Expensive Features Research Articles

Benchmarking safety

All of general industry in the United States, represented by the participants in the IEEE/IAS Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee Technical Conference (PCIC), is regulated by the federal government to have an electrical safety program. The Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) documents that drive the electrical safety of employees in the workplace is written in performance language. Companies trying to conform are having difficulties with the prescriptive means to comply. Emerging electrical safety issues are difficult to answer since they involve both technological and cultural changes. Many of the electrical-safety-related work practices and most all of the electrical-safety-by-design features that improve electrical safety escalate the cost of electrical equipment and facilities. Employers generally want to do the "right thing" and will do so, even if the cost is higher, if they are convinced that others are also "going the extra mile." Benchmarking can provide the direction and the support needed to convince industrial company business managers when more complicated and expensive features can really enhance electrical safety for the employee workplace. The results of questionnaires circulated and discussed in meetings to benchmark electrical safety over the last year are presented. Present understanding and acceptance reinforces the impression that further dialogue is needed on this subject.

Very low cost testers: Opportunities and challenges

Prudent application of design-for-testability guidelines can yield designs that don't require all the expensive features of traditional automated test equipment. The authors describe how the VLSI design and semiconductor test communities can cooperate to greatly reduce testing costs.

パルスレーザー堆積法を用いて磁場下で作製した透明導電膜

The pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method has furnished useful means to fabricate films with noble and highly efficient properties. However, when the equipment with an excimer laser of intricate and expensive features is used to fabricate the films, it will bring about the raising of cost. Therefore, we paid attention to the PLD method by Nd : YAG laser with simple and inexpensive features and performed to prepare films in magnetic fields using Nd : YAG laser (fundamental 1064 nm and SHG 532 nm), in which it was aimed to suppress the generation of droplet and to shorten the preparation time. From these results, it was confirmed that by preparing in the magnetic field, it was able to fabricate the films with properties of low resistivity and high transparency. Moreover, from XRD measurements and SEM observation, the reforming of surface morphology due to improvement in crystallinity, was found. These effects were remarkable in the films prepared using the wavelength of 532 nm.

Affluence and Image: Ethnoarchaeology in a Syrian Village

AbstractPotential methods for determining social stratification in the archaeological record are suggested by ethnoarchaeological research in the Syrian village of Darnaj, and by comparative materials. No single set of criteria can be expected to correlate with affluence cross-culturally but the best indicators of wealth should be expensive artifacts or architectural features and should not correlate strongly with other sociodemographic variables. Some attributes may be confusing because they correlate more strongly with room functions or with aspects of demography such as household size or number of coresiding families than they do with wealth, while other attributes may be amenable to manipulation by a household to increase its local prestige without a large actual investment. Nevertheless, the Darnaj data suggest that it should be possible for archaeologists to place households in wealth categories based primarily on architectural remains.

Special Purpose Processors for Computing Materials Properties

ABSTRACTThe need for computational power in the modeling of physical systems is rapidly increasing. Realistic simulations of materials often require complex interactions and large numbers of particles. For most scientists, full-time access to supercomputers is not possible, and even this might not be sufficient to solve their problems. As most of the calculations involved are straightforward and repetitive in nature, a possible solution is to design and build a processor for a specific application with a low cost/performance ratio. This approach is to be contrasted with the use of a general purpose computer, which is designed to treat a large class of problems and includes many expensive features (e.g. software) that are not utilized in the simulations. The architecture of a special purpose computer can be tailored to the problem; e.g., parallel and pipelined operations can be incorporated to obtain efficient computational throughput, and memory organization and instruction sets can be optimized for this purpose. A few of such algorithm oriented processors have been built in the last decade and have been utilized for certain specific jobs; for example: molecular dynamics simulations of systems of Lennard-Jones particles and Monte Carlo calculations of Ising models. An overview of some existing algorithm oriented processors and expectations for the future will be presented.

Economy in Rectangular Panels, Using Beams of Constant Cross-Section

It is claimed by the Engineer that he makes public improvements, or work, possible, by designing structures with the greatest economy consistent with safety, taking into account the first cost, maintenance, and probable life of each structure. In doing this he calls to his aid his entire store of knowledge and experience, in order that, in the general plan, the relatively useless and expensive features may be eliminated, and the truly essential and useful reasons for undertaking the work may be emphasized and kept constantly in mind. Having arrived at a fairly well-planned working model, the detailed building of the parts proceeds along the lines of the general scheme, but on a smaller scale. At this stage the engineer must rely on his skill in grouping the parts, so as to give the best results for the money to be expended.