Expectorant Effects Research Articles

Research Progress on the Mechanisms of Protocatechuic Acid in the Treatment of Cognitive Impairment

Cognitive impairment (CI) is a type of mental health disorder that mainly affects cognitive abilities, such as learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Currently, in clinical practice, the treatment of cognitive impairment mainly focuses on the application of cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists; however, there is no specific and effective drug yet. Procatechuic acid (PCA) possesses various functions, including antibacterial, antiasthmatic, and expectorant effects. In recent years, it has received growing attention in the cognitive domain. Therefore, by summarizing the mechanisms of action of procatechuic acid in the treatment of cognitive impairment in this paper, it is found that procatechuic acid has multiple effects, such as regulating the expression of neuroprotective factors, inhibiting cell apoptosis, promoting the autophagy-lysosome pathway, suppressing oxidative stress damage, inhibiting inflammatory responses, improving synaptic plasticity dysfunction, inhibiting Aβ deposition, reducing APP hydrolysis, enhancing the cholinergic system, and inhibiting the excitotoxicity of neuronal cells. The involved signaling pathways include activating Pi3K-akt-mTor and inhibiting JNK, P38 MAPK, P38-ERK-JNK, SIRT1, and NF-κB/p53, etc. This paper aims to present the latest progress in research on procatechuic acid, including aspects such as its chemical properties, sources, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Exploring the Effects of Different Processing Techniques on the Antitussive Expectorant of Platycodon grandiflorus by Metabonomics and Pharmacologic Methods

Background and Purpose Platycodon grandiflorum is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which can disperse lung, promote pharynx, dispel phlegm and expel pus. Its processing history was first seen in the “Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang” of the Jin Dynasty in China. Through processing, effective substances in plants can be enriched and negative substances can be reduced. Therefore, this study explored the effects of different processing methods on the antitussive and expectorant effects of Platycodon grandiflorum through metabolomics and pharmacology, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for clinical application. Experimental Approach The changes of metabolites before and after processing of Platycodon grandiflorum were analyzed by Nexera UHPLC LC-30A-HILIC-Orbitrap-Q Exactive HF-X platform. The antitussive and expectorant effects of processed Platycodon grandiflorum were verified by mouse concentrated ammonia induced cough method and tracheal phenol red drainage method. Key Results After processing, some metabolites of Platycodon grandiflorum changed, among which 24 kinds of terpenoid metabolites changed significantly. Through the experiment of ammonia-induced cough in mice and phenol red expectorant experiment, it was found that fresh JZI 40%, fresh CZ 80%, dry JZZ 40% and dry JZI 80% had obvious antitussive effect, and dry JZZ 40% had obvious expectorant effect. Conclusions and Implications Some processing methods can indeed further improve the antitussive and expectorant effects of Platycodon grandiflorum, which may be due to the effect of increasing the content of triterpenoids after processing, but the mechanism of processing to improve the effect of relieving cough and expectorant needs further study.

An integrated multi-system to screen quality markers of blossom of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. via combining lipid-lowering and expectorant assays.

The present research demonstrated that an integrated multi-system based on the assays of lipid-lowering and expectorant effects was used to screen quality markers of an edible and medical material-the blossom of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. (BCAVA)-and a portion of active constituents were quantified in multiple batches to provide scientific data to establish a quality standard for BCAVA. Mouse models were developed to evaluate the lipid-lowering and expectorant effects, facilitating the investigation of medicinal parts through different polar extractions of BCAVA. Subsequently, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was utilized for the in vivo and in vitro identification of chemical profiles within the medicinal parts of BCAVA. This methodological approach led to the selection and quantification of several active compounds from 21 batches of BCAVA sourced from different geographical regions samples. Notably, the ethanol extract of BCAVA exhibited significant lipid-lowering and expectorant effects while 183 compounds were identified in vitro and 109 in vivo, respectively. Then, five key ingredients were quantified, and the quantitative data were subjected to statistical analysis to discriminate between samples from various geographical regions. Overall, the findings underscore the significance of an integrated, assay-based approach for the characterization and quality assessment of BCAVA.

Guaifenesin: The Ubiquitous Orphan.

Guaifenesin, a widely used ingredient in over-the-counter cough and cold medications, has been a subject of debate regarding its efficacy in treating respiratory conditions. Despite its historical use and US Food and Drug Administration approval, recent studies have questioned its claimed expectorant effect and its effectiveness in managing symptoms. This article examines the available evidence, highlighting the lack of significant benefits over placebo for upper respiratory disease. The rationale for clinical use is examined alongside the potential downside and alternatives to recommending guaifenesin as a treatment option.

Antitussive, Expectorant and Antipyretic Effect of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Momordica charantia L.

The traditional use of the M. charantia L. plant to treat coughs, fever and expectoration is widely practiced in different cultures, but its effectiveness and safety still require scientific investigation. This study sought to perform a chemical analysis and evaluate the antitussive, expectorant and antipyretic effects of the ethanolic extract of M. charantia leaves (EEMc) in rats and mice. The EEMc was subjected to chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD, revealing the presence of the flavonoids astragalin and isoquercetin. Acute oral toxicity in mice did not result in deaths, although changes in liver weight and stool consistency were observed. EEMc demonstrated an antitussive effect at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg in mice subjected to cough induction by citric acid nebulization. Furthermore, it showed expectorant activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg, assessed based on the elimination of the phenol red marker in bronchoalveolar lavage. In the evaluation of antipyretic activity in rats, fever induced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was reduced at all doses tested during the first hour after treatment. This innovative study identified the presence of astragalin and isoquercetin in EEMc and indicated that the extract has antitussive, expectorant and antipyretic properties. Therefore, EEMc presents itself as a promising option in herbal medicine for the treatment of respiratory symptoms and fever.

Unveiling the chemical profiling and remarkable modulation of carbohydrate metabolism by costus root, Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDolomiaea costus (Falc.), formerly Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., an ayurvedic medicinal plant, has long been recognized and utilized in diverse indigenous systems of medicine for its multifaceted therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, carminative, expectorant, antiarthritic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, anodyne, and antidiabetic effects. Aim of the studyThe potential and underlying mechanisms of D. costus root as an antidiabetic agent were investigated in this study. Additionally, the quantification of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which dominate the extracts, was of particular interest in order to elucidate their contribution to the observed effects. Materials and methodsHigh-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was employed to analyze the chemical constituents in D. costus root aqueous extract (DCA) and D. costus root ethanolic extract (DCE). Furthermore, the inhibitory potentials of DCE and its respective fractions as well as DCA against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase enzymes were assessed. Subsequently, the efficacy of DCA and DCE extracts was evaluated using an established streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animal model; this involved administering the extracts at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bwt. and comparing them with a positive control (glibenclamide (Glib.) at 0.6 mg/kg bwt.). After induction of diabetes (except for negative control), all animals received the treatments orally for 21 days consecutively, followed by the collection of rat serum to assess various parameters including, glycemic and lipid profiles, liver and kidney functions, antioxidant activity, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis pathways. ResultsThe results of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS revealed that isochlorogenic acid A (8393.64 μg/g) and chlorogenic acid (6532.65 μg/g) were the predominant compounds in DCE and DCA, respectively. Both extracts exhibited notable antidiabetic properties, as evidenced by their ability to regulate blood glycemic and lipid profiles (glucose, insulin, HBA1C; HDL, TC, TGs), liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, AST), kidney function (urea, creatinine, uric acid), oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA), antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GSH, SOD), as well as glycolysis (glucokinase) and gluconeogenesis (G-6-P, FBP1) pathways. ConclusionsFurthermore, the administration of D. costus extracts significantly mitigated STZ-induced diabetic hyperglycemia. These results can be attributed, at least partially, to the presence of several polyphenolic compounds with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

MXSGD alleviates CsA-induced hypoimmunity lung injury by regulating microflora metabolism.

Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSGD) is a traditional remedy for treating lung injuries that was developed by the Typhoid and Fever School of Pharmaceutical Biology. It has antitussive and expectorant effects, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, regulates the body's immunity, etc. The aim of this study is to investigate whether MXSGD can ameliorate cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced hypoimmunity lung injury by regulating microflora metabolism. Methods: Establishment of a model for CsA-induced hypoimmunity lung injury. Using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and LC-MS, the effects of MXSGD on gut flora and lung tissue microecology of mice with CsA-induced hypoimmunity were investigated. MXSGD was able to preserve lung tissue morphology and structure, reduce serum inflammatory marker expression and protect against CsA-induced lung tissue damage. Compared to the model, MXSGD increased beneficial gut bacteria: Eubacterium ventriosum group and Eubacterium nodatum group; decreased intestinal pathogens: Rikenellaceae RC9 intestinal group; reduced the abundance of Chryseobacterium and Acinetobacter, promoted the production of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and then promoted the lung flora to produce short-chain fatty acids. MXSGD was able to enhance the expression of serum metabolites such as Americine, 2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine, Emetine, All-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate, Biliverdin-IX-alpha, Hordatin A and N-demethyl mifepristone in the CsA-induced hypoimmunity lung injury model. MXSGD can restore gut and lung microbiota diversity and serum metabolite changes to inhibit inflammation, ameliorate CsA-induced hypoimmunity lung injury.

Reprogramming of arachidonic acid metabolism using α-terpineol to alleviate asthma: insights from metabolomics.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder in airways with typical pathologic features of airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion. α-Terpineol is a monocyclic terpene found in many natural plants and foods. It has been reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory and expectorant effects. However, the role of α-terpineol in asthma and its potential protective mechanism have not been well elucidated. This study is designed to investigate the pharmacological effect and mechanism of α-terpineol on asthmatic mice using the metabolomics platform. A murine model of asthma was established using ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and then challenged for one week. The leukocyte count and inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung histopathology, inflammatory infiltrate and mucus secretion were evaluated. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)-based metabolomics study was performed on lung tissues and serum to explore endogenous small molecule metabolites affected by α-terpineol in asthmatic mice. After α-terpineol treatment, leukocyte count, inflammatory cytokines in the BALF, and peribronchial inflammation infiltration were significantly downregulated. Goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus secretion were attenuated, with the level of Muc5ac in BALF decreased. These results proved the protective effect of α-terpineol against airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion and Th1/Th2 immune imbalance. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms of α-terpineol in asthma treatment, UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics analysis was performed. 26 and 15 identified significant differential metabolites were found in the lung tissues and serum of the control, model and α-terpineol groups, respectively. Based on the above differential metabolites, enrichment analysis showed that arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism was reprogrammed in both mouse lung tissues and serum. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are the key enzyme and the end product of AA metabolism, respectively. In-depth studies have shown that pretreatment with α-terpineol can alleviate asthma by decreasing the AA level, downregulating the expression of 5-LOX and reducing the accumulation of CysLTs in mouse lung tissues. In summary, this study demonstrates that α-terpineol is a potential agent that can prevent asthma via regulating disordered AA metabolism.

ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКАЯ РАЗРАБОТКА ТАБЛЕТОК ДЛЯ РАССАСЫВАНИЯ ОТХАРКИВАЮЩЕГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ

Introduction. Cough, especially painful paroxysmal, significantly impairs the quality of life of the patient, disrupting his sleep and reducing physical activity. Herbal expectorants with a reflex action can significantly increase the volume of bronchial secretions that young children are unable to cough up on their own, which can lead to a significant impairment of the drainage function of the lungs. A combination of herbal expectorants with secretolytics will be very effective. The creation of combination drugs that simultaneously affect various pathogenetic mechanisms of cough is a promising direction in pharmacy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop the composition of lozenges with expectorant and mucolytic effects that do not cause disruption of the drainage function of the lungs. During the study, were produced 9 ready compositions of a medicine, the quality of which was assessed in accordance with the requirements of the general pharmacopoeial article of the State Pharmacopoeia of the XIV edition according to the indicators: description, disintegration, crushing strength and grateness. As a result of the analysis, it turned out that tablets containing mannitol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and magnesium stearate as excipients showed the best results and met the requirements in all respects...

Identification of the Bioactive Compounds of Raw and Honey-Processed Farfarae Flos by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) with the Spectrum-Effect Relationship and Chemometrics

Farfarae Flos (FF), also known as “Kuandonghua” in Chinese, is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with various therapeutic properties, including antitussive, expectorant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite the widespread consumption of processed FF, there has been limited progress in improving quality control measures for both raw FF and honey-processed Farfarae Flos (PFF). This study aimed to establish a comprehensive strategy for quality evaluation and distinguish between FF and PFF by integrating high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis with chemometric techniques. Additionally, the antioxidant activities of FF and PFF were assessed using radical-scavenging experiments. The spectrum-effect relationship is the association of chemical composition information of the fingerprint with antioxidant activity, which was used to predict the primary active components that influence the antioxidant activity of FF. The results indicated that FF and PFF samples showed a clear distinction, and the most potent pharmacologically active ingredients were hyperoside, quercetin, caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, neochlorogenic acid, rutin, cryptochlorogenic acid, and isochlorogenic acid C. Moreover, the comprehensive efficacy of the honey-processed FF was better than for raw FF. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide a scientific foundation for future evaluation of the quality, further research, and practical use of FF herbs.

RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN COUGH MANAGEMENT: EMERGING STRATEGIES AND THERAPIES

The management of cough, a prevalent symptom impacting the quality of life, has undergone transformative developments propelled by recent research. Cough syrups, longstanding components in cough management, have witnessed substantial progress aimed at refining efficacy, safety, and targeted delivery. Modern formulations exhibit innovations in drug delivery systems, heightening bioavailability and allowing targeted drug release. Extended-release preparations and mucoadhesive syrups offer prolonged cough suppression or augmented expectorant effects. The incorporation of innovative compounds introduces diverse treatment options; transient receptor potential (TRP) channel antagonists, targeting cough receptors, prove effective in inhibiting cough reflex hypersensitivity, while anti-inflammatory agents address underlying airway inflammation. Natural remedies like ivy leaf extract, thyme, or licorice gain prominence for their antitussive and expectorant properties. Advancements in understanding cough pathophysiology enable tailored therapies for specific cough types or underlying causes. Specialized cough syrup formulations now address neuropathic cough, chronic cough associated with respiratory diseases, or cough triggered by gastroesophageal reflux, targeting the root causes of cough. This comprehensive review underscores the evolving landscape of cough management, encompassing enhanced formulations, novel compounds, and a nuanced understanding of cough pathophysiology. These advancements signify a paradigm shift in optimizing symptomatic relief and fostering an accelerated recovery process, marking a notable stride towards improving the overall well-being of individuals affected by cough.

Investigation of the principle of concoction by using the processing excipient Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. juice to reduce the main toxicity of Dioscorea bulbifera L. and enhance its main efficacy as expectorant and cough suppressant

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDioscorea bulbifera L. (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae; RDB) is commonly used as an expectorant and cough suppressant herb but is accompanied by severe hepatotoxicity. Using the juice of auxiliary herbs (such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma; GRR) juice) in concocting poisonous Chinese medicine is a conventional method to reduce toxicity or increase effects. Our previous study found that concoction with GRR juice provided a detoxifying effect against the major toxic hepatotoxicity induced by RDB, but the principle for the detoxification of the concoction is unknown to date. Aim of the studyThe principle of concoction was investigated by using the processing excipient GRR juice to reduce the major toxic hepatotoxicity of RDB, and the efficacy of RDB as an expectorant and cough suppressant was enhanced. Materials and methodsIn this study, common factors (RDB:GRR ratio, concocted temperature, and concocted time) in the concoction process were used for the preparation of each RDB concocted with GRR juice by using an orthogonal experimental design. We measured the content of the main toxic compound diosbulbin B (DB) and serum biochemical indicators and performed pathological analysis in liver tissues of mice to determine the best detoxification process of RDB concocted with GRR juice. On this basis, the biological mechanisms of target organs were detected by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the inflammation and apoptosis levels. Further, the effects of RDB on expectorant and cough suppressant with GRR juice were evaluated by the conventional tests of phenol red expectorant and concentrated ammonia-induced cough. Lastly, the major compounds in the GRR juice introduced to RDB concoction were determined. ResultsRDB concocted with GRR juice significantly alleviated DB content, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase levels, and improved liver pathological damages. The best detoxification process was achieved by using an RDB:GRR ratio of 100:20 at 120 °C for 20 min. Further, RDB concocted with GRR juice down-regulated the protein levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and Bcl-2 related X protein (Bax) in the liver and enhanced the expectorant and cough suppressant effects of RDB. Finally, liquiritin (LQ) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in the GRR juice were introduced to the RDB concoction. ConclusionConcoction with GRR juice not only effectively reduced the major toxic hepatotoxicity of RDB but also enhanced its main efficacy as an expectorant and cough suppressant, and that the rationale for the detoxification and/or potentiation of RDB was related to the reduction in the content of the main hepatotoxic compound, DB, the introduction of the hepatoprotective active compounds, LQ and GA, in the auxiliary GRR juice, as well as the inhibition of NF-κB/COX-2/Bax signaling-mediated inflammation and apoptosis.

A systematical strategy for quality markers screening of different methods processing Platycodonis radix based on phytochemical analysis and the impact on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Ethnopharmacological relevanceBaihezhijiegeng is a processed product of Platycodonis radix, and it's effective in the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, the specific mechanism of action has not been reported in the literature. Aim of the studyWe attempted to evaluate the phytochemical composition and pharmaco-dynamics of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) and BJ to clarify the mechanism behind the expectorant effect of BJ. Materials and methodsWe integrated the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-linear trap quadrupole orbitrap velos mass spectrometry (UPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS/MS) and the ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) methods to identify the chemical constituents of PG and BJ. Moreover, correlation and multivariate statistical analyses were utilized to seek the candidate quality markers of PG and BJ. Analysis of effective herbal chemical components using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and retrieval of COPD disease targets from OMIM, TTD, GeneCard databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and topology analyses were performed using the String database and Cytoscape 3.7.2 software; gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed using the Metescape platform on common targets. Moreover, we used molecular docking to predict the potential mechanism of quality markers for developing anti-COPD activity. Simultaneously, the model of COPD was established by exposing the animals to cigarette smoke combined with a tracheal drip injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Using the ELISA method, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting (WB) to determine tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 levels in serum and IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ levels, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and MUC5AC expression in lung tissue of COPD rats to explore the therapeutic effects of PG and BJ on the COPD rat model. ResultsThe chemical identification of JG and PG extracts using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS/MS showed 71 compounds, including 47 saponins, 16 phenolic acids, four flavonoids, and four other components. The multivariate statistical analysis showed that seven quality markers were screened. Network pharmacology results showed a role in biological processes such as cellular response to hydrogen peroxide, positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, molecular functions such as oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor, bile acid binding and other molecular functions. In COPD rats, histopathological findings depicted that BJ administration could effectively inhibit inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus hypersecretion, and improve the lung pathological status in rats with COPD. Moreover, BJ could significantly decrease TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 levels in the serum and interferon (IFN)-γ levels in lung tissues of rats with COPD (p < 0.01), and significantly increase IL-4 and IL-10 levels in their lung tissues (p < 0.01), suggesting its inhibition of the inflammatory response in vivo. Additionally, EGFR and MUC5AC were reduced in the lung tissues of rats with COPD and airway mucus hypersecretion in rats with COPD. ConclusionThis study revealed the material basis of PG and BJ for anti-COPD activity and discovered the quality markers of PG and BJ which could affect the anti-COPD activity. The therapeutic effects of BJ may be attributed to the regulation of the inflammatory mediators and mediation of the EGFR/MUC5AC pathway in rats with COPD.

Design, synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity study of lansiumamide analogues for treatment of acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammation-mediated respiratory disease with a high mortality rate. Medications with anti-inflammatory small molecules have been demonstrated in phase I and II clinical trials to considerably reduce the ALI mortality. In this study, two series of lansiumamide analogues were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity for ALI treatment. We found that compound 8n exhibited the best anti-inflammatory activity through inhibiting LPS-induced expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in Raw264.7 cells and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Furthermore, we discovered in a LPS-induced ALI mice model that compound 8n significantly reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells into lung tissue to achieve the effect of protecting lung tissues and improving ALI. Additionally, our mice model study revealed that compound 8n had a good expectorant effect. These results consistently support that lansiumamide analogue 8n represents a new class of anti-inflammatory agents with potential as a lead compound for further development into a therapeutic drug for ALI treatment.

Evaluation of Antitussive, Expectorant and Analgesic Activities of Aqueous Extracts of Di-herbal Formulation of Whole Plant of Euphobia hirta and Lactuca virosa Leaf on Rodents

Euphorbia hirta and lactuca virosa are used to treat various ailment traditionally. This study aims at evaluating the antitussive, expectorant and analgesic effects of aqueous extracts of di-herbal formulation of Euphobia hirta and Lactuca virosa leaf. Citric acid induced, ammonia induced cough and phenol red dye secretion models were used. Hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing were used for analgesia. Combined 100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 50mg/kg lactuca virosa, 100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 100mg/kg lactuca virosa, 100mg/kg lactuca virosa only and 25 mg/kg of codeine phosphate reduces the number of cough bouts in the citric acid induced cough (P&lt;0.05) compared to control. Combined 50mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 100mg/kg lactuca virosa,100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta, 100mg/kg lactuca virosa and codeine phosphate reduces the number of cough bouts in the ammonia induced cough (P&lt;0.001; P&lt;0.0001) compared to the control. Combined 50mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 100mg/kg lactuca virosa, 100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 50mg/kg lactuca virosa, 100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 100mg/kg lactuca virosa and 15mg/kg of Bromo-hexane increases the secretion of dye (P&lt;0.0001; p&lt;0.05) compared to control in phenol red dye secretion in mice. 100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 50mg/kg lactuca virosa,100mg/kg of Euphorbia hirta and 100mg/kg lactuca virosa and 3mg/kg Pentazocin increases the latency of pain threshold of mice (P&lt;0.05). All the doses of the extract including 3mg/kg pentazocin increases the latency to pain threshold in the mice (P&lt;0.001) after 2 hours. All the doses of the extract including aspirin reduces number of writhing (P&lt;0.01). Euphorbia hirta and lactuca virosa has antitussive, expectorant and analgesic properties.

A broad review on Shwasakuthar Rasa (herbo-mineral formulation)

In Ayurveda Shwasakuthar Rasa is one of the important and widely used Rasaushadhis (herbo-mineral drug) in respiratory disorders especially in Shwasa (bronchial asthma) and Kasa (bronchitis) Roga. The Shwasakuthar Rasa contains minerals i.e., Parada (mercury), Gandhaka (sulphur), Tankana (borax) and Manahshila (arsenic sulphide) in purified form and herbs like purified Vatsanabha (aconitum ferox), Pippali (Piper longum), Maricha (Piper nigrum) and Shunthi (Zingiber officinale) as per Ayurvedic text. This review article documents the method of preparation, indications, probable mode of action and therapeutic properties of Shwasakuthar Rasa. This study concluded the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator and expectorant effects of Shwasakuthar Rasa. So, it can be used as an effective medicine for respiratory disorders.

Mechanistic Evidence of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees, Pelargonium sidoides DC., Echinacea Species and a Combination of Hedera helix L., Primula veris L./Primula elatior L. and Thymus vulgaris L./Thymus zygis L. in the Treatment of Acute, Uncomplicated Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Literature Review and Expert Interviews.

Reducing inappropriate antibiotic (AB) use by using effective non-antibiotic treatments is one strategy to prevent and reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees, Pelargonium sidoides DC., Echinacea species and a combination of ivy (Hedera helix L.), primrose (Primula veris L./Primula elatior L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L./Thymus zygis L.) have promising clinical effects in uncomplicated, acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) treatment. However, mechanistic evidence of these herbal treatments is lacking. The objective of this Pstudy is to provide an overview of mechanistic evidence for these effects. Thirty-eight databases were searched. Included studies were mechanistic studies (in vitro, animal, and human studies and reviews) on these herbs; published before June 2021. Non-mechanistic studies or studies on combinations of herbs other than ivy/primrose/thyme were excluded. Furthermore, three experts in traditional, complementary and integrative healthcare (TCIH) research and pharmacognosy were interviewed to collect additional expert knowledge. The results show that A. paniculata acts through immunomodulation and antiviral activity, possibly supplemented by antibacterial and antipyretic effects. P. sidoides acts through antiviral, indirect antibacterial, immunomodulatory and expectorant effects. Echinacea species likely act through immunomodulation. The combination of ivy/primrose/thyme combines secretolytic and spasmolytic effects from ivy with antibacterial effects from thyme. Studies on primrose were lacking. This mechanistic evidence supports the difference-making evidence from clinical studies, contributes to evidence-based recommendations for their use in URTI treatment, and guides future mechanistic studies on URTI treatments.

Therapeutic potential of combination herbal medicines in the treatment of cough

Cough is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical attention. As impaired mucociliary clearance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic cough, much attention is paid to secretomotor and secretolytic therapy in its treatment. Today, medicines that contain medicinal herbs have taken on a special importance. Medicinal components in the herbal mucolytic medicines have a complex effect, which allows to effectively cope with cough at all stages of diseases accompanied by respiratory symptoms. Plantain leaf, coltsfoot leaf, thermopsis grass, ipecac root, marshmallow root, licorice root, anise fruit, thyme (thyme) grass, ivy leaves, primrose roots are among the most common and frequently used components. Bronchipret is one of these well-known herbal medicines which as a syrup contains liquid extracts of thyme herb and ivy leaves and as Bronchipret TP tablets – dry extracts of thyme herb and primrose root. Due to its components, Bronchipret helps normalize production of bronchial secretions, and has an expectorant, secretolytic, anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effect. Numerous clinical studies have proven high efficacy and safety of Bronchipret, which makes it possible to recommend it as a drug of choice when children and adults need symptomatic treatment of cough in ARVI with cough.

A comprehensive review on traditional therapeutic uses, bioactive principles and pharmacological activities of Kantakari (Solanum virginianum L.): An important Ayurvedic herb

Solanum virginianum L., a perennial wild plant, belongs to the 'Dashamoola' group in Ayurveda. 'Kantkari Ghrita' in Charaka Samhita is used for cough, cold, fever, asthma, and cardiac diseases. 'Dasmul Asava' and 'Dashmularishta' are tonics for lactating mothers. Inflammatory disorders, rheumatism, and diabetes are traditionally treated using leaf juice and fruits. Various plant parts contain bioactive compounds like solamargine, solasonine, campesterol, ?-sitosterol, cycloartenol, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, etc. Roots, flowers, stems, and fruits are used for their medicinal properties such as carminative, febrifuge, expectorant, diuretic, and bitter tonic effects. They are employed to treat cough, asthma, fever, toothache, tuberculosis, rheumatism, sore throat, kidney disorders, gonorrhea, vesicular eruptions, and burning sensation in the feet. Different extracts from various plant parts exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective, anti-asthmatic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, larvicidal, antinociceptive, antispermatogenic, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. This study reviews 37 relevant research articles to comprehensively explore the plant's traditional uses, bioactive compounds, and pharmacological properties in both in-vitro and in-vivo settings, along with their mechanisms of action.

Evaluation of Chemical Compositions and the Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of the Aqueous Extract of Tri-Yannarose Recipe (Areca catechu, Azadirachta indica, and Tinospora crispa).

Tri-Yannarose is a Thai traditional herbal medicine formula composed of Areca catechu, Azadirachta indica, and Tinospora crispa. It possesses antipyretic, diuretic, expectorant, and appetite-stimulating effects. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities, cytotoxicity, and chemical constituents of an aqueous extract following a Tri-Yannarose recipe and its plant ingredients. The phytochemical analysis was performed using LC-QTOF-MS. Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH, ABTS, TPC, TFC, FRAP, NBT, MCA, and ORAC assays. Cytotoxicity was investigated using a methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. In addition, the relationship between the chemical composition of Tri-Yannarose and antioxidant activities was investigated by examining the structure-activity relationship (SAR). The results of the LC-QTOF-MS analysis revealed trigonelline, succinic acid, citric acid, and other chemical constituents. The aqueous extract of the recipe showed significant scavenging effects against ABTS and DPPH radicals, with IC50 values of 1054.843 ± 151.330 and 747.210 ± 44.173 µg/mL, respectively. The TPC of the recipe was 92.685 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract and the TFC was 14.160 mg of catechin equivalent/g of extract. All extracts demonstrated lower toxicity in the Vero cell line according to the MTT assay. In addition, the SAR analysis indicated that prenyl arabinosyl-(1-6)-glucoside and quinic acid were the primary antioxidant compounds in the Tri-Yannarose extract. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Tri-Yannarose and its plant ingredients have potent antioxidant activities with low toxicity. These results support the application of the Tri-Yannarose recipe for the management of a range of disorders related to oxidative stress.