Reimbursement Of Expenses Research Articles

“No Man’s Land”: the experiences of persons injured in a road traffic crash wanting to return to work in Queensland, Australia

Purpose This study aimed to explore individuals’ experiences of return to work (RTW) following minor to serious road traffic injury (RTI) in Queensland, Australia; seek their recommendations if any, on how to provide support for RTW after RTI; and identify the strategies and resources used to return and remain at work after their RTI. Methods The interpretive description methodological approach was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eligible participants (n = 18) aged 18–65 y who had experienced a minor to serious RTI at least 6 months earlier. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results Five themes emerged: (1) physical and mental consequences of RTI negatively impact RTW; (2) money matters; (3) RTW support makes a difference; (4) feeling alone and confused in the RTW process; and (5) several strategies and resources helped with return/stay at work after RTI. Regular contact and cooperation with employers and insurers, job modifications, and using social media to obtain information and social support were helpful RTW strategies. Participants recommended timely and appropriate medical care, financial assistance, and educational support. Conclusions Policy changes to reduce financial stress, increase employer support, and improve injured individuals’ knowledge following a RTI are recommended in jurisdictions operating a fault-based scheme. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION This study identified several factors that can influence return to work (RTW) following minor to serious road traffic injuries (RTIs) in a jurisdiction operating a fault-based compensation scheme. Legislative changes that provide financial assistance to all injured people regardless of their fault-status could reduce financial stress arising from reduced work ability following a road traffic injury. Increasing employer’ awareness of the importance of return to work for those with road traffic injuries and reimbursement for possible expenses of providing RTW support for these individuals could increase employability of injured people following RTI. Improving injured individuals’ knowledge about return-to-work processes after a road traffic injury could accelerate recovery and return to work.

FTD Disorders Registry (FTDDR) Research Readiness Survey: Assessing awareness and attitudes towards participation in research

AbstractBackgroundFTDDR is a web‐based, contact and research registry to amplify the patient/family voice and facilitate research for frontotemporal degeneration (FTD), a rare group of early‐onset dementia disorders. FTD not only alters cognition but also impacts behavior, personality, language, and movement. No treatments or cures are currently available, underscoring the need for research participation.MethodThe Research Readiness Survey was designed to assess knowledge of basic research principals and index perceptions of the value of research studies and clinical trials among the lay community. The 23‐question survey was administered online to FTDDR participants between March 2017 and January 2022 using a multiple‐choice and True/False‐style format.ResultRespondents (n = 750) were 80% caregivers/biological family members and 20% FTD diagnosed persons responding independently or with care partner/helper assistance (31% male, 69% female; age range = 50‐74 years). FTD diagnoses represented among the respondents were behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD 55%), primary progressive aphasia (PPA 17%) progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP 9%), corticobasal degeneration/syndrome (CBD/CBS 7%), FTD with motor neuron disease (FTD‐ALS 4%), and other/diagnosis pending (8%). Research studies were viewed positively by the majority of respondents (85%) and this was similarly reflected by a high willingness to participate (84%) in a research study/clinical trial, especially if it was about treating or preventing disease. 64% of respondents ranked their understanding of clinical trial concepts as knowledgeable‐to‐very knowledgeable which was subsequently supported by 87% correctly answering 8 of 10 questions about principals of research. Barriers to participation in research included fear that the study would be too difficult physically/emotionally (28%), concern about time off from work (25%) and lack of reimbursement for travel expenses (20%). Most respondents (68%) reported that additional information and education about research studies/clinical trials would increase their ability to evaluate participation.ConclusionSurvey results indicated that while FTDDR members have a positive perception of research and are relatively knowledgeable about principals of participation, there is a strong desire for additional information and education to empower informed decision‐making. Understanding and addressing perceived barriers as well as creating person‐centric studies with emphasis on participant‐facing educational materials may increase research study participation.

Daytime contacts and general practitioner consultations, and pain as a reason for encounter in children with cerebral palsy; a Norwegian national registry linkage study

Aim The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of daytime contacts and consultations, and pain as a reason for encounter (RFE) with a general practitioner (GP), in children with cerebral palsy (CP) (cases) to that of the general paediatric population (controls). Methods The study linked the Norwegian Directorate of Health’s database for the control and reimbursement of health expenses, and the Norwegian Quality and Surveillance Registry for Cerebral Palsy, including children born from 1996 to 2012 in the period 2006 to 2018. All daytime contacts were included. International Classification for Primary Care was applied for RFE. Results Cases accounted for 0.46% of all daytime contacts and 0.27% of all daytime consultations, the latter corresponding with the estimated national prevalence of CP. GPs registered more administrative contact and coded pain as an RFE less frequently in consultations with cases (6%) than with controls (12%). Interpretation Children with CP did not consult GPs more than the general paediatric population did. In consultations, GPs should ask for pain even if the child with CP or parent does not address pain. The local multidisciplinary team should encourage the family to consider consulting a GP if the child is in pain. KEY MESSAGES Prevalence of GP consultations in children with CP is similar to that of children in the general population. GPs perform more administrative work for children with CP than for their other paediatric patients. GPs code pain as an RFE less frequently in consultations with children with CP than in consultations with children in the general population.

Reconsidering the Reinsured’s Damages and Costs for Late Payment: A Comparative Analysis Between English and American Law

The reinsured (original insurer) would face liability by section 13A of the Insurance Act 2015 in the UK and incur the costs or expenses of investigating and defending against the insured’s valid claims, where the reinsured withholds or delays paying insurance proceeds to the insured. The reinsurer generally would not be held liable for the unreinsured contractual liability and costs unless special requirements are met. The critical points for the reinsured to recover the reimbursement of damages and expenses from the reinsurer are to confirm the reinsurer’s actual participation or intention in refusing to indemnify the original assured timeously or in defending against the insured’s valid claims by way of proving the reinsurer’s compulsion or identifying them as a joint enterprise. The follow-the-settlements clause cannot render the reinsurer liable for the unreinsured liability. It is more reasonable that the policy limits only restrict the sums reinsured but do not cap the unreinsured damages and costs. Reinsurance, contractual liability, late payment, joint enterprise, policy limits

An Examination on House Lessee’s Right to Claimthe Reimbursement of Beneficial Expenses fromthe Perspective of House Lessee Protection*

Nowadays, many house lessees pay diverse expenses to improve facilities for housing as a result of introduction of the right to request the renewal of contract into Housing Lease Protection Act in 2020. Before the introduction, the courts of Korea seem to have decided in the direction of expanding the independence of the result of paying the expenses to protect a house lessee. However, it can seriously undermine legal stability to interpret in the direction of expanding the independence of the result in this way in order to admit the right to claim the purchase of attachment.
 Also, I’d maintain that like a land lessee, a house lessee can exercise the right to claim the purchase of attachment only when he or she can demand the renewal of the house lease contract concerned. Accordingly, the right to claim the purchase of attachment is not given to the house lessee in the cases he or she has seriously violated his or her obligation as a house lessee, including the case for him or her to break all or part of the house concerned by intention or gross negligence, the case for him or her to sublease all or part of the house concerned without any consent of the house lessor, and the case his or her amount of the overdue rent is over the amount of the rent for two periods. Thus, the right to claim the purchase of attachment is not given to the house lessee who did not meet his or her obligation of the lease contract concerned in this way. On the other hand, the right to claim the reimbursement of beneficial expenses is given even to such a house lessee because in terms of legal characteristics, it is a kind of the right to claim the restitution of unjust enrichment.
 For these reasons, from the perspective of protecting a house lessee, this Article focuses on examining the legal principles of the right to claim the reimbursement of beneficial expenses themselves, away from the attempt to view the result of paying the expenses as the object of the right to claim the purchase of attachment rather than as the object of the right to claim the reimbursement of beneficial expenses in order to protect a house lessee.
 This Article examines the case a house lessee himself or herself exercises the right to claim the reimbursement of beneficial expenses and the case a house lessee transfers the right to claim the reimbursement of beneficial expenses to a third party.

Peculiarities of refund of court costs for professional assistance of a lawyer in civil procedure

The scientific article examines the features of reimbursement of court costs for professional assistance of a lawyer in civil proceedings in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to certain aspects in particular: belonging to court costs, the procedure for reimbursement of legal costs to the parties, verification of compliance with the costs of professional legal assistance, determining the amount of attorney’s fees (in proportion to the volume of services provided, complexity of the case). the importance of the case to the party, including the impact of the decision on the reputation of the party or the public interest in the case), reducing court costs at the request of the party or in the absence of such a request. Also, the article analyzes some aspects of the realization of everyone’s right to judicial protection, which is directly guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine and the laws of Ukraine. In particular, it is determined that this right can be exercised by anyone whose rights, freedoms or interests have been violated within the constitutional, civil, commercial, administrative and criminal proceedings of Ukraine. The protection procedure is carried out in court. The litigation is characterized by significant costs for the parties involved. The article analyzes in detail the features of reimbursement of legal fees for professional assistance of a lawyer in civil proceedings, highlights gaps in the legal field of civil law, namely the amount of attorney’s fees, the order of reimbursement of legal costs, the possibility of reducing the cost of professional legal assistance in the absence of a request.
 Also, the article analyzes the case law, analyzes the peculiarities of reimbursement of expenses for individuals and legal entities to receive legal aid. It is directly stated that determining the amount of attorney’s fees always has its own characteristics and individual nature, which depends on the case and costs incurred.

The multidimensional relative poverty of rural older adults in China and the effect of the health poverty alleviation policy.

IntroductionAlthough, especially in the past decade, poverty measurement approaches have been duly developed in two paths (from unidimensional to multidimensional poverty and from absolute to relative poverty), merely a few studies have focused on the combination of both perspectives. However, with global aging, poverty among older adults simultaneously presents multidimensionality and relativity characteristics. This paper explores a multidimensional relative poverty index (MRPI) relative to the aged group in four dimensions, namely, health, social, mental, and material, and then empirically evaluates the specific effects on the MRPI of one of the key targeted anti-poverty policies, that is, the health poverty alleviation policy (HPAP), which includes public health service, medical expense reimbursement, rewarding assistance, basic medical insurance, and so on.MethodsUsing pooled cross-sectional data of poverty alleviation from 2014 to 2020 with a total of 83,521 observations aged 60+ in County J, Shaanxi Province in China, we calculate the MRPI for the older adults via a fuzzy set approach. Statistical difference testing is used to analyze the characteristics and trends of the MRPI. In policy evaluation, to address endogenous problems, the treatment effect model based on Heckman's two-stage regression and finite distributed lag model are used with a controlled township cluster structure.ResultsFrom 2014 to 2020, the MRPI shows a significant upward trend for older adults in rural China, and the health component takes the dominant MRPI position. Empirically, we find that the HPAP can significantly alleviate the MRPI of older adults. Furthermore, among the health poverty alleviation measures, basic medical insurance is the most effective anti-poverty policy to support older adults. Specifically, empirical evidence shows that there is a more statistically significant reduction in the MRPI with the HPAP for the sub-group of older adults with chronic diseases or disabilities.ConclusionBoth relativity and multidimensionality should be emphasized when analyzing poverty vis-à-vis the aging society, and for this, the MRPI is one of the effective tools. Comparing the relativity with the aged group engenders a more accurate understanding of their poverty situation. Moreover, the importance of the health component among all the four dimensions is more conducive to the detailed analysis of their poverty. The empirical analysis results show that regarding poverty reduction approaches in China, developing integrated health promotion systems is necessary and imminent, especially in the long run, such as long-term care insurance that covers typical disabled older adults with chronic diseases.

Robotic surgery in gynaecology: Scientific Impact Paper No. 71 (July 2022).

The use of robotic-assisted keyhole surgery in gynaecology has expanded in recent years owing to technical advances. These include 3D viewing leading to improved depth perception, limitation of tremor, potential for greater precision and discrimination of tissues, a shorter learning curve and improved comfort for surgeons compared with conventional keyhole and open abdominal surgery. Robotic-assisted keyhole surgery, compared with conventional keyhole surgery, improves surgical performance without increasing operating time, minimises blood loss and intra- or postoperative complications, while reducing the need to revert to abdominal surgery. Moreover, surgeons using a robot experience fewer skeletomuscular problems of their own in the short and long term than those operating without a robot as an additional tool. This Scientific Impact Paper looks at the use of a robot in different fields of gynaecological surgery. A robot could be considered safe and a more effective surgical tool than conventional keyhole surgery for women who have to undergo complex gynaecology surgery or have associated medical issues such as body-mass index (BMI) at 30 kg/m2 or above or lung problems. The introduction of the use of robots in keyhole surgery has resulted in a decrease in the number of traditional open surgeries and the risk of conversion to open surgery after traditional keyhole surgery; both of which should be considered when examining the cost-benefit of using a robot. Limitations of robotic-assisted surgery remain the associated higher costs. In womb cancer surgery there is good evidence that introducing robotics into the service improves outcomes for women and may reduce costs.

“To enroll or not to enroll”: a qualitative study on preferences for dental insurance in Iran

BackgroundOral public health services are included in primary healthcare. Although oral diseases are preventable, improving oral health has become a concern in many countries. Evidence shows that functioning insurance coverage can significantly increase the use of dental health services, improve quality of services, and reduce financial barriers to utilization. Little evidence exists on households’ preferences for dental insurance in Iran. This study seeks to identify the households’ preferences for dental insurance in Tehran-Iran.MethodThis is a qualitative study. We interviewed 84 participants who visited selected public and private dental clinics in Tehran-Iran, from October 2018 until January 2019. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. We used a mixed inductive/deductive approach for thematic analysis of the interviews.ResultsWe identified two main themes and 12 sub-themes: pecuniary attributes (insurance premium, coinsurance, insurance coverage granted, discounting option, reimbursement of expenses), and non-pecuniary attributes (notification status, ethical issues, benefits package, contract providers with health insurance, quality of service centers, administrative process, and dental insurance scheme).ConclusionOur participants considered both pecuniary and non-pecuniary attributes for choosing a dental insurance package. Our findings could help, we envisage, policymakers understand Iranian households’ preferences for a dental insurance scheme that they afford to buy.

Research on Travel Reimbursement Behavior Management Based on Deep Learning in Financial Sharing Mode

The standardization, transformation and upgrading of financial management plays an important supporting role in promoting the standardized management and healthy operation of corporate expense reimbursement behaviors. This paper starts with the behavioral portrait of enterprise personnel travel expense reimbursement. Based on the problems of lengthy process and complex financial accounting in most reimbursement behaviors at this stage, an efficient and efficient expense reimbursement processing method is proposed, that is, reimbursement through collection Information images, using the convolutional neural network algorithm under deep learning, to detect target images and identify valid information, and rely on the financial shared service center's screening function of expense reimbursement behavior portraits under big data, the integrity of expense reimbursement data. Compliance is judged, thus forming a complete set of standardized and procedural personal self-service reimbursement model, which optimizes the management of enterprise expense reimbursement behavior, avoids subsequent losses and resource waste caused by human risks, and improves enterprise operation efficiency and expenses. Control has certain value and reference significance.

USE AND RESEARCH OF ERP IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF LARGE ENTERPRISES USING NONLINEAR SYSTEM

The purpose of this paper is to improve the financial management efficiency of large enterprises and enhance the overall operation vitality of enterprises. First, the connotation and characteristics of enterprise resource planning (ERP) are analyzed, and the financial ERP system is established. Then, the relevant dynamic models of nonlinear systems are classified and their characteristics are analyzed. Moreover, the system model of enterprise financial risk management is constructed based on the key success factors of project implementation risk and control flow chart of project life cycle. Finally, based on MATLAB software, [Formula: see text] large enterprise is taken as an example to evaluate the implementation effect of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) algorithm and back propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm in ERP system. The results reveal that compared with 2019, the capital concentration in 2020 increases by 8%, the operating cost decreases by 23.6%, and the expense reimbursement process time decreases from 60–80 days to about 6 days. The expected output and assessment result of AHP are 6.912 and 6.823, respectively, and the error between them is 0.0196. The expected output and assessment result of BPNN are 6.798 and 6.675, respectively, and the error between them is 0.0121. The error value of BPNN in ERP implementation effect assessment is less than that of AHP, which indicates that the assessment effect of BPNN is better than that of AHP.

The attitude of patients with progressive ataxias towards clinical trials

BackgroundThe development of new therapies may rely on the conduct of human experimentation as well as later clinical trials of therapeutic interventions. Ethical considerations seek to protect the patient from risk but few have sought to ascertain the attitude to such risk of patients with progressive debilitating or terminal conditions, for which no mitigating or curative therapies exist. Such understanding is also important if recruitment is to be maximized. We therefore sought to define the motivations for and barriers to trial participation amongst patients with progressive ataxias, as well as their condition-specific trial preferences.MethodsWe conducted an online survey consisting of 29 questions covering four key domains (demographics, personal motivation, drug therapy and study design) relating to the design of clinical trials. Two major ataxia charities, Ataxia UK and the Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance (FARA) sent the survey to their members. Responses were analysed by disease and by ambulatory status.ResultsOf 342 respondents, 204 reported a diagnosis of Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA), 55 inherited cerebellar ataxia (CA) and 70 idiopathic CA. The most important symptoms to be addressed by a trial were considered to be balance problems and ambulation, although these were superseded by speech problems in wheelchair users. Common motivations for participation were potential benefits to self and others. Reasons for non-participation included concerns about side effects, and the burden and cost of travel. Financial reimbursement for expenses was reported to be likely to increase trial engagement, Phase two trials were the most popular to participate in, and the use of a placebo arm was seen as a disincentive. Across all disease subgroups, drug repurposing trials proved popular and just under 70% of participants would be prepared to undergo intrathecal drug administration.ConclusionsKnowledge of motivations for and barriers to trial participation as well as the acceptability of investigations, time commitments and routes of drug administration should inform better, more patient focused trial design. This in turn may improve recruitment and retention of participants to future trials.

МОТИВАЦИЯ ПУБЛИКАЦИОННОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЕЙ В МЕДИЦИНСКОМ ВУЗЕ

Objective: To study and evaluate the impact and/or connection between the financial motivation of the employees of the South Kazakhstan Medical Academy (SKMA) and their scientific and publication activities. Methods: An analysis of the publication activity of SKMA employees for the 2018-2020 period was carried out. Based on the “Regulations on reimbursement of expenses and payment of remuneration for the publication of research results in the scientific journals and proceedings” developed in the SKMA, data from the accounting department of the SKMA, which made payments annually and quarterly, from 2018 to 2020, were used and processed. Results: While in 2018 the number of publications in the Scopus and Web of Science databases was 21, thereafter in 2019 this number was increased by 12.5%, and in 2020 – by 40% (compared to 2018). In 2021, there was a decrease in the total number of articles by 14.3% compared to 2020. However, the number of articles in the Q1-Q2 Web of Science journals in 2021 almost doubled compared to 2020. For publications in 2018, an amount of 1,076,350 tenge was paid in the form of remuneration, which in 2019 and 2020 increased to 1,300,120 and 1,845,480 tenge respectively. A positive and statistically significant relationship was found between the number of published papers and the amount of the respective remuneration (r=0.97; p<0.05). Conclusion: The proposed system of motivation in SKMA is an effective stimulating mechanism and can be used to intensify publication activity in other universities, including non-medical ones. Keywords: Publications, publication activity, motivation, faculty, international peer-reviewed publications.

The main parameters of and mechanisms for the development of lifelong education of the adult population in the economically developed countries

Lifelong education is gradually becoming the main challenge for the education system and for a significant part of the working population. The demand for it is influenced by the growth of interest in further education in a variety of forms, content and duration among the highly educated adult population; by the growth in the number of people who lack skills and qualifications to perform current work assignments, and by the increasing needs of employers operating in conditions of frequently changing requirements for the competence of employees due to technical and organizational changes. The author considers the indicators of the involvement of the adult population of economically developed countries in various forms of lifelong education, as well as incentives and barriers to such activities. It may be especially useful for the Russian public to learn about collective funds of professional training, and the use of instruments of state subsidization and reimbursement of expenses: educational loans and vouchers; individual and saving accounts which can become promising means to expand participation in lifelong education, including for a growing number of non-standard workers.

Roszczenie współwłaściciela o zwrot wydatków poniesionych w związku z rzeczą wspólną

This study is devoted to the analysis of the legal basis, the premises and the content of mutual claims of co-owners for reimbursement of expenses associated with common property, as it is regulated in Polish law. The author expresses the view according to which in Polish law the above mentioned obligation of co-owner is a special case of the general duty to reverse unjust enrichment, based on Article 405 of the Polish Civil Code. This opinion is opposed to the standard view according to which the obligation to pay compensation for expenses associated with common property is based only on Article 207 of the Civil Code. The view according to which the obligation to pay compensation for expenses associated with common property is a special case of the general duty to reverse unjust enrichment makes it possible to justify widely shared assumption that only expenses beneficial to all co-owners should be compensated for. Such expenses include costs incurred in order to improve the common property as well as costs incurred in order to avoid deterioration or loss of the common property. On the other hand, co-owners are not obliged to reimburse for expenses made only in order to satisfy subjective preferences of one of them. The author also argues that on the basis of the statutory regulations concerning unjust enrichment it is reasonable to differentiate between the content of claim for reimbursement of necessary expenses associated with the common property and the content of claim for compensation of improvements made by co-owner. As far as necessary expenses incurred by one of the co-owners are concerned, the obligation of the rest of the coowners is only monetary. On the other hand, if one of the co-owners incurred costs in order to improve the common property and these improvements are significant the co-owner may claim such improvements “in nature”, which means that the co-ownership is dissolved and the object of the common property is granted to the co-owner who made these improvements. In such a case other co-owners obtain amount of money which equals the value of their shares in the common property estimated without taking into account the value of improvements. However, the author also discusses the special cases when the improvements of the common property cannot be compensated “in nature”. In the final part of the study it is argued that the right to reimbursement for expenses incurred by the co-owner is transferred to a person who acquires share of this co-owner in the common property through contract only when there is explicit agreement to that effect or when the contractual transfer of the share is gratuitous.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Research on the improvement of accounting work quality of new agricultural business entities under the background of big data

This article has been retracted from publication in the Taylor & Francis journal, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science. Following publication, concerns were raised by multiple third-parties around the content of the special issue and the decision-making process. Following an investigation by the Taylor & Francis Publishing Ethics & Integrity team in full cooperation with the Editor-in-Chief, it was confirmed that this article included in Special Issue titled “ Envisage Computer Modelling and Statistics for Agriculture”, guest edited by Gunasekaran Manogaran was not peer-reviewed appropriately, in line with the Journal's peer review standards and policy. As the stringency of the peer review process is core to the integrity of the publication process, the Editor and Publisher have decided to retract all of the articles within the above-named Special Issue. The journal has not confirmed if the authors were aware of this compromised peer review process. The journal is committed to correcting the scientific record and will fully cooperate with any institutional investigations into this matter. The authors have been informed of this decision. We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines.

Generics and Biosimilars: Barriers and Opportunities

Generics and Biosimilars: Barriers and Opportunities

Organizational capacity for patient and family engagement in hospital planning and improvement: interviews with patient/family advisors, managers and clinicians.

BackgroundPatient and family engagement (PE) in healthcare planning and improvement achieves beneficial outcomes and is widely advocated, but a lack of resources is a critical barrier. Little prior research studied how organizations support engagement specifically in hospitals.ObjectiveWe explored what constitutes hospital capacity for engagement.MethodsWe conducted descriptive qualitative interviews and complied with criteria for rigour and reporting in qualitative research. We interviewed patient/family advisors, engagement managers, clinicians and executives at hospitals with high engagement activity, asking them to describe essential resources or processes. We used content analysis and constant comparison to identify themes and corresponding quotes and interpreted findings by mapping themes to two existing frameworks of PE capacity not specific to hospitals.ResultsWe interviewed 40 patient/family advisors, patient engagement managers, clinicians and corporate executives from nine hospitals (two < 100 beds, four 100 + beds, three teaching). Four over-arching themes about capacity considered essential included resources, training, organizational commitment and staff support. Views were similar across participant and hospital groups. Resources included funding and people dedicated to PE and technology to enable communication and collaboration. Training encompassed initial orientation and project-specific training for patient/family advisors and orientation for new staff and training for existing staff on how to engage with patient/family advisors. Organizational commitment included endorsement from the CEO and Board, commitment from staff and continuous evaluation and improvement. Staff support included words and actions that conveyed value for the role and input of patient/family advisors. The blended, non-hospital-specific framework captured all themes. Hospitals of all types varied in the availability of funding dedicated to PE. In particular, reimbursement of expenses and compensation for time and contributions were not provided to patient/family advisors. In addition to skilled engagement managers, the role of clinician or staff champions was viewed as essential.ConclusionThe findings build on prior research that largely focused on PE in individual clinical care or research or in primary care planning and improvement. The findings closely aligned with existing frameworks of organizational capacity for PE not specific to hospital settings, which suggests that hospitals could use the blended framework to plan, evaluate and improve their PE programs. Further research is needed to yield greater insight into how to promote and enable compensation for patient/family advisors and the role of clinician or staff champions in supporting PE.

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: Green-top Guideline No. 8 July 2021: Green-top Guideline No. 8.

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: Green-top Guideline No. 8 July 2021: Green-top Guideline No. 8.

Does integrated medical insurance system alleviate the difficulty of using cross-region health care for the Migrant Parents in China-- evidence from the China migrants dynamic survey

BackgroundMany internal migrants during the urbanization process in China are Migrant Parents, the aging group who move to urban areas to support their family involuntarily. They are more vulnerable economically and physically than the younger migrants. However, the fragmentation of rural and urban health insurance schemes divided by “hukou” household registration system limit migrant’s access to healthcare services in their resident location. Some counties have started to consolidate the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) as one Integrated Medical Insurance Schemes (IMIS) from 2008. The consolidation aimed to reduce the disparity between different schemes and increase the health care utilization of migrants.ResultsUsing the inpatient sample of migrant parents from China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2015, we used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) for regression models. We found that the migrant parents covered by the IMIS are more likely to choose inpatient services and seek medical treatment in the migrant destination. We further subdivide Non-IMISs into NCMSs and URBMIs in the regression to alleviate the doubt about endogenous. The results revealed that the migrant parents in IMIS use more local medical services than both of them in URBMI and NCMS.ConclusionsThe potential mechanisms of our results could be that IMIS alleviates the difficulty of seeking medical care in migrant destinations by improving the convenience of medical expense reimbursement and enhancing health insurance benefits.