Expensive Objects Research Articles

Чаша на света Ядвига от средновековния Новогрудок

One of the most impressive finds in Novogrudok, Belarus, is the Saint Hedwig beaker, found in 1960 in building № 10 on the Small Castle, which is reliably (stratigraphically and by finds) dated to the second half of the 12th century. This is a beaker made of thick glass; wheel-engraving and cutting techniques were used in its ornamentation. On the walls of the beaker are images of a lion, a griffin, a stylized tree of life and two half-palmettes are carved. St. Hedwig beakers were very expensive objects that were made to order and used for diplomatic gifts, at coronations, and served as tabernacles or reliquaries. At the moment, 25 such beakers are known, 14 complete and 11 in fragments. Most of them come from the territory that was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and from Poland. Outside these territories, only 2 finds were found, one of which is from Novogrudok. According to the new hypothesis of T.S. Bubenko and A.A. Metelskii, the area on the Small Castle where this St. Hedwig beaker was discovered, was not a rich quarter of a town – as F.D. Gurevich believed – but a citadel where the prince lived. This hypothesis allows us to reinterpret the unique collection of Byzantine and Oriental glass, which includes the St. Hedwig beaker, and other imported items, not as the property of wealthy goldsmiths (according to F.D. Gurevich), but as princely treasures. Thus, the St. Hedwig beaker from Novogrudok fits into a number of beakers discovered during excavations of European palaces, castles and citadels, and once again confirms their interpretation as unique precious vessels that only rulers and aristocratic families possessed.

AN UNADORNED ADORNMENT: THE AESTHETICS EXPERIENCE OF AN ALTERITY IN THE JEWELRY

Adornment of the human body is a cultural practice commonly found among all races and nationalities. These adornments represent their identities. Humans have created decorative pieces called jewelry, and each item plays a different role. Jewelry made from valuable materials is often considered expensive and symbolizes a wealthy status, as in this capitalist world, expensive objects are associated with the rich. Jewelry reflects a person's character, which is often intertwined with various subcultures. The materials used in jewelry represent one's sense of self, with markings on the body showcasing their character and spiritual connection to the object. The selection of materials is driven by the desire to express different facets of their identities. Those who fail to grasp the true meaning of these identities will not understand the genuine reasons for wearing these items. In the 21st century, global warming has spurred a move towards more sustainable design. Environmentally friendly production has become the new trend, where materials are chosen to reflect the essence of true adornment, while also being mindful of the environment. This growing environmental awareness has inspired action to support a long-lasting and eco-friendly environment.

Diagnosis and treatment of flexibacteriosis of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi)

Ornamental fish farming is an intensively developing area in aquaculture. A significant volume of contraband products and the lack of sanitary and quarantine measures is an important problem associated with the development of this knowledge area. The article is devoted to the problem of timely detection and diagnosis of flexibacteriosis of carp, affecting one of the most popular and expensive objects of ornamental fish farming, koi carp. The main causes of fish diseases are natural outbreaks of infections and infection with pathogens from water sources, as well as violations of the rules of transportation and quarantine of imported fish. Timely and constant veterinary control makes it possible to assess the epizootic situation for fish diseases, the degree of pollution of the fishery reservoir and make recommendations for optimizing preventive measures that ensure the epizootic well-being of the fishery reservoir in the conditions of integrated technology. The cultivation of koi by amateurs in private ponds, aquariums poses a danger of introducing infections into other reservoirs, including natural ones, as well as regions where the outbreak has never been recorded. The main task is the prevention of diseases, which can be ensured by monitoring the water quality of the water supply source, as well as the use of a complex of veterinary and sanitary measures, including veterinary control over the transportation of fish, preventive quarantine of imported material and quarantine in dysfunctional farms, preventive disinfection and disinfection of structures, inventory, pond beds; regular ichthyopathological examination of the farm; preventive antiparasitic treatment of fish.

Влияние новых правил отражения аренды по МСФО (IFRS) 16 на финансовую отчетность российских компаний

Renting is an important and widely used financial solution. Many companies rent a significant number of expensive objects, including cars, offices, power plants, retail stores and airplanes. In 2016 the IASB issued a new standard, IFRS 16 «Leases», replacing the old standard on leases, which entered into force on January 1, 2019. The standard did not make significant changes to the method of accounting for landlords, while tenants experienced a serious impact of the new standard. They now recognize almost all leases in the balance sheet by reflecting an asset that represents the right to use it for a certain period of time, and a financial liability. The article presents the results of the analysis of the financial reports prepared according to IFRS of Russian companies, revealing the impact of the introduction into force from 2019. IFRS 16 «Lease». According to the results of the study, it was revealed that the new rules for reporting leased property had a significant impact on the reporting indicators of tenants, reducing their liquidity. In addition, it was found that some companies, based on the specifics of the terms of lease agreements, reflected additional items in the balance sheet asset that disclosed the amounts of deposits and insurance payments.

TTHE PROBLEMS OF THE DOMESTIC REINSURANCE DEVELOPMENT IN CONDITIONS OF FINANCIAL INSTABILITY

Abstract. Financial instability stems from the excessive volatility in the financial markets, the weakness of financial institutions and the inability of financial sector companies to fulfill their obligations, and it is no exception to insurance companies that do not have sufficient financial resources to reinsure. In modern conditions, reinsurance provides stability to the development of the insurers and is one of the most important tools that provides effective protection against various natural, man-made and other risks. The lack of financial resources of the insurance companies objectively determines the limitations of their ability to insure large risks. Reinsurance enables the insurance companies, by attracting funds from other insurers, to ensure the honest fulfillment of their obligations to insure payment at the onset of an insured event, while maintaining the stability of their financial situation. Admission to the insurance of expensive objects is dangerous for the individual insurer’s financial stability through the coverage of losses in the insured event. Admission to the insurance of expensive objects is dangerous for the individual insurer’s financial stability through the coverage of losses in the insured event. The need for reinsurance is due, among other things, to regulatory requirements for capital and assets and provides tools for rapid development of the insurance portfolio. Simultaneously reinsurance enables to protect the insurance portfolio from the influence on it of a series of large insurance risks, including catastrophic, so that the payment of insurance compensations on them does not pose a heavy burden on the one insurance company, but is carried out collectively by all participants in reinsurance. As a result, reinsurance allows you to take insurance risks that far outweigh the insurer’s own financial resources. Thus, the reinsurance system is a guarantee of financial stability of any insurance company, providing protection of its capital, and the basis for increasing the volume and quality of insurance services. In Article, the essence and significance of reinsurance in the conditions of globalization of the world economy were considered, as well as analysis of the main tendencies of the domestic reinsurance market development and the problems of its development in Ukraine were revealed. Keywords: insurance, financial instability, volatility, financial market, reinsurance, commission remuneration. JEL Classification E44, G20, G22, O16 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 15.

Modern Diagnostic Techniques and Mathematical Models of Reaching High Reliability and Safety in Engineering Systems during Design and Tests of Developmental Prototypes

This article is about reaching and securing high reliability and safety in engineering systems during the design and testing of developmental prototypes. A new approach to and technique of calculation of the design reliability is proposed, taking into account both kinds of failure rates, those that are constant and those that change over time. The function for calculation of design reliability is represented by the product of three constituents of failsafe operation probabilities throughout the whole period of operation, considering the calculation of the reliability of mechanical components and metalwork. The calculation model proposed for reaching and securing the required reliability and safety levels takes into account controlling actions. A new approach and technique, as well as mathematical models, for planning the scope of testing for various laws of run-to-failure distribution are proposed on the basis of nondiscardability of expensive objects. The study results are recommended for use in creating complex engineering systems.

RESEARCH OF RELIABILITY AT THE DESIGN STAGE OF COMPLEX TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

The issues of nomenclature choice of reliability indices and methods of reliability distribution between components of product have been considered in the present article. Calculation methods of design reliability of expensive nondiscarding objects like movable mountings and also mathematical models of design reliability, which taking into account random and nonrandom failures. The technique of calculation and achievement of required level reliability has been represented.

RESEARCH OF RELIABILITY AT THE DESIGN STAGE OF COMPLEX TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

The issues of nomenclature choice of reliability indices and methods of reliability distribution between components of product have been considered in the present article. Calculation methods of design reliability of expensive nondiscarding objects like movable mountings and also mathematical models of design reliability, which taking into account random and nonrandom failures. The technique of calculation and achievement of required level reliability has been represented.

RESEARCH OF RELIABILITY AT THE DESIGN STAGE OF COMPLEX TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

The issues of nomenclature choice of reliability indices and methods of reliability distribution between components of product have been considered in the present article. Calculation methods of design reliability of expensive nondiscarding objects like movable mountings and also mathematical models of design reliability, which taking into account random and nonrandom failures. The technique of calculation and achievement of required level reliability has been represented.

RESEARCH OF RELIABILITY AT THE DESIGN STAGE OF COMPLEX TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

The issues of nomenclature choice of reliability indices and methods of reliability distribution between components of product have been considered in the present article. Calculation methods of design reliability of expensive nondiscarding objects like movable mountings and also mathematical models of design reliability, which taking into account random and nonrandom failures. The technique of calculation and achievement of required level reliability has been represented.

Estimates of the accuracy of numerical solutions using regularization

This article explores the accuracy of numerical solutions, and suggests methods for analyzing accuracy depending on the properties of the problem. Numerical studies of complex expensive objects of technology and physics require that the computational results be obtained with guaranteed accuracy. It also depends on the fact that in the work of technical objects there are large intervals of operation time not observed experimentally. Therefore, there is a need to describe the location of the observed and calculated values, as well as the accuracy with which they are calculated. The effect of strong growth in estimates of error bounds is manifested for a large number of methods used to estimate the error of a numerical solution. This means the lack of correctness of algorithms for evaluating the accuracy of numerical solutions due to the failure of the stability conditions with respect to perturbations of the right-hand side. For many problems, among all the algorithms, the backward analysis of errors turned out to be the most effective method for assessing the accuracy of numerical solutions. The backward analysis of errors consists in the fact that when assessing the accuracy (error) of a numerical solution, the numerical solution is considered as an exact solution to a problem close to the original problem. A backward error analysis was proposed and developed in the algorithms of J Wilkinson in the context of the numerical solution of problems of linear algebra, and in the algorithms of V V Voevodin, who widely distributed it to many areas of numerical analysis. In the framework of the backward error analysis, the regularization of the algorithm for estimating the error of a numerical solution is reasonably applied. This article explores methods for the backward analysis of errors of numerical solutions.

METHODS OF PROLONGATION OF OPERATING LIFETIMES FOR COMPLEX TECHNICAL SYSTEMS LIKE MOVABLE MOUNTINGS OF SPECIAL PURPOSE

The article is devoted to the relevant issue of prolongation of operating lifetimes for complex technical systems like movable mountings of special purpose. The issues of mean and residual lives have been considered, mathematical models of mean and residual lives have been represented. Methods of prolongation of operating lifetimes for expensive objects of special purpose like movable mountings have been described. In particular, mathematical model of prolongation of operating lifetimes by the calculation and analytical method, which is based on of normal distribution law of actual load and durability, has been represented. The experimental method, which is based on analysis of actual technical state of element base and material, has been described. The probabilistic method of calculation of reliability function during prolonged operating lifetime taking into account actual technical state of element base has been represented.

Mathematical models and methods of prolongation of operating lifetimes for expensive objects

The article is devoted to the relevant issue of prolongation of operating lifetimes for expensive objects. The methods of prolongation of operating lifetimes for complex technical systems have been described. In particular, the mathematical model of prolongation of operating lifetimes by the calculation and analytical method, which is based on normal distribution law of actual load and durability, has been represented. The experimental method, which is based on analysis of actual technical state of element base and material, has been described. The probabilistic method of calculation of reliability function during prolonged operating lifetime taking into account actual technical state of element base has been represented.

Symbolic Study of Color in Bakhtiyari Textiles with Emphasis on Veris (Card Weaving)

Veris is a narrow weaving with a width of 2-10 cm. and a length of 1-8 m., often woven with woolen yarns by simple tools known as cards. This woven has a variety of applications, in the past for decorating clothes, the collar, the edge of the skirt, the belt, baby wrapping, hat bands, saddles and many other uses, the handmade strips were used. But today, more is used to decorate clothes. For the Veris weaving, the Bakhtiyari tribes use many motifs and designs most of which are based on their customs, habits, perceptions, insights, environment and their culture. In this textile, geometric, human, animal, herbal, inscription, positive and negative motifs are used. Red, black, blue, yellow, and dark green are main color in Bakhtiyari hand woven. Each of the colors in the Bakhtiyari tribes symbolizes an event. For example: red Veris for happy event, green Veris is for fastening infant and black tent, yellow Veris for expensive objects, blue Veris for fastening ordinary objects, black and white Veris for mourning events. In short, the composition of colors in the Veris depends on the type of application. This research, by examining the current literature and applying a fieldwork, implements a descriptive & analytical methodology to analyze and understand the “symbolism” in card weaving. The study will examine different motif shapes and explain the meaning of the motif among the Bakhtiyari tribes. For this purpose, different car woven samples will be illustrated and pictured for the reader. The study concludes that card weaving has decorative and functional meanings.

Comparative analysis of the functional behavior of costs for the construction of housing of the economy and comfort class

The article considers the issue of increasing the investment attractiveness for the developer of massive construction of economy class housing by possible coverage of costs and formation of satisfactory financial results. The application of mathematical apparatus of the derivation of linear function and margin analysis allowed us to determine that in practice the developer companies solve the problem of low profitability of the economy class housing at the expense of more expensive comfort class housing objects, manipulating with the distribution of fixed costs. As a result, the possibility of covering the general management costs of the developer from one meter of housing of any class is equalized. The solution to the problem is seen in the creation of a database of standard economy class housing projects with the mandatory allocation of variable and constant construction costs for each type of facility per square meter of the completed housing. Such data will allow construction companies to take full advantage of the opportunities of margin analysis, including determining the lower limit of the price of a square meter, breakeven output and the financial result of both a single object (margin revenue of an object) and the organization as a whole for the reporting period. However, the market approach only will not solve this issue: the state support through the financing of the governmental programs will provide affordable housing for citizens.

Advantages of Precast Concrete in Highway Infrastructure Construction

Prefabrication of any structure component off-site during highway construction (or reconstruction) offers major time and user cost savings in comparison with the traditional cast-in-place methods of construction. Precast prestressed road pavements’ technology offers dramatic increase in durability, while it also substantially decreases the construction time and the user costs. Precasting bridge parts and elements offsite is also very beneficial as bridges are generally among the most expensive objects constructed and also serve as a natural bottleneck for the traffic flows and so speeding up the construction process is beneficial again. It also brings substantial safety advantages, lowers disruption to traffic and increases overall convenience for the road users. But this technologically, economically and environmentally advantageous approach also has its opponents – prevailingly from the contractors’ side due to the inability to create every project unique and so with higher possible mark-up. The objective of this paper is to analyze and appraise the advantages and benefits of the innovative prefabrication approach in contrast to traditional cast-in-place construction method, and to come up with a set of conclusions and recommendations for the general practice.

Regarding the planning of testing scope for new equipment samples

Purpose . This article describes the issues of planning testing scope for high-reliable objects. The development and manufacture of new samples of equipment is accompanied by a task to define their reliability characteristics. It is based on the fact that there are requirements related to the necessity to specify the above mentioned characteristics in certificates and technical descriptions of the products supplied to the market. The most objective way to define reliability characteristics of the products is a field test. But under the manufacture of complex expensive objects there is no opportunity to introduce a batch with lots of finished products for testing. Thus there is a task to define the duration of field testing and scope of products to be tested, provided there are requirements for the accuracy of estimations related to the objects’ reliability characteristics obtained as the result of testing. Planning of the scope is based on the requirements of a manufacturer related to a necessity to confirm the value of lower bound of reliable operation probability with a predefined confidence level. Two tasks are solved in this work. The first task is to define the scope of testing of a batch with finished products N 0 for a time moment t 0 , for which a customer’s requirement would be fulfilled related to the achievement of the lower bound of probability of reliable operation, specified with a confidence probability 1 - α . This task is solved using a поп-parametric approach. The second task is to define a required scope of test Nt1 of the equipment of this type for the time moment different from the moment of first studies t 1 ≠ t 0 . Here one solves the question: how are N t0 and N t1 correlated? The scope of tests N t1 is defined based on the determination of confidence levels providing with the same accuracy of indices as in point t 0 . This task is solved with a semiparametric approach. When solving the second task, the parameterization of mean time to failure distribution is used. Three types of distribution are studied: exponential law, Weibull distribution and distribution with linear function of a failure rate. The considered types of distribution laws help to study the behavior of the objects with a decreasing, constant and increasing function of failure rate. Methods. The formulas for calculation of test scope for different durations of a test-run are derived. Dependence of scope on the duration of a test-run and on a real level of probability of reliable operation is studied as well. Scope planning and respective studies are carried out for different behavior models of a failure rate of the product. Conclusion . Obtained results give the basis for a well-reasoned approach to the planning of scope of tests of high-reliable objects. The study results showed that the longer a test-run is, the fewer objects are required to be introduced for a test. Dependence is non-linear; it is specified by the parameterization of the failure rate function. Analogous dependence was also obtained for the probability of reliable operation: the higher the PRO is, the fewer objects are required to be tested.

Can Archaeologist Find the Poor?

Archaelogy is sometimes perceive more as a searching for treasures. It is way easier to detach objects that can be related to elites from al found relics. But separaring articles which had their connection with poor and the lowest society group is much harder than this Findings of clothes made of worse fabrics, pieced out and repaired, could be a potential source for the pleb`s material culture. However, we also know examples of clothes meant for the elite, made of many smaller pieces of fabric sewed together for the economy. There are some findings of decorated shose, spoiledm then patched. Many objects use for the next time have been found during excavations in elite`s houses or converted from elite`s weapon. Researches of towns or on the backgrounds. The characted of those archaeological material let us being sure which ones of those buildings were inhabited and, mostly, by the poors. From the other hand, a confrontation of sociotopographic analysis with precise archaeological studies do not bring an unequivocal proof for efficacy of this method. Even if many written sources describe some areas as poor, there were a lot of expensive objects found there. It all shows difficulty or even impossibility of reliable archaological searchings for relics of medieval poverty.

Doin' It in Public : Feminism and Art at the Woman's Building

Doin' It in Public:Feminism and Art at the Woman's Building Jennie Klein (bio) Ben Maltz Gallery Otis College of Art and Design Los Angeles, CA October 1, 2011-February 26, 2012 In 2001 Public Offerings, curated by Paul Schimmel, opened at the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art (LA MOCA). Part history and part contemporary art survey, Public Offerings was comprised of the formative work (in some cases the Master of Fine Arts shows) of twenty-four artists who became art rock stars in 2001. These artists, among them Damien Hirst, Rikrit Tiravanija, and Sarah Lucas, became famous in an age when the art market was burgeoning while art schools became increasingly privatized. Art students in the 1990s eschewed the antimaterialism and intellectualism of the 1960s and '70s for opportunities in the commercial arena. Public Offerings included a lot of objects, many of them oversized and vaguely suggesting a critique of something— the art market, racism, the museum, the art school, or whatever. But the primary criterion for inclusion was art market success.1 Unlike most curators, who continued devising, into the mid-naughts, exhibitions of expensive objects around an increasingly worn-out premise of transgression, Schimmel was at least honest. Public Offerings was still depressing, especially considering that it opened ten years after the demise of the Woman's Building, one of the only institutions ever devoted to the education and nurturing of feminist artists. The Woman's Building was founded in 1973 (almost twenty years earlier) by Judy Chicago, Arlene Raven, and Sheila Levrant de Bretteville, all three Cal Arts refugees who sought to create a "space of one's own," to paraphrase Virginia Woolf, for young women to become feminists and artists. When it first opened in 1973, the Woman's Building, located downtown in the former Chouinard Art Building, was a vibrant center of women's culture. In addition to being the home for a degree program in feminist art making—the Feminist Studio Workshop, or FSW, which had morphed from the Feminist Art Program that Chicago had founded at Fresno State and Cal [End Page 129] Arts—the Woman's Building was home to the Associated Woman's Press, the Center for Feminist Art Historical Studies, Gallery 707, Grandview Gallery I and II, Los Angeles Feminist Theater, Sisterhood Bookstore, Womanspace Gallery, Women's Improvisational Theater, and Women's Graphics Center, which de Bretteville helped to organize. By 1991 the building had moved from its central location in downtown Los Angeles to the former Getty office building, located on the edge of Chinatown. The FSW had disbanded years earlier, although several of the students and teachers in the program continued to be involved with the building. The affiliated organizations housed in the building had shrunk to just two: the Woman's Graphics Center and the Woman's Slide Library. Plagued by financial problems beyond their control, the staff at the Woman's Building managed to host the tenth and final Vesta Awards ceremony just as the building finally closed. The slide library, as well as a wealth of material that did not make it to the Smithsonian, accompanied Sue Maberry, one of the last of the building administrators, to Otis College. Ten years after Public Offerings and twenty years after the Woman's Building closed its doors, it is fitting that an exhibition devoted to the art of the Woman's Building is being shown at the Ben Maltz Gallery at Otis College of Art and Design. If nothing else, Doin' It in Public: Feminism and Art at The Woman's Building (October 1, 2011-February 26, 2012) serves as a potent reminder that making a public offering in the art world didn't always involve buying shares or speculating as to the next big trend. Curated by Meg Linton and Maberry, Doin' It in Public is a comprehensive survey of the art and programs associated with the Woman's Building. For this special issue of Frontiers dedicated to the manifestations of the feminist art movement outside of New York or Los Angeles, a discussion of an exhibition devoted to the art of the Woman's Building, however laudable, might seem misplaced at best...

IV Luxury Items

The uneven survival of material evidence from Greek antiquity has tended to guide interest and research towards the diferent forms and functions of sculpture (Chapters II and III) and of vase-painting (Chapters V and VI). They have been preserved in such numbers that, although we have only a fraction of the total output, we can study the ways in which they developed over the centuries against the social, economic, and political background and in the diferent parts of the Greek world. This has encouraged a tendency towards positivism and has had the unfortunate outcome of considering them as the exclusive elements of Greek art, with a concomitant emphasis on the aspects of restraint, simplicity, and so forth that were highlighted by the Neoclassical attitudes to Greek art that emerged in the eighteenth century. This approach has led scholars to demean the more lavish products that, by the very nature of their intrinsic value, have failed to survive in any numbers – gold, silver, ivory, and the like. Recent excavations, particularly those in cemeteries situated in the outlying areas of the Greek world and in the regions bordering on ancient Greece, have brought to light some of those expensive objects that are now missing from the Greek heartlands. Meanwhile, investigations into the more flamboyant aspects of Greek art have shown that buildings and architectural and freestanding sculpture were lavishly coloured. A nineteenth-century drawing by Donaldson shows coloured glass beads set into a column capital of the Erechtheion (Figure 21).