Level Of Expenditure Research Articles

Do Determinants of Quality of Life Differ in Older People Living in the Community and Nursing Homes?

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine and compare the relationship between nutritional status, physical activity (PA) level, concomitant chronic diseases, and quality of life (QoL) in community-dwelling (CD) older people and nursing home (NH) residents. Material and Methods: One hundred NH residents aged 60 years and above and one hundred sex- and age-matched CD older adults were examined. The QoL was examined with the EuroQol-5D questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed with the Mini Nutritional Assessment questionnaire (MNA), anthropometric measures, and bioimpedance analysis (BIA). The 7-Day Recall Questionnaire and the Stanford Usual Activity Questionnaire were performed to evaluate the PA energy expenditure level (PA-EE) and the health-related behaviours (PA-HRB), respectively. Results: CD subjects presented a significantly higher self-assessment in the VAS scale in comparison with NH residents (CD: 65.3 ± 19.4 vs. NH 58.2 ± 21.4; p < 0.05), but there were no differences within the five dimensions of QoL. In NH patients, the VAS scale was not correlated with any of the variables evaluating the nutritional status and body composition, while in the CD group correlated positively with MNA (rS = 0.36; p < 0.001), % of FFM (rS = 0.22; p< 0.05), body density (rS = 0.22; p < 0.05) and negatively with % of FM (rS = −0.22; p < 0.05). In an institutional environment, only concomitant diseases (mainly urinary incontinence) were found as independent determinants for QoL. In the community, independent determinants of QoL besides concomitant diseases (mainly ischaemic heart disease) were nutritional status or PA-HRB. Conclusions: Determinants of QoL are different depending on the living environment the older adults. Proper nutritional status and beneficial PA behaviours, are crucial for higher QoL of CD elderly, while for NH residents, the main determinants of QoL are chronic conditions.

Coping Strategies to Mitigate Food Insecurity at Household Level: Evidence From Urban Setting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Food insecurity is the limited or uncertain ability of households to acquire nutritionally adequate and safe foods in socially acceptable ways. There is paucity of empirical evidence on household food insecurity, level of expenditure, and coping strategies in urban setting of Ethiopia. The objective of this paper is to examine the coping strategies of food insecure households in an urban area setting of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This study is based on data collected from 632 mothers interviewed in 2017. Multi-stage sampling techniques were carried out to identify the study unit from selected sub-cites. From each sub-city, proportion to population sampling was applied to obtain the sample size. Simple random sampling method was used to select districts in each sub-city. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with food security status. The most common coping strategies households used in response to food insecurity were: rely on less preferred and less expensive foods, borrow food, or borrow money to buy food and purchase of food on credit. Food insecure households were 3 times more likely to rely on help from a relative or friend outside the household [AOR = 2.37; 95% CI: (1.01, 5.53); P < .047] compared to food secure households. Similarly, food insecure households were approximately 4 times more likely to limit portions at mealtimes [AOR = 3.55; 95% CI: (1.36, 9.30); P < .010] compared to food secure households. Furthermore, households with no access to a bank or microfinance savings account were 3 times [AOR = 2.62; 95%: (1.21, 5.66); P < .014] more likely to become food insecure compared to those with access to financial services. Households rely on less preferred cheap foods or lending to cope with food insecurity in urban settings of Ethiopia. Encouraging households to practice urban gardening, social protection through integrated national safety net programs, and improving access to microfinance services would be vital to address food insecurity among urban households of the country to bring successful social and economic development.

Una aproximación al coste presupuestario de universalizar la salud bucodental en España

ObjectiveTo make an approximation to an estimate of the impact that an increase in the portfolio of oral health benefits would have on public health spending, which would at least cover most of the therapeutic treatments that households currently pay for privately. MethodThis estimate is based on the level of expenditure on dental services of the Health Accounts System for the year 2020. The data of increased demand is extracted from a RAND's study on universalization of services. Then we carry out various linear projections of increased spending by introducing several linear co-payment assumptions to explore the impact of different mixed financing mechanisms. ResultsThe increase in the demand for treatment would be 47.54% with respect to the current level of spending and that, under the starting assumptions, the increase in public spending would reach some 5345 million euros. Various co-pay scenarios could reduce budget impact. ConclusionsDespite the improvement in the oral health of the Spanish population, there are still problems derived from the existence of a socioeconomic gradient that promotes the concentration of the presence and prevalence of diseases in the lowest socioeconomic levels. Extending the services of the oral-dental portfolio to attend to the entire population would increase public health spending by 0.48 points over GDP and, even so, Spanish public health spending would continue to be below the EU-27 average.

МОДЕЛЬ ОЦЕНКИ УРОВНЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАЩИЩЕННОСТИ ИНТЕРЕСОВ НЕКОММЕРЧЕСКОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ

the presence of structural changes in the world economy, the consequences of sanitary and epidemiological restrictions, as well as the increase in international tension with the transition to armed conflicts near the borders of the Russian Federation force us to formulate criteria and possibilities for protecting the economic interests of the population and the state. At the same time. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to study the issues of ensuring the security of the economic interests of non-profit organizations, since in the conditions of rapid changes in the situation, it is these enterprises, including those with state participation, that in many ways allow them to implement the above-mentioned tasks without the purpose of extracting profit from their activities. In the course of research, a general model for assessing the level of economic protection of the interests of non-profit organizations has been proposed, which has the form: Y=β0+β1*X1+β2*X2+β3*X3+β4*X4+ε. The peculiarity of the author's approach to the formation of the model is that as factors affecting the level of economic protection of the interests of a non-profit organization, the model included not only financial indicators, but also indicators showing the personnel and management status. The overall level of economic security, indicated by the dependent variable Y, is influenced by factors X1 (expenditure level), X2 (property security), X3 (personnel) and X4 (managerial) potential. According to the results of the study, during which the analysis of randomly modeled data was carried out, evaluated depending on the specified criteria in the score assessment included in the general model, a private model of the form Ŷ=0,408+0,349∙X1+0,482∙X3 was obtained. A study of the general model, as well as the included variables, was conducted, as a result of which, with a significance level equal to 0.01, the level of expenses and the personnel potential of the organization were significant. The obtained research results can be applied in practice by administrative and statistical services of enterprises and state bodies.

Public Investment at the Local Level under Changing Conditions of Budgetary Economy in Poland

Purpose – The aim of the article is to identify the scope and directions of changes in the situation of local government budgets and their links with macroeconomic factors, the occurrence of which is associated with the consequences caused by crisis phenomena, as well as to determine the disparity of investment expenditures in local systems in the context of the investment capacity of local government units. Research method – The study applied the method of critical analysis of the literature on the subject, as well as the method of comparative analysis using measures of statistical description in the scope of empirical data collected and own calculations. Results – The consequences of the pandemic crisis phenomena and adverse trends in macroeconomic factors affect the stability of the budgetary economy. It was observed that until 2021, the level of investment expenditures did not decrease, however, negative changes in the structure of expenditure are noticeable in many local government units. Originality /value /implications /recommendations – The analysis of the economic environment indicate the risk of intensification of factors destabilising economic processes. It is necessary to undertake regular analyses with a view to counteracting the further negative changes, in particular in the field of the revenue stability of territorial self-government units, as well as the elimination of excessive spatial diversification of investment capacities on the scale of Poland.

Uncovering the roots of Nepalese inflation: An empirical investigation

Nepal's reliance on imports and its vulnerable position to external economic shocks, understanding the factors that drive inflation is especially important in order to ensure stability and competitiveness in the country's economy. This research aims to explore the factors that influence inflation in Nepal over the period from 2000 to 2021. To do so, we analyzed the relationship between the current account, government expenditure, money supply, and inflation using empirical methods and statistical techniques such as the OLS method and ADF test for stationarity, as well as static forecasting and a VAR model. We hypothesized that a deficit in the current account, high levels of government expenditure, and an increase in the money supply may contribute to higher domestic inflation. Our analysis revealed that there was high multicollinearity and non-stationary time series data, but the regression model had satisfactory predictive power. Additionally, we found that an exogenous shock to inflation had an immediate effect on government expenditure, current account, and money supply, and there was a unidirectional causality between inflation and money supply. These findings can help policymakers make informed economic decisions to minimize negative impacts on Nepal's economy.

Jerry Uelsmann and Contemporary Digital Photography: Jungian Images of ‘Photoshop’s Godfather’

In the article, the researcher made a comprehensive study the American photographer Jerry Uelsmann art as a kind of contemporary digital photo-surrealism “prehistory”. The author revealed connections of Jerry Uelsmann works with American modernist photography and historical surrealist photography. The researcher analyzed the structure of Jerry Uelsmann’s hybrid images in the context of the ideas of analytical psychology, and also outlined the themes and concepts proposed in the works of the photographer that would be relevant in contemporary digital photography. The study showed that Jerry Uelsmann art continued the traditions of American modernist photography and started a new, post-modernist period in the development of photographic art in the United States characterized by the use of photography as a tool of self-knowledge and philosophical expression. Jerry Uelsmann applied such important for the historical Surrealist photography conceptions as convulsive beauty, the principle of “encounter of images”, surreality. He used experimental techniques (negative print, solarization, photomontage) and aimed to demonstrate the limitless creative possibilities of photography as well as the Surrealists. Uelsmann appealed to archetypal images which provided his works by intellectual simplicity and external showiness that contributed to the popularity of his photomontages and their strong influence on the development of contemporary manipulative photography. Uelsmann set a kind of “standard” for photo-Surrealism of the late 20th–21st centuries: these are technically perfect photomontages that require a high level of professional skills and time expenditure. Many of Jerry Uelsmann’s motives and ideas found parallels in contemporary digital photography. Among their common features it’s possible to single out concentration on the inner world of the person, interest in archetypes and symbols, the desire to poeticize nature, and the introduction of elements of mass culture into hybrid images.

Pitanje determinanti javnih prihoda u Republici Srbiji

Policymakers should create a favourable macroeconomic framework to provide positive implications on public revenue collection. It implies designing a fiscal policy in the direction of generating the necessary revenues in order to achieve budget stability. Accordingly, identifying determinants that are crucial to generating higher revenues is an important challenge for every country. The aim of this paper is to identify how macroeconomic determinants affect the public revenues and which variable significantly improves public revenues. The subject of the paper includes an empirical analysis of the main macroeconomic variables and their implications on the public revenues level in the Republic of Serbia. The paper estimates the impact of selected explanatory variables such as gross domestic product, inflation, unemployment, export, public expenditures, total investment and population on public revenues in the Republic of Serbia from 2002 to 2020. The empirical findings confirmed macroeconomic framework significantly affects the public revenues for the observed period. The results of OLS model show that gross domestic product, export, public expenditure, total investment and population have a positive impact on public revenues. Conversely, inflation and unemployment negatively impact the public revenues in the analyzed period. The economic policy of the Republic of Serbia has to focus on a greater economic growth rate and export with an adequate level of public expenditures and total investment to ensure positive effects on the flows of the national economy.

Assessing the Impact of Health Insurance on Household Financial Protection in Togo

Context: To facilitate financial access to care for the population, health insurance mechanisms have been established, in particular the National Health Insurance Institute, which covers civil servants and their dependents. In addition, other voluntary and community mechanisms have been developed. After several years of implementation, the level of catastrophic health expenditures among insured individuals shows that there is still a considerable level of financial risk associated with health care. This study aims to assess the impact of health insurance in Togo on insured populations. Methodology: The data used in this study come from the harmonized survey on household living conditions carried out in 2018 by the National Institute of Statistics, Economic and Demographic Studies. The propensity score matching method was used according to the following steps: estimation of propensity scores, verification of the conditional independence hypothesis (balancing property) and estimation of the average treatment effect on treated. Stata V14.2 software was used. Findings: The average effect of health insurance on household financial protection is −0.012 for the nearest neighbor method, −0.013 for the matching radius method, −0.015 for the Kernel and −0.016 for the stratification method. Results showed that health insurance contributes to reducing catastrophic health expenditures, but their effect remains very limited. This could be explained by the level of care package covered and the cost covered. Conclusion: Health insurance contributes to the reduction of catastrophic health expenses for households. However, it is important to widen the range of care covered and the cost covered. In addition, measures to extend this coverage to a larger proportion of the population will make it possible to have a greater impact.

Efekti fiskalne politike na Republiku Srbiju i zemlje u okruženju

Fiscal policy is a powerful instrument for stabilizing the national economy, and with its help the level and structure of taxes, expenditures and debt management are controlled. Fiscal policy management affects aggregate demand, the distribution of wealth, and the economy's ability to produce goods and services. It represents a tool of macroeconomic policy, and in this paper the authors will particularly deal with the impact of fiscal policy on certain macroeconomic components: public debt, balance of payments, but also on the attraction of foreign direct investments and competitiveness. States must conduct a responsible fiscal policy in accordance with their capabilities in order to reduce poverty and social inequalities, and at the same time ensure economic growth. Fiscal sustainability is a complex issue, especially in periods of crisis, and therefore it is necessary to make decisions that will have positive effects on economic development in the long term.

METHODS OF CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF THE RELIABILITY PARAMETERS OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

Determining the reliability of oil and gas installations has several characteristic properties. Workplaces located in a large space, difficult natural conditions, constant work on ore formations with changing conditions will disable the installations. Therefore, failure modeling plays an important role in predicting reliability parameters. To solve this problem, an automated control and verification system used in the production sector should be created based on the quality level and size of the initial data. An equally important aspect of the problems of the oil and gas complex is the efficiency of production. Efficiency means, first of all, the level of expenditure of all possible resources, including energy, to maintain the functioning of the enterprise. Production costs, as one of the main components of the cost of production, are currently a serious obstacle to the competitiveness of Kazakhstan's hydrocarbon raw materials on the international market. Therefore, the development and implementation of energy and resource-saving technologies has been urgently required recently.

Determinante državnih rashoda u Srbiji - primena ARDL modela

Government expenditures represent one of the most important issues for policymakers both in ordinary and extraordinary conditions. The aim of this paper is to estimate and identify the effects of selected macroeconomic determinants on government expenditures in Serbia from 2002 to 2020. Using the ARDL technique, the empirical findings confirmed that there is a long-run relationship between gross domestic product, government revenues, inflation, and population size and government expenditures for the observed period. The significant and positive effects of explanatory variables are confirmed in the long run, except for inflation, whose impact is not significant in the short run. Specifically, GDP growth, higher inflation rate, greater government revenues and population contribute to the higher government expenditures level. The obtained findings give certain directions to fiscal authorities in creating and defining optimal government expenditures level in the context of influences of chosen macroeconomic variables.

Testing the Armey Curve Hypothesis in Turkey: Evidence from the Provincial Data

This study aims to empirically test the Armey Curve hypothesis (optimal government size) for Turkey with panel data consisting of 81 provinces and 17 years. In this context, a quadratic model has been established in which economic growth is the dependent variable, and public expenditures are the independent variable. AMG estimates obtain the optimal size of public expenditures. The results indicate that the optimal level of public expenditures is 25.2%. Moreover, province-specific findings provide that the Armey curve is valid in 16 provinces, and the critical point of the curve takes values ranging from 12%(Istanbul) to 46%(Elazig). Considering the average volume of public expenditures is 31.6% throughout the panel, it is concluded that the expenditures exceed the optimal level. These results show that public expenditures are in the region of diminishing returns. Therefore, in order to maximize the growth rate, public expenditures should be reduced to an optimal level.

Ways of Reforming the System of Public Finance in Poland as an Implication of the Effects of the Covid-19 Epidemic. Financial and Economic Approach

Public finance management has a very global nature. Here decisions are made that determine everything related to collecting and allocating public means. However, the public finance system need to realize that this level is also highly entangled politically, with political transformations accompanying changes of governments and cooperating party coalitions. This accounts for the fact that some general recommendations are formed, specifying the ways of managing public means. The aim of the article is to identify ways to rationalize the reform of the public finance system in Poland. Induction was used as the main research method. It consists in drawing general conclusions or establishing regularities based on the analysis of empirically established phenomena and processes. The results of the presented content are proposals to optimize financing and management of the public sector in Poland. The main conclusion from the analyzes carried out assumes that the structure of public expenditure in Poland is characterized with high share of expenditure on social care, especially on allowances related to gaining and allowances for the family of a deceased person. Relatively high public expenditure is also allocated to education, mostly on higher education, and national defense. At the other end of the scale, categories which receive relatively little financing in Poland include: healthcare, with particularly low level of investment expenditure, and general state activity (public administration and interests on public debt).

Market Reaction to Capital Expenditure: Evidence from Company in Bankruptcy Risk

Objective - This study aims to examine whether the condition of the bankruptcy risk of a company will influence the market response to capital expenditure. The main hypothesis of this research is that the positive market reaction to the level of capital expenditure issued will be different in companies with a high level of bankruptcy risk and companies with low bankruptcy risk. Methodology/Technique - The study was conducted on 56 companies with large capitalization on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2018-2021. Findings - The results of hypothesis testing indicate that the market responds positively to capital expenditures and the company's bankruptcy risk conditions. In addition, it is proven that in companies at risk of bankruptcy, the market reacts positively to capital expenditures made by companies. In contrast, in companies that are not in a state of bankruptcy, the market does not respond to capital expenditures made by companies. The results of this study are expected to be used by market participants when they analyze the information on capital expenditures made by the company. Novelty - This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence which explores a company's bankruptcy risk as the unique factor that affects the relationship between capital expenditure and market response. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Capital Expenditure, Bankruptcy Risk, Market Response, Capital Investment JEL Classification: G30, G31

The Effect of Accountability on the Efficiency of Local Government Expenditures

This study aims to examine the effect of accountability, as one of the governance aspects, on the efficiency of local government spending at the district/city level in Indonesia. This study uses panel data analysis with 228 districts/city government entities from 2014 to 2018. The analysis is conducted in two stages; the first stage measures the efficiency of every local government by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The second stage estimates the effect of accountability and other control variables on local government expenditure efficiency by regression using the Tobit method. The result shows a non-linear relation between accountability, which is proxied using the Indonesia Audit Board Opinion Index, and the efficiency of local government expenditure. Initially, accountability will proceed hand in hand with increasing efficiency; however, at a certain point, an increase in accountability will no longer increase the efficiency level of local government expenditure. Another control variable that positively relates to efficiency is population expenditure per capita. Meanwhile, the ethnic fractionalization index (EFI) and distance negatively affect efficiency. The results of this study have not been able to show a relation between political competition and the gender of regional heads with efficiency.

Bankruptcy Risk and Market Reaction to Capital Expenditure

This study aims to examine whether the condition of the bankruptcy risk of a company will influence the market response to capital expenditure. The main hypothesis of this research is the positive market reaction to the level of capital expenditure issued will be different in companies with a high level of bankruptcy risk and companies with low bankruptcy risk. The study was conducted on 56 companies with large capitalization on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018-2021. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that the market responds positively to capital expenditures and the company's bankruptcy risk conditions. In addition, it is proven that in companies that are at risk of bankruptcy, the market reacts positively to capital expenditures made by companies, while in companies that are not in a state of bankruptcy, the market does not respond to capital expenditures made by companies. The results of this study are expected to be used by market participants when they analyze the information on capital expenditures made by the company. Keywords: Capital Expenditure, Bankruptcy Risk, Market Response

Pengaruh Karakteristik Pemerintah Daerah, dan Akuntabilitas terhadap Kinerja Pemerintah Daerah di Sumatera Selatan

The purpose of this study is to understand how the proxies for the characteristics of local governments, which consist of the size of the region, the level of regional wealth, the level of regional dependence and capital expenditures can affect the performance of local governments. Then also to understand how accountability can affect local government performance. This study uses the population of all district/city governments in South Sumatra Province for the 2016-2020 fiscal year. The sample used in this study was selected using a purposive sampling method, namely 15 district/city governments with an observation period of five years. The amount of data used in this study is 75 data which is secondary data sourced from the website of the Ministry of Finance, Directorate General of Fiscal Balance. The analysis technique in this study uses panel data regression analysis. By using the help of Eviews. The results of the study explain that the size of the region, the level of regional wealth and capital expenditures have no effect on the performance of the regional government. The level of regional wealth and capital expenditures cannot affect the performance of district/city governments in the province of South Sumatra in 2016-2020. Meanwhile, the level of regional dependence and accountability has a positive influence on the performance of local governments. The level of regional dependence and accountability can improve the performance of district/city local governments in South Sumatra Province in 2016-2020.

Segmentation Of Kartu Halo Customers Based On Lifestyle In Telkomsel Branch Manado

The sales of Kartu Halo products in Branch Manado every month at 2018 have increased significantly, this is indicated by the average increased in customer base from early January to August in 2018 of 982 customers. The increase of customer base also inline with the economic growth of North Sulawesi by 6.49% Year on Year in 2018. With the increase in economic growth, the level of expenditure in the city of Manado also increases every month, spending in the non-food sector reaches 50.76% of total monthly expenditure. 30.26% are in the goods and services sector. In large and developing cities in Indonesia has the potential for growth and lifestyle changes in terms of telecommunications services needs. Shifting of consumers behavior from wired communication to wireless mobile communication makes companies competitive to providing the best services and products to make company revenue increased. In Telkomsel, the Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) generated from Kartu Halo as a postpaid card product that contributed 3.68 times more than the ARPU Telkomsel prepaid product at the end of 2017. There are various methods by the company to increased revenue growth, one of them were increasing market share. To increase the market share can be increase the customer base with offering products according to the intended customer segment. The purpose of this studies were to find out how the segmentation of Kartu Halo customers in Branch Manado based on lifestyle activities, interests, and opinions from consumers. This research is classified as a type of explorative descriptive research whose data collection is carried out by distributing questionnaires to 420 samples through social media of Kartu Halo product users at Branch Manado. The results of the questionnaire obtained valid and reliable results with a Chronbach's alpha value of 0.907. By using the two steps cluster of cluster analysis, the results of this study indicate that there are two clusters, namely the first cluster Experientials, which have Education and average income doing research, in choosing products, and running activities online. And the second cluster is Functionalist, who spends money on something important and has a high level of confidence.

Segmentation Of Kartu Halo Customers Based On Lifestyle In Telkomsel Branch Manado

The sales of Kartu Halo products in Branch Manado every month at 2018 have increased significantly, this is indicated by the average increased in customer base from early January to August in 2018 of 982 customers. The increase of customer base also inline with the economic growth of North Sulawesi by 6.49% Year on Year in 2018. With the increase in economic growth, the level of expenditure in the city of Manado also increases every month, spending in the non-food sector reaches 50.76% of total monthly expenditure. 30.26% are in the goods and services sector. In large and developing cities in Indonesia has the potential for growth and lifestyle changes in terms of telecommunications services needs. Shifting of consumers behavior from wired communication to wireless mobile communication makes companies competitive to providing the best services and products to make company revenue increased. In Telkomsel, the Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) generated from Kartu Halo as a postpaid card product that contributed 3.68 times more than the ARPU Telkomsel prepaid product at the end of 2017. There are various methods by the company to increased revenue growth, one of them were increasing market share. To increase the market share can be increase the customer base with offering products according to the intended customer segment. The purpose of this studies were to find out how the segmentation of Kartu Halo customers in Branch Manado based on lifestyle activities, interests, and opinions from consumers. This research is classified as a type of explorative descriptive research whose data collection is carried out by distributing questionnaires to 420 samples through social media of Kartu Halo product users at Branch Manado. The results of the questionnaire obtained valid and reliable results with a Chronbach's alpha value of 0.907. By using the two steps cluster of cluster analysis, the results of this study indicate that there are two clusters, namely the first cluster Experientials, which have Education and average income doing research, in choosing products, and running activities online. And the second cluster is Functionalist, who spends money on something important and has a high level of confidence.