Treatment Of Expenses Research Articles

Taxes And The Calculation Of Present Value Of Future Medical Expenses

Abstract No abstract available.

The marginal practice cost of physicians' services

The Medicare Fee Schedule treatment of physician practice expenses has been criticized for not being resource-based. Proposals to reform the methodology for allocating practice expenses to specific services depend critically on accurate measures of the marginal cost of physician outputs. We estimate the marginal practice cost of five outputs—office visits, “other visits”, operations/assists, laboratory tests, and relative value unit (RVU)-weighted diagnostic tests—using a multiproduct, quadratic cost function for samples of single-specialty, self-employed general/family practitioner and general surgeon practices.

The addiction hospital: Current status and an assessment

Hospitals have provided treatment for drug and alcohol dependence for at least 200 years, although the hospital solely devoted to this problem has been a creature of this century. These large institutions served to isolate or ‘quarantine’ such patients — a valuable public health role when the number of addicts were few. They also facilitated research and education regarding drug and alcohol dependence. While these quarantine, research and training functions have continued to a limited degree, their expense and low treatment efficacy has limited their applicability in most societies today. Smaller, shorter-stay units in general hospital, together with day programs and out-patient treatment, have largely replaced this older treatment approach. Some of these outmoded hospital facilities have been modified as low security prisons for addicts convicted of drug offenses.

Income and Urban Home Ownership

IN contrast to the extensive empirical work on the income elasticity on demand for housing services, the relation between tenure choice and income has received relatively little attention. Those studies which have been completed have generally involved only a single housing market, and the method, data used, and the markets studied have been so diverse as to make comparison of the resultant estimates extremely difficult. Further, one of the major shortcomings of earlier efforts has been the lack of a proper theoretical framework underlying the estimated models.' The purpose of the present paper is to develop and test a model of aggregate tenure choice based on the household tenure decision. The tenure-choice estimates are based on a sample of metropolitan areas and are obtained for six household types by race using income data for eight income intervals. The principal value of the research is the rigorous definition of the aggregate tenure-income relation and the provision of estimates that can serve as benchmarks with which to compare similar estimates for individual housing markets.' The estimates might also serve as an input into the evaluation of public policies involving home ownership, such as the effect on home ownership rates of changes in the treatment of certain ownership related expenses under the Internal Revenue Code. The main findings are the estimates of the income elasticity of demand for owner occupancy. The elasticity at the mean for all households combined is about 0.18. Wide variation among household types was found: elasticities larger than the mean were obtained for husband-wife family types with heads under age 45 and for non husband-wife families and primary individuals. There are substantial differences between races in the elasticities, although the overall pattern for household types just described remains generally valid for both races. The mean income elasticity of all black households combined is somewhat larger than for all white households, 0.25 vs. 0.18. The remainder of the paper consists of two sections. In section II the theoretical model is developed and its empirical specification given. Section III presents the estimates of the aggregate cross-cities model and contrasts them with fairly comparable estimates for a single housing market.

Preferential Treatment of the Aged In Income and Property Taxation

Our work is thus concerned with providing easily accessible factual information about the preferential tax provisions and with a series of critical analyses of them. There are many facets in a critical examination of these tax provisions, but the major consideration is the case for tax favors to the aged. The central issue is the economic circumstances of the agedviewed in the perspective of the economic circumstances of other age groups. The specific purpose is to examine the tax provisions for the aged within the context of the economic behavior of the household in terms of both individual and family life cycle of income, consumption, and savings, with a view to an examination and a reformulation of income maintenance programs for retirement. Although these are important considerations, our present task is simple yet necessary. Presented here is an inventory of existing tax provisions under both income and property taxation in a tabular form. In the nature of a progress report, this statement thus fills the information gap. No comments on the advisability and adequacy of these provisions are here attempted. Together with other information, this statement forms a basis for an analytical work to be reported later. Before presenting the tables, some general remarks may be in order. At the federal level, additional personal exemptions for the aged from the personal income tax were first provided in the Revenue Act of 1948. Another provision, the liberalized treatment of deductible medical expenses and expenses for medicine and drugs, was enacted in 1950. Still another provision, retirement income credit, was adopted in 1954. The trend to

A Note on the Accounting Treatment of the Acquisition Expenses of Life Insurance Companies

In view of the great growth of investment in life insurance company stocks and their wider distribution to the public, attention needs to be directed to the question of whether the present method of accounting for the expenses incurred in the early years of a life insurance contract serves the interest of the investing public. It is generally accepted that present life insurance company accounting practices adequately protect the insuring public. The regulatory solution that should be sought is one that promotes investment without diminishing the protection of the policyholders. This note will suggest that there are accounting procedures which can be applied to life insurance company acquisition expenses to produce results

Some Tax Problems of Students and Scholars

This Article will deal with three areas of application of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 which affect particularly the scholar, the scientist, and the advanced student preparing for an academic career: The tax treatment of educational and research expenses, of awards and prizes made in recognition of scholastic or scientific achievements, and of scholarships and fellowships. The group whose special tax problems are discussed here is numerically small and has little voice in the legislative process which produces our revenue laws. The relative scarcity of case law would also indicate that its members do not often have the financial resources necessary to litigate their tax problems and the deficiency amounts involved would normally be relatively small. The Treasury ought to be aware of both these factors in preparing its regulations and rulings.

The treatment of income tax and expenses in the analysis of surplus

These notes are intended to elucidate the treatment of income tax and expenses in the analysis of surplus of a commission-paying office transacting ordinary life assurance and annuity business in the United Kingdom only. The Office is assumed to make an annual valuation for internal purposes, but not necessarily to distribute surplus yearly.It may first be remarked that the analysis of surplus forms both a check on the accuracy of the valuation and a guide to the amounts and relative importance of the various sources of profit and loss. We are here not concerned directly with the first of these functions and only with two items of the second. It must be realized, however, that the analysis is related to the valuation bases, which may depart materially from the bases underlying the office premiums, particularly at a time when conditions are changing rapidly, or if there is a substantial proportion of very old business on the books.