage (about 90%) of the total organic waste generated in markets. These wastes majorly comprise of fruits and vegetables like mangoes, pineapples, jackfruit, watermelon, cabbage among others. They are usually in form of residual stalks, leaves, peels, and damaged/rotten crops. Crop wastes are rich in various bioactive and nutraceutical compounds, like carotenoids, polyphenols and dietary fiber. The wastes are a major worthwhile raw material and present feasible solutions to the problems of poultry feed scarcity and high costs associated with the conventional feed stuffs. This transformation can be achieved by developing appropriate technologies for valorization of wastes by nutrient enrichment. In concern to this, solid state fermentation (SSF) and rearing insects and earthworm using crop wastes are the promising novel technologies. High value added products/feeds can be produced through microbial fermentation of crop wastes. Insect protein can also be produced to replace the expensive silver fish and soybean protein sources. The review indicated that, the technologies have not been fully cherished within the country&amp;rsquo;s poultry feed industry. All the attempts and work done are still under research and pilot scale level. However, the on-going endeavors are continued widely to better conversion technologies in order to produce products that are safe for poultry feeding. Lastly, the limitations and strategies for processing poultry feed from market waste are reviewed.

Effect of alternative rearing substrates and temperature on growth and development of the cricket Modicogryllus conspersus (Schaum)

The increasing demand for animal protein in sub-Saharan Africa has led to insects being considered an alternative protein source for food and feed. In Uganda, chicken mash, containing fish meal as the protein source is commonly used to rear crickets. However, fishmeal is an expensive protein source that is also human food. This study therefore aimed at establishing an alternative preferred (consumed in the highest quantity) plant leaf diet for raising the Modicogryllus conspersus cricket, and the most suitable temperature for hatchability and egg development. The effect of (a) three diets (cassava leaves + cocoyam leaves + milk weed leaves; cassava leaves + pumpkin leaves + wandering Jew; and cassava leaves + lablab + Cinderella weed) on growth; and (b) incubation temperature (26, 28, 30, 32, and 34 °C) on egg hatchability and egg development time were studied. Cassava, pumpkin and milk weed leaves were the most ‘preferred’ of the tested plant leaves. Egg development time was longer at lower temperatures, ranging between 7-14 days across a 26-34 °C temperature range. The highest hatchability (95%) was observed at 28 °C, below and above which hatchability decreased. The maximum nymph weight (1.58 mg) at hatching was observed at 26 °C and decreased with increasing egg incubation temperature. The plant leaf diet containing leaves with highest protein content (pumpkin, wandering Jew and cassava) led to the highest growth and growth rate comparable to the control diet (broiler chick mash). Temperature had a significant effect on egg development time (P&lt;0.001) and nymph weight at hatching (P&lt;0.001) while the food type significantly influenced growth (P&lt;0.001) and moulting time. The possibility of formulating a nutrient balanced, cost-effective, compound feed for cricket production should be investigated.

Substitution of Expensive Protein Sources by Soybean Meal Supplemented with a β-Mannanase Enzyme Results in Improved General Clinical Health Score during the Post-Weaning Period

Substitution of Expensive Protein Sources by Soybean Meal Supplemented with a β-Mannanase Enzyme Results in Improved General Clinical Health Score during the Post-Weaning Period

Single Cell Protein (Scp) Production from Marine Lactobacillus spp.

Background: The Single Cell Protein (SCP) production technologies arose as a promising way to solve the problem of protein shortage in worldwide, which mainly used in human foods or animal feeds. For future success, the animal proteins are expensive protein source in fish feeds and there has been considerable interest in replacing all or part of the fish meal in aquaculture feeds with SCPs. Collectively, studies indicated that SCPs were suitable ingredients for farmed fishes. The Lactobacillus fermentum strain used in this study was surprising to note a single strain contains 20 amino acids. In this study the strain used and seemed to be ideal in the above respects. Further research on industrial scale production of SCP using this strain using cheaper sources (or) sewage is warranted. Methods: In this field – laboratory investigation during 2015-2016, the soil samples were collected from the Velar estuary, Tamil Nadu. About 25 colonies were selected and inoculated in to MRS broth. The completed preparation was observed under microscope for motility of the bacterium. Different biochemical characteristics test analyzed by using standard protocol. The antimicrobial effects were determined by the agar diffusion method. Finally the biochemical parameters were analyzed by using standard procedure. Result: Our investigation is evident that, the strain very well can be used a probiotic for human and animal nutrition. The isolated strains were found to be non-motile and non-spore farming. Lactobacillus fermentum contains 60-80% of protein, 7-8% of carbohydrate, 2-3% of lipid and 8-9% of nucleic acid contents. The Lactobacillus fermentum strain used in this study showed a high level of inhibitory activity against all the pathogens tested. SCP cannot compete with soya, alfalfa or fish meal. Mushroom production from lignocellulosics seems to be one economical and promising use for SCP.

Potentiality of new feed ingredients for aquaculture: A review

The continuous demand for alternative protein sources for fish due to its short supply, high prices and competition with the human food. A review of unconventional feeds in fish nutrition was carried out to provide information on supplemental feed for effective Aquaculture. Non-conventional dietary energy and protein sources,especially from plant origin can be used to replace expensive protein sources. There is a continuous demand for alternative protein sources for fish due to short supply, cereals and oilseed mealsfor sustainable aquaculture production. The solid waste materials like distillers dried grain soluble, breweries waste, ghee residue and agricultural plant materials like jute, leucaena, moringa, cassava, rain tree and spirulina can find a place in formulation of aquafeed as one of the inexpensive feed ingredients. The non-conventional feed ingredients to be incorporated in fish feed up to recommended levels.

The effect of consumption of soy foods on metabolic syndrome in women: a case study from peri-urban Qwa-Qwa, South Africa

Objectives: The objective was to determine the long-term effect (18 months) of 40 g daily consumption of whole soy bean on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in apparently healthy women.Design: Single-system experimental design.Subjects and setting: Ninety women were randomly recruited from three communities in Qwa-Qwa, Free State province.Outcome measures: Dietary intake (24-h recall questionnaire), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, fasting venous blood samples for total serum cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TRGs) and glucose analyses.Results: The prevalence of MetS was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced from 53.3% to 34.4% after the intervention. The most prominent risk factors were low serum HDL-C and high serum TRG levels followed by obesity (WC). After the intervention, the MetS group had significantly improved mean serum glucose (p = 0.013), systolic (p < 0.001) and diastolic (p < 0.001) blood pressure. No significant improvements were observed in the non-MetS group.Conclusions: The prevalence of MetS is high in black women residing in Qwa-Qwa. Despite the beneficial metabolic effects observed in this study, a relationship between soy protein consumption and MetS risk factors could not statistically be confirmed. However, soy is a source of good-quality protein and is often used in low-income households as a replacement for other more expensive protein sources and the use of soy should not be discontinued as it may have a beneficial effect on MetS and may play a role in preventing MetS. More research is needed in large-scale case-control studies to determine the effect of soy consumption on MetS risk factors.Social media message: Research has shown that soy may be beneficial for ameliorating some of the metabolic syndrome risk factors.

Ulva lactuca from an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) biofilter system as a protein supplement in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) diet

Protein derived from fishmeal is the most expensive ingredient in fish feeds. Any reduction and replacement of this ingredient by a less expensive protein source which will produce the same growth performances will contribute significantly to the reduction of fish production cost. Protein-rich U. lactuca, used as biofilter in an IMTA system, was evaluated as a dietary ingredient for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), at moderate (3–8%) and high (up to approximately 30%) replacement of fishmeal ratio. Three main elements were considered: 1. The total Ulva biomass replaced as a proportion of the total feed biomass. 2. The relative reduction of fishmeal sources in the feed, and 3. The economic benefit of the fishmeal replacement. Growth performances similar to those of fish fed the commercial feed used as control were obtained in two ways: a) by reducing ingredients of animal source in the feed from 41% to 29.1% of the total food biomass, and b) by removing 100% of fishmeal and adding up to 14.6% U. lactuca of the total food biomass. When 260gkg−1 of fishmeal was removed entirely and replaced with 291gkg−1 of poultry meal and 146gkg−1 of U. lactuca, the total cost of feed was reduced by $0.25kg−1. With a FCR of 1.7, the saving was of $0.45 per 1kg fish produced. Since in intensive aquaculture fish feeds represent over 60% of the operating costs, saving close to 10% on the cost of the feed is economically relevant. In addition, reducing nitrogen loads from the effluents by Ulva biofilter will also save on water treatment costs, an additional advantage of IMTA system.

Dynamic changes of nutrient composition throughout the entire life cycle of black soldier fly.

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens L., develops on organic wastes, reducing ecological pollution and converting waste biomass into protein and fat rich insect biomass. BSF can replace increasingly expensive protein sources used in poultry, aquaculture and livestock compound diet formulation, such as fish meal and soybean meal, which holds the potential to alleviate future food and feed insecurity. The fate of nutritional spectra in BSF during its life cycle phases is still poorly understood. This study assessed metabolic changes in nutrition composition of BSF from egg to adult. A rapid increase of crude fat content was observed since the development of 4–14 days of larvae with its maximum level reaching 28.4% in dry mass, whereas the crude protein displayed a continuous decreasing trend in the same development phases with minimum level of 38% at larval phase (12 days) and peak level of 46.2% at early pupa stage. A sharp drop in crude fat was noticed from early prepupae to late pupae (24.2%, 8.2% respectively). However crude protein shows its maximum value being 57.6% at postmortem adult stage with 21.6% fat level. In addition, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins composition in different development stages of BSF were presented and compared. Findings from this study could provide podium to food and feed industry for framing a strategy for specific molecular nutritional component intake into the diets of humans, aquaculture and animals. It is also indicated that BSF is a possible insect which can be applied to combating the food scarcity of countries where micronutrient deficiency is prevalent. Moreover it contributes to advance exploring for developmental and metabolic biology of this edible insect.