Treatment Of Expenses Research Articles

Doctor shopping trend of patients before undergoing rotator cuff repair in Korea: a multicenter study.

This study aims to investigate the trend of doctor shopping among patients with rotator cuff tear (RCT) before undergoing surgery and to examine the relevance of these findings to the public. A survey was conducted of 326 patients from 10 hospitals (male, 176; female, 150) who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) for symptomatic RCT between September 2019 and February 2020. A questionnaire was used to obtain data regarding the type of medical care service, medical institutions visited before surgery, number of treatments received, and cost of treatment. A total of 326 patients (87%) received treatment at least once at another medical institution before visiting the hospital where the surgery was performed. Patients visited an average of 9.4 health providers or physicians for shoulder pain before visiting the hospital where surgery was performed. Among the 326 patients, 148 (45%) visited more than two medical institutions and spent an average of 641,983 Korean won (KRW; $466, 50,000-5,000,000 KRW) before surgery. Medical expenses before surgery were proportional to the number of medical institutions visited (P=0.002), symptom duration (P=0.002), and initial visual analog scale (VAS) pain score (P=0.007) but were not associated with sex, age, VAS pain score immediately before surgery, or RCT size. Medical expense before ARCR was associated with the severity of preoperative pain and duration of symptoms. After onset of shoulder symptoms, patients should visit as soon as possible a hospital that has surgeons who specialize in shoulder repair to prevent unnecessary medical expense and proper treatment. Level of evidence: IV.

Analisis Penerapan Akuntansi Berbasis Akrual atas Pendapatan menurut Undang-Undang Perpajakan pada PT. Merapi Utama Pharma Medan

The purpose of writing this thesis is to examine the application of accrual-based accounting to income carried out by PT. Merapi Utama Pharma Medan, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. This research uses descriptive analysis methodology. The methodology used in this research involves the use of descriptive statistical analysis for data analysis purposes. The second category of data used in this research consists of information originating from official company documents. Data collection methods used in this research include interviews, surveys, and examination of financial records and other related documents. This research tests and evaluates the implementation of income accrual accounting in accordance with Indonesian laws and regulations (Tax Law) at PT. Merapi Utama Pharmacy, Medan. This research is supported by the use of accessible data, allowing the author to obtain important findings. Company PT. Merapi Utama Pharma Medan has not fully implemented payroll accounting practices in accordance with the requirements and deadlines specified in the relevant tax regulations. Reconciliation reports are generated due to differences in the accounting treatment of income and expenses between the two systems. Financial reconciliation can be classified into two categories based on their duration: permanent and temporary. Financial statements are needed to reconcile the difference between positive and negative cash flow variances. Differences in taxable income can be caused by the recognition of certain expenses in the tax records which are not considered as such in the financial records; These expenses have the capacity to reduce an organization's taxable income.

Influence of the Shariah supervisory board on tax avoidance at an Indonesian Islamic bank

Purpose – This study examines the influence of the Shariah supervisory board (SSB) and Islamic banks’ characteristics on tax avoidance practices in Indonesia.Methodology – This research uses secondary data using the panel data analysis method fixed effects model; the research sample is an Islamic bank in Indonesia from 2017 to 2021.Findings – The results indicate that SSB size, SSB reputation, and bank size have a positive effect on tax avoidance. The variables across SSB members, SSB education level, bank age, and bank profitability have a negative effect. Meanwhile, the SSB expertise variable, SSB remuneration, and turnover do not affect tax avoidance.Implications – Islamic banks play an essential role in social welfare to align with tax contributions in developing countries. Therefore, tax regulators and Islamic banks must collaborate to review the treatment of expenses according to tax regulations.Originality – This study fills a research gap by investigating the relationship between SSB characteristics and tax avoidance in Indonesian Islamic banks, which has yet to be discussed in previous papers.

Analyzing the Implications of Tax Accounting Rules on Capitalization and Expense Treatment

Analyzing the Implications of Tax Accounting Rules on Capitalization and Expense Treatment

제약·바이오 기업의 연구개발비 회계처리 감독지침이 신규상장 기업들의 공모가 저평가에 미치는 영향

[Purpose]This study analyzes the impact of the supervisory guidance issued in 2018 on the accounting treatment of research and development expenses on firm valuations.
 [Methodology]We empirically analyze the impact of the guidance on uncertainty in firm valuations by examining the change in the underpricing of initial public offerings before and after the issuance of the supervisory guidance on accounting for research and development expenses for firms that went public between 2005 and 2020.
 [Findings]We find that the public offering undervaluation of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies decreased after the issuance of the supervisory guidance. This result appears to be due to the fact that the issuance of the supervisory guidance on accounting for R&D expenses reduced the uncertainty of accounting for R&D expenses in pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, which led to a decrease in the discount in the public offering price. In addition, the increase in IPO undervaluation due to impairment losses also decreased after the introduction of the guideline, which can be interpreted as the guideline reducing managerial discretion in recognizing impairment losses and reducing the uncertainty of firm value.
 [Implications]The finding that supervisory guidance on accounting for R&D expenses in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries mitigates IPO underpricing has policy implications that regulations that limit managerial discretion in accounting for these industries can enhance market efficiency.

국민건강보험법상 임의비급여 진료비 부당이득반환채권에 대한 보험회사의 채권자대위 가능성

If a medical institution's medical practice to a patient is not listed on the benefit coverage or statutory non benefit coverage under the National Health Insurance Act, the medical practice is a arbitrary non-benefit coverage that has not been approved for safety and effectiveness. In principle, it cannot perform the medical practice on the patient and of course cannot receive medical expenses. These arbitrary non-benefits coverage are not covered by private medical expense insurance. The court's basic position on arbitrary non-benefit coverage treatment and receipt of medical expenses is said to be invalid as a violation of compulsory laws unless there are special circumstances. The Supreme Court interprets that the receipt of medical expenses is valid if several conditions are met even for arbitrary non-benefit coverage medical treatment. It is difficult to say that there was sincere consent from the patient in the target judgment in this paper, and it is difficult to find the inevitability or urgency of implementing arbitrary non-benefit coverage medical practices without implementing other medical practices listed on the benefit coverage or statutory non-benefit coverage list. Therefore, the conditions proposed by the Supreme Court were not met, and the arbitrary non-benefit coverage treatment act is interpreted as illegal. The patient will have a claim to return unfair gains from the medical institution, and if the patient receives insurance money equivalent to medical expenses from the private medical expense insurance company, the insurance company will have the right to claim the return of unfair gains from the patient. At this time, there is a question of whether an insurance company can exercise the unjust enrichment claim of medical expenses that the patient has against the medical institution to satisfy his/her claim. The Supreme Court recently determined that it was impossible for insurers to exercise their subrogation rights to medical institution. As a basis, it is cited that the debtor is insolvent and that the insurance company can individually exercise the right to claim the return of insurance money against the insured(patient). However, the debtor's incapacity requirement is not necessarily required at a time when the purpose of exercising the creditor's subrogation right is changing from the preservation function of the responsible property to a means of realizing the creditor's rights. In addition, it is clear that insurance companies cannot freely file a lawsuit against their customers for the return of insurance money due to regulations by financial regulators. Insurance companies that fail to recover insurance money even after paying insurance money for arbitrary non-benefit coverage will suffer disadvantages such as a rise in the loss rate, which will eventually lead to an increase in insurance premiums. It is unfair to allow medical institutions that have performed arbitrary non-benefit coverage treatment activities that are not allowed to keep medical expenses as they are. Under these circumstances, subrogation right of creditors should be allowed to insurance companies.

Accounting Treatment of Drilling and Development Expenses Between the International Reporting Standard Ifrs 6 and the Unified Accounting System (A Comparative Study)

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to identify the accounting treatments for drilling and development expenses in the Iraqi oil companies according to the unified accounting system, and to indicate the extent of compatibility and difference in the treatment of drilling and development expenses between the unified accounting system and the International Financial Reporting Standard IFRS 6. Theoretical framework: The oil industry includes many activities and operations, starting from research and exploration operations through drilling and development operations, and ending with extracting oil from the well and delivering it to the consumer or transferring it to the refining industry. During these activities expenses are realized that should be accounted for in a way that ensures compliance with international standards for the oil industry as Iraq particularly witness a great development in the oil industry represented in dealing with foreign oil investment companies which means the need to standardize accounting treatments for the oil industry between local oil companies and foreign oil companies. Design/methodology/approach: The research used comparative descriptive approach by comparing the accounting treatment of drilling and development expenses under the International Financial Reporting Standard IFRS 6 and the unified accounting system applied in Iraq represented by the Basra Oil Company and the Iraqi Drilling Company. Findings: One of the most important findings of the research is the concord of the method used by the Basra Oil Company in capitalizing drilling expenses at the expense of wells under operation with the philosophy of the total cost method approved by the standard. However, this agreement is conditional on the absence of dry wells. If the drilling operations resulted in the presence of non-productive or productive wells but in uneconomical quantities, the treatment becomes not compatible with the standard. The practical and social implications: The Basra Oil Company treats all development (maintenance) expenses as operating expenses that are closed at the end of the year in the income statement, this it is not consistent with the philosophy of Standard No. 6 which states that development expenses that aim to maintain the production capacity of the well should be treated as operating expenses, but if development expenses that aim to increase the production capacity of the well must be capitalized on the cost of the well. Originality/ Value: The importance of the research comes from the need to work on applying the requirements of the International Financial Reporting Standard IFRS 6 in accounting treatments for oil expenditures, including drilling and development expenses in Iraqi oil companies.

Lifting the Shroud Obscuring Estate of Hubert: The Logic of the Income and Estate Tax Treatment of Estate Administration Expenses

In Commissioner v. Estate of Hubert, the Supreme Court upheld a Tax Court decision that $1.5 million of estate administration expenses charged against the income of a marital deduction bequest did not reduce the marital deduction for estate tax purposes. In Hubert, the marital deduction bequest was a residuary bequest, and estate administration expenses were payable out of the residue, but the executors had discretion to allocate such expenses between principal and income2 Pursuant to what is known as the "section 642(g) election," the expenses charged against income were deducted for purposes of computing the taxable income of the estate as a separate taxpayer, and were not deducted for estate tax purposes.This comment both critiques Hubert on a doctrinal basis and explores what should be the proper income and estate tax consequences of estate administration expenses.

Corporate Fiscal Reconciliation from the Perspective of Justice

Since the tax reform that began in 2002, there have been many changes or reforms in tax administration in Indonesia. The basis for this change is the implementation of a transparent and accountable tax administration system by using information technology. The problems in this research are: What causes corporate fiscal reconciliation? How is the technique of fiscal reconciliation viewed from the perspective of justice? The research is normative legal research which is discusses the legal aspects by conducting library research in terms of comparative law or legal history that is oriented to applicable laws and regulations. The normative legal research uses a legal approach that is relevant to the problems in this research. The causes of differences in commercial financial statements and fiscal financial statements are due to differences in accounting principles, differences in accounting methods and procedures, differences in the recognition of income and expenses, and differences in the treatment of income and expenses. According to the national point of view, the fiscal reconciliation technique is able to optimize state revenues from corporate taxes, and considering that tax is collected for the development of the country and the greatest prosperity of the people, the current fiscal reconciliation technique reflects the values of justice.

FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORAL-DISPERSIBLE TABLET OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG USING KYRON-T114 ION EXCHANGE RESIN AS TASTE MASKING AGENT

Introduction: It is the oral course that is still the favored course for organization of restorative specialists in light of precise measurement, minimal expense treatment, self-medicine, harmless strategy, and simplicity of organization, prompting elevated degree of patient consistency.
 Objective: The modern study aimed to formulate orodispersible tablets (ODT) using Kyron-T114 Ion Exchange Resin s.
 Materials and Methods: Lurasidone hydrochloride was a gift sample from Piramal Health Care, Ahmedabad Gujarat. Excipients such as lactose, sodium starch glycolate, microcrystalline cellulose, aspartame, menthol, magnesium stearate and aerosil were provided by Apeejay Stya University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sohna, Haryana. All chemicals were of Pharma grade.
 Results: The similarity of drug and excipients under test condition is significant and essential before formulation. The standard curve of Lurasidone hydrochloride was prepared in distilled water, Mcllvaine buffer pH 3.8 (0.025M citric acid and 0.05M di-sodium hydrogen phosphate) and methanol. The standard curve of Lurasidone hydrochloride was prepared in distilled water, Mcllvaine buffer pH 3.8 (0.025M citric acid and 0.05M di-sodium hydrogen phosphate) and methanol.
 Conclusion: Lurasidone hydrochloride was achieved successfully in our research. A compatibility study was also done, proving drug compatibility.

A Systematic Examination of Burden of Childhood Cancers in 183 Countries: Estimates from GLOBOCAN 2018.

Childhood cancers are a significant cause of child deaths worldwide. This study examines the burden of 33 childhood cancers in 183 countries. The estimates of age-, sex- and country-wise incidence and deaths due to 33 childhood cancers (below the age 15) for 183 countries were retrieved from GLOBOCAN 2018. The socioeconomic status of a country was measured by human development index (HDI). Globally, an estimated 200 166 cases and 74 956 deaths were attributed to childhood cancers in 2018. The age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) was 103 per million, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) stood at 38 per million. ASIR was highest in high-income regions (e.g. North America: 182 per million); ASMR, however, was elevated in low- and medium-income countries (e.g. south-east Asia: 62 per million; North Africa: 51 per million). Leukaemia and brain cancers were dominant cancer groups accounting for 45% of cases and 57% of deaths. The ASIRs exhibited a positive gradient with HDI ( . The high burden of childhood cancers (>80% of total incidence) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) calls for increased cancer awareness, improvement in oncologic infrastructure, international collaborations and twinning programmes, equitable access to multi-modal treatment and financial coverage of treatment expenses.

The Fiscal Treatment of the Acquisition Expenses for the Electronic Cash Registers

The present article discusses a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the fiscal treatment of the acquisition of electronic cash registers in the case of entities paying income taxes (including micro-entities and registered freelancers) and taxes specific to certain activities. Starting August 2020, according to the provisions of the Law No. 153/2020, entities paying income taxes (including microenterprises and registered freelancers) have the possibility to reduce the taxes owed by the acquisition cost of the electronic cash registers, including the cost of those purchased and put into service in 2018 and 2019. This measure regarding the electronic cash registers purchased and put into service starting January 1st, 2020 is also applicable to entities paying taxes specific to certain activities.

Financial Effects of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners: A Comparative Study for 10 Southern States of the United States

Abstract Changes in tax codes applicable to timberland investments can affect tax treatment of timber revenues and expenses. The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) is regarded as the most expansive overhaul of tax codes in the United States since 1986; however, our understanding of its effects on timberland investments for family forest owners has yet to be explored. Using the discounted cash-flow method, we estimated and compared effects of TCJA on land expectation value (LEV) and net tax from managing timberland for two classifications of median-income family forest owners in 10 southern states. Results showed a decrease in LEV and net tax for both material participants and investors, with a greater effect on landowners managing timberland as investments. Thus, owning timberland can become less beneficial under the current law for median-income family forest landowners. Study Implications: Family forests occupy a large portion of the total forest area in the United States and provide various goods and services to society. Taxes and tax policies are regarded as important issues for these landowners because policies could ultimately influence timberland investment, ownership structure, and management activities. After the 2017 tax reform, landowners became concerned about the effect of the new act on profitability and financial return from timberland investment. Here, we attempt to provide a better understanding of tax effects by estimating change in net benefit of owning and managing timberland under the current law compared with the previous law in 10 southern states. For policymakers, this study can provide insight into the importance of considering unique characteristics of timberland investment during the tax policy design and evaluation process. For landowners, this study can facilitate the timberland investment decisionmaking process and serve as a guide to the effects of the new tax rules on returns.

PENGARUH TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT DIFFERENCE TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN LABA DENGAN SMALL AND LARGE BOOK TAX DIFFERENCES SEBAGAI MODERASI

Book Tax Difference occur due to differences between the financial reporting and tax reporting in terms of accounting principles, methods and accounting procedures, the recognition of income and expenses, as well as the treatment of income and expenses. Due to the emergence difference will cause earnings growth will be increased or decreased. The profit growth can be affected by the components that refer to IAS 46 regarding the income tax and IAS 12 on income tax Deferred tax is caused by the presence of taxable temporary differences. The study aims to find temporary and permanent difference to the growth of small and large profits with book tax differences sebagail moderation. This research is a descriptive research. With a sample of companies manufacturing sector Textile & Garment Industry, Customers, Housewares, Plastic & Packaging, Pulp & Paper, Glass, Metal, and Cable 30 manufacturing companies listed on the Stock Exchange in 2013 to 2015. Data were analyzed using regression multiple linear models with interactions basis moderation.The results showed that the temporary difference and permanent difference significant negative effect on profit growth. With small and large book tax differences are moderating variable.

Analisis Perlakuan Akuntansi atas Pendapatan Premi dan beban klaim Sesuai PSAK No. 28 pada PT. Asuransi Astra buana

The development of the insurance industry is currently undergoing quite good progress. Based on data from OJK, the insurance industry has experienced an average growth of 16% for the past 4 years. This can be seen from the progress in investment growth which reached 14.40% and premium growth of 21.00%. This growth occurs because of the role of the insurance industry in serving the community to overcome risks. The insurance company will take the risk of the possibility that might occur to the community, such as loss or damage to the vehicle, fire, or the loss of natural disasters. The main source of insurance company income is from the sale of an insurance policy, which is in the form of insurance premiums given by the insured. And the insurance company's main burden is claim expense. Expenses incurred by insurance companies for reimbursement for a number of losses incurred by the insured.
 The purpose of this study was to find out how the accounting treatment of premium income and claim expenses in accordance with PSAK No. 28 at PT. Asuransi Astra Buana/PT. AAB.
 The results of the analysis of the accounting treatment of premium income and claim expenses at PT. AAB is in accordance with PSAK No. 28. Premium income is recognized and recorded at the time of issuance of the policy and presented in the financial statements in the form of gross premiums, premiums paid to reinsurers and a decrease (increase) in premiums which are not yet income. While claim expenses are recognized and recorded when the company arises to fulfill claims. Claim expenses are presented in the financial statements in the form of gross claims, reinsurance claims received from reinsurers and an increase (decrease) in estimated own retention claims. Compliance with PSAK No. 28 which has been carried out by PT. AAB needs to be maintained, in line with the developments in the PSAK, to avoid any errors in the recognition of premium income and claim expenses.

Financial Protection Against Medical Expense

Financial protection is claimed to be an important objective of health policy. Yet there is a lack of clarity about what it is and no consensus on how to measure it. I address the ambiguity of meaning by considering three questions: Protection of what? Protection against what? Protection with what? The proposed answers lead to the suggestion that financial protection is about shielding nonmedical consumption from the cost of healthcare using formal health insurance and public finances, as well as informal and self insurance mechanisms that do not impair earnings potential. Given this definition, I evaluate four approaches to the measurement of financial protection: a) consumption smoothing over health shocks; b) the risk premium; c) catastrophic healthcare payments; and, d) impoverishing healthcare payments. The first of these does not restrict attention to medical expenses, which limits its relevance to health financing policy. The second rests on assumptions about risk preferences. No measure is entirely satisfactory in its treatment of medical expenses that are financed through informal and self insurance instruments. By ignoring these sources of imperfect insurance, the catastrophic payments measure overstates the impact of out-of-pocket medical expenses on living standards, while the impoverishment measure does not credibly identify poverty caused by them. It is better thought of as a correction to the measurement of poverty.

Analisa Penerapan Perhitungan Rekonsoliasi Fiskal Terhadap Laporan Keuangan Komersial

The calculation of fiscal reconciliation made by the company (taxpayer) due to differences in calculations, especially profit by commercial accounting and taxable profit (fiscal). to bridge the existence of differences in commercial financial statements and fiscal financial statements for more efficient then fiscal Financial Statements prepared in tandem with commercial financial statements, meaning that although commercial or business financial statements are prepared on the basis of business accounting principles, but the provision of taxation is dominant in the process of reporting the preparation of reports finance. The causes of differences in commercial financial statements and fiscal financial statements are due to differences in accounting principles, accounting methods and procedures, differences in income and expense recognition, as well as differences in income and expense treatment.. In addressing the differences that occur between the Commercial Income Statement and the Fiscal Income Statement, based on the Financial Accounting Standards and the applicable tax law, based on the results of research and calculation analysis of the calculation of fiscal reconciliation to the Financial Statement of profit

PERLAKUAN AKUNTANSI PENDAPATAN DAN BEBAN BERBASIS SAK ETAP DAN IMPLIKASINYA PADA LAPORAN KEUANGAN KOPERASI KARYAWAN KARYA SAMPURNA PT. BANK MANDIRI

Cooperative is an association established by persons or legal entities of cooperatives that have limited economic ability, with the aim to improve the welfare of its members. Revenues and expenses are an important component of financial statements because different treatment of income and expenses will result in changes in the resulting financial statements. Financial Accounting Standards intended for cooperative entities are SAK ETAP. This study aims to determine the accounting treatment of income and expenses on Cooperative Employees Karya Sampurna PT. Bank Mandiri in accordance with SAK ETAP. The research method used in this thesis research is descriptive method whose purpose each data collected in the analysis and then drawn a conclusion and the type of research used is qualitative descriptive. The results obtained that the accounting treatment of income and expenses on Cooperative Employees Karya Sampurna PT. Bank Mandiri is in compliance with SAK ETAP.Keywords: Accounting treatment, income, expenses.

Should interest expenses be tax deductible?

This paper analyzes how shareholder wealth, firm characteristics, and public finance would be impacted if tax deductibility of interest expenses were eliminated. We find that shareholder value would decrease by 3.5%. Under the new regime, firms would be smaller and less levered, would have less productive capital, and would feature lower default probabilities. The effects on aggregate output and employment would be negative. However, the government's revenues from corporate income tax would increase by 3% in the long-run and could be used to partially offset the negative side effects of the reform. The current period of historically low corporate bond yields is probably the best time to change the treatment of interest expenses.

INTEREST DEDUCTIONS IN A MULTIJURISDICTIONAL WORLD

This paper proposes and evaluates alternative methods for addressing the tax treatment of interest expenses in a multijurisdictional setting. The differential deductibility of debt entailed by vari...