Expected Time Delay Research Articles

The β Pictoris b Hill sphere transit campaign

The β Pictoris system is the closest known stellar system with directly detected gas giant planets, an edge-on circumstellar disc, and evidence of falling sublimating bodies and transiting exocomets. The inner planet, β Pictoris c, has also been indirectly detected with radial velocity (RV) measurements. The star is a known δ Scuti pulsator, and the long-term stability of these pulsations opens up the possibility of indirectly detecting the gas giant planets through time delays of the pulsations due to a varying light travel time. We search for phase shifts in the δ Scuti pulsations consistent with the known planets β Pictoris b and c and carry out an analysis of the stellar pulsations of β Pictoris over a multi-year timescale. We used photometric data collected by the BRITE-Constellation, bRing, ASTEP, and TESS to derive a list of the strongest and most significant δ Scuti pulsations. We carried out an analysis with the open-source python package maelstrom to study the stability of the pulsation modes of β Pictoris in order to determine the long-term trends in the observed pulsations. We did not detect the expected signal for β Pictoris b or β Pictoris c. The expected time delay is 6 s for β Pictoris c and 24 s for β Pictoris b. With simulations, we determined that the photometric noise in all the combined data sets cannot reach the sensitivity needed to detect the expected timing drifts. An analysis of the pulsational modes of β Pictoris using maelstrom showed that the modes themselves drift on the timescale of a year, fundamentally limiting our ability to detect exoplanets around β Pictoris via pulsation timing.

Associating fast radio bursts with compact binary mergers via gravitational lensing

ABSTRACT The origin of fast radio bursts (FRBs) is currently an open question with several proposed sources and corresponding mechanisms for their production. Among them are compact binary coalescences (CBCs) that also generate gravitational waves (GWs). Spatial and temporal coincidences between GWs and FRBs have so far been used to search for potential FRB counterparts to GWs from CBCs. However, such methods suffer from relatively poor sky-localization of the GW sources, and similarly poor luminosity distance estimates of both GW and FRB sources. The expected time-delay between the GW and radio emission is also poorly understood. In this work, we propose an astrophysical scenario that could potentially provide an unambiguous association between CBCs and FRBs, if one exists, or unambiguously rule out FRB counterparts to a given CBC GW event. We demonstrate that if a CBC that emitted both GWs and FRBs is gravitationally lensed, we can make a >5σ association using time-delay estimates of the lensed GW and FRB images (in strong lensing), which are expected to be measured with millisecond (for GW) and nano-second (FRB) precisions. We also demonstrate that the CBC–FRB association can be made in the microlensing regime as well where wave-optics effects modulate the GW waveform. We further investigate the rate of such detected associations in future observing scenarios of both GW and radio detectors.

Markers of community outbreak and facility type for mitigation of COVID-19 in long-term care homes in Ontario, Canada: Insights and implications from a time-series analysis

PurposeThe resident deaths among Long Term Care Home (LTCH) accounted for more than 65% of total deaths in the province of Ontario, Canada, during March 29 to June 3, 2020, yet not all LTCHs were severely affected. MethodsWe carried out a retrospective cohort study, with case control for questions for which data allowed, with LTCH COVID-19 databases obtained from Ontario’s Ministry of Long Term Care. We performed a combined temporal and spatial data analysis of COVID-19 cases and deaths among LTCH residents, identified trends, contributing factors, and early markers of LTCH outbreak severity. ResultsOur analysis shows that for-profit LTCHs had higher death-to-bed ratio, also with an average rate of increase of death-to-bed ratio higher for for-profit homes than other types of management. We find from uni- and multi-variable analyses (linear and nonlinear) that staff infection has the strongest association with death-to-bed ratio from among the descriptor variables considered, reflecting the risk of the disease in the health region/community. We also identify a delay of up to 8 days between the trends in fatalities among individuals outside LTCHs and that of LTCH residents. We did find an association between policy change to single LTCH/staff and reduction in weekly LTCH resident death, albeit with an expected time delay of about 7–10 days. ConclusionsThe association between the risk of COVID-19 in the health region and the deaths among LTCH residents, and the delay between fatality among individuals residing outside and inside LTCHs suggests that fatality in a health region could be a predictor of outbreak in LTCHs within the same health region.

Shared decision making of burdensome surveillance tests using personalized schedules and their burden and benefit.

Benchmark surveillance tests for detecting disease progression (eg, biopsies, endoscopies) in early‐stage chronic noncommunicable diseases (eg, cancer, lung diseases) are usually burdensome. For detecting progression timely, patients undergo invasive tests planned in a fixed one‐size‐fits‐all manner (eg, annually). We aim to present personalized test schedules based on the risk of disease progression, that optimize the burden (the number of tests) and the benefit (shorter time delay in detecting progression is better) better than fixed schedules, and enable shared decision making. Our motivation comes from the problem of scheduling biopsies in prostate cancer surveillance. Using joint models for time‐to‐event and longitudinal data, we consolidate patients' longitudinal data (eg, biomarkers) and results of previous tests, into individualized future cumulative‐risk of progression. We then create personalized schedules by planning tests on future visits where the predicted cumulative‐risk is above a threshold (eg, 5% risk). We update personalized schedules with data gathered over follow‐up. To find the optimal risk threshold, we minimize a utility function of the expected number of tests (burden) and expected time delay in detecting progression (shorter is beneficial) for different thresholds. We estimate these two in a patient‐specific manner for following any schedule, by utilizing a patient's predicted risk profile. Patients/doctors can employ these quantities to compare personalized and fixed schedules objectively and make a shared decision of a test schedule.

Study of Temporal and Spectral variability for Blazar PKS 1830-211 with Multiwavelength Data

Abstract A study of the gravitationally lensed blazar PKS 1830-211 was carried out using multi-wave band data collected by Fermi-LAT, Swift-XRT, and Swift-UVOT telescopes between MJD 58400 to MJD 58800 (2018 October 9–2019 November 13). Flaring states were identified by analyzing the γ-ray light curve. Simultaneous multi-wave band spectral energy distributions (SEDs) were obtained for these flaring periods. A cross-correlation analysis of the multi-wave band data was carried out, which suggested a common origin of the γ-ray and X-ray emission. The broadband emission mechanism was studied by modeling the SED using a leptonic model. Physical parameters of the blazar were estimated from the broadband SED modeling. The blazar PKS 1830-211 is gravitationally lensed by at least two galaxies and has been extensively studied in the literature because of this property. The self-correlation of the γ-ray light curve was studied to identify the signature of lensing, but no conclusive evidence of correlation was found at the expected time delay of 26 days.

Learning to kill: Why a small handful of counties generates the bulk of US death sentences.

We demonstrate strong self-referential effects in county-level data concerning use of the death penalty. We first show event-dependency using a repeated-event model. Higher numbers of previous events reduce the expected time delay before the next event. Second, we use a cross-sectional time-series approach to model the number of death sentences imposed in a given county in a given year. This model shows that the cumulative number of death sentences previously imposed in the same county is a strong predictor of the number imposed in a given year. Results raise troubling substantive implications: The number of death sentences in a given county in a given year is better predicted by that county's previous experience in imposing death than by the number of homicides. This explains the previously observed fact that a large share of death sentences come from a small number of counties and documents the self-referential aspects of use the death penalty. A death sentencing system based on racial dynamics and then amplified by self-referential dynamics is inconsistent with equal protection of the law, but this describes the United States system well.

Personalised biopsy schedules based on risk of Gleason upgrading for patients with low-risk prostate cancer on active surveillance.

ObjectiveTo develop a model and methodology for predicting the risk of Gleason upgrading in patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance (AS) and using the predicted risks to create risk‐based personalised biopsy schedules as an alternative to one‐size‐fits‐all schedules (e.g. annually). Furthermore, to assist patients and doctors in making shared decisions on biopsy schedules, by providing them quantitative estimates of the burden and benefit of opting for personalised vs any other schedule in AS. Lastly, to externally validate our model and implement it along with personalised schedules in a ready to use web‐application.Patients and MethodsRepeat prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) measurements, timing and results of previous biopsies, and age at baseline from the world’s largest AS study, Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS; 7813 patients, 1134 experienced upgrading). We fitted a Bayesian joint model for time‐to‐event and longitudinal data to this dataset. We then validated our model externally in the largest six AS cohorts of the Movember Foundation’s third Global Action Plan (GAP3) database (>20 000 patients, 27 centres worldwide). Using the model predicted upgrading risks; we scheduled biopsies whenever a patient’s upgrading risk was above a certain threshold. To assist patients/doctors in the choice of this threshold, and to compare the resulting personalised schedule with currently practiced schedules, along with the timing and the total number of biopsies (burden) planned, for each schedule we provided them with the time delay expected in detecting upgrading (shorter is better).ResultsThe cause‐specific cumulative upgrading risk at the 5‐year follow‐up was 35% in PRIAS, and at most 50% in the GAP3 cohorts. In the PRIAS‐based model, PSA velocity was a stronger predictor of upgrading (hazard ratio [HR] 2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.93–2.99) than the PSA level (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.89–1.11). Our model had a moderate area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.6–0.7) in the validation cohorts. The prediction error was moderate (0.1–0.2) in theGAP3 cohorts where the impact of the PSA level and velocity on upgrading risk was similar to PRIAS, but large (0.2–0.3) otherwise. Our model required re‐calibration of baseline upgrading risk in the validation cohorts. We implemented the validated models and the methodology for personalised schedules in a web‐application (http://tiny.cc/biopsy).ConclusionsWe successfully developed and validated a model for predicting upgrading risk, and providing risk‐based personalised biopsy decisions in AS of prostate cancer. Personalised prostate biopsies are a novel alternative to fixed one‐size‐fits‐all schedules, which may help to reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies, while maintaining cancer control. The model and schedules made available via a web‐application enable shared decision‐making on biopsy schedules by comparing fixed and personalised schedules on total biopsies and expected time delay in detecting upgrading.

Traffic-Centric Mesoscopic Analysis of Connectivity in VANETs

Abstract Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have emerged as an appropriate class of information propagation technology promising to link us even while moving at high speeds. In VANETs, a piece of information propagates through consecutive connections. In the most previous vehicular connectivity analysis, the provided probability density function of intervehicle distance throughout the wide variety of steady-state traffic flow conditions is surprisingly invariant. But, using a constant assumption, generates approximate communication results, prevents us from improving the performance of the current solutions and impedes designing the new applications on VANETs. Hence, in this paper, a mesoscopic vehicular mobility model in a multilane highway with a steady-state traffic flow condition is adopted. To model a traffic-centric distribution for the spatial per-hop progress and the expected spatial per-hop progress, different intervehicle distance distributions are utilized. Moreover, the expected number of hops, distribution of the number of successful multihop forwarding, the expected time delay and the expected connectivity distance are mathematically investigated. Finally, to model the distribution of the connectivity distances, a set of simplistic closed-form traffic-centric equations is proposed. The accuracy of the proposed model is confirmed using an event-based network simulator as well as a road traffic simulator.

Triangulation pointing to core-collapse supernovae with next-generation neutrino detectors

A core-collapse supernova releases the vast majority of the gravitational binding energy of its compact remnant in the form of neutrinos over an interval of a few tens of seconds. In the event of a core-collapse supernova within our galaxy, multiple current and future neutrino detectors would see a large burst in activity. Neutrinos escape a supernova hours before light does, so any prompt information about the supernova's direction that can be inferred via the neutrino signal will help to enable early electromagnetic observations of the supernova. While there are methods to determine the direction via intrinsic directionality of some neutrino-matter interaction channels, a complementary method which will reach maturity with the next generation of large neutrino detectors is the use of relative neutrino arrival times at different detectors around the globe. To evaluate this triangulation method for realistic detector configurations of the next few decades, we generate random supernova neutrino signals with realistic detector assumptions, and quantify the error in expected time delay between detections. We investigate a practical and robust method of estimating the time differences between burst detections, also correcting for detection efficiency bias. With this method, we determine the pointing precision of supernova neutrino triangulation as a function of supernova distance and location, detectors used, detector background level and neutrino mass ordering assumption. Under favorable conditions, the 1$\sigma$ supernova search area from triangulation could be reduced to a few percent of the sky. It should be possible to implement this method with low latency under realistic conditions.

Imaging selection for acute stroke intervention.

This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the use of imaging to guide stroke treatment. Brain imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis of stroke and identification of the mechanism of stroke, which is relevant to acute treatment, prognosis, and secondary prevention. The chief potential modalities are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Currently, most imaging occurs in hospital but mobile stroke units have expanded CT brain imaging into the prehospital field. The proven therapies for ischemic stroke are based on achieving reperfusion and the DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials have now firmly established a need for imaging selection based on estimated ischemic core volume to guide reperfusion decisions in patients beyond 6 h of stroke onset. However, data also indicate that estimated ischemic core volume, in conjunction with patient factors and expected time delay to reperfusion, forms one of the most useful prognostic assessments that could alter decision-making for patients within 6 h. Current trials are also investigating agents that aim to achieve neuroprotection, reduction in edema or prevention of hemorrhagic transformation. Imaging may play a role in identifying patients likely to benefit from this next generation of interventions for stroke patients.

Evaluating Electric Vehicles’ Response Time to Regulation Signals in Smart Grids

Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered as a flexible load in smart grids. This flexibility promotes the EVs to be good candidates for providing the grid with ancillary services, such as regulation services. A group of EVs controlled by an aggregator can collectively work as a regulation reserve in the electric grid. However, a fast response to the regulation commands is crucial to providing reliable regulation service. Typically, the response time to the regulation command requires to be less than four seconds. In this paper, we precisely evaluate the expected time delay from the instant when an aggregator server sends a regulation command to $n$ EVs to the instant when all the EVs’ responses are received successfully by the server. To achieve this goal, first, a realistic communication structure between the aggregator server and the EVs is considered. Second, the wireless link between the access point (AP) and the EVs is accurately modeled in order to estimate the average delay. The model is based on Markov chain representation for the wireless IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Two important factors are considered in this model. First, the packet loss probability due to the lossy wireless environment has been incorporated into the model. Second, the transition stages for the contention window size of 802.11 MAC protocol to reach the saturation stage is taken into account. The model has been validated by means of extensive simulation using the well-known Network Simulator 2 (NS2) tool. Our analysis shows that one AP is capable of handling up to 1000 EVs without violating the 4-s latency limit when the probability of packet loss is 0.01. However, this number decreases significantly, less than 500 EVs, when the wireless link is experiencing a significant packet loss probability of 0.2. Further, we show that by commanding a subgroup of the charging EVs, it is possible to achieve the same regulation service but with a lesser response time, compared to commanding all charging EVs every time.

Wisps in the Galactic center: Near-infrared triggered observations of the radio source Sgr A* at 43 GHz

Context. The compact radio and near-infrared (NIR) source Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) associated with the supermassive black hole in the Galactic center was observed at 7 mm in the context of a NIR triggered global Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) campaign. Aims. Sgr A* shows variable flux densities ranging from radio through X-rays. These variations sometimes appear in spontaneous outbursts that are referred to as flares. Multi-frequency observations of Sgr A* provide access to easily observable parameters that can test the currently accepted models that try to explain these intensity outbursts. Methods. On May 16-18, 2012 Sgr A* has been observed with the VLBA at 7 mm (43 GHz) for 6 hours each day during a global multi-wavelength campaign. These observations were triggered by a NIR flare observed at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Accurate flux densities and source morphologies were acquired. Results. The total 7 mm flux of Sgr A* shows only minor variations during its quiescent states on a daily basis of 0.06 Jy. An observed NIR flare on May 17 was followed 4.5 hours later by an increase in flux density of 0.22 Jy at 43 GHz. This agrees well with the expected time delay of events that are casually connected by adiabatic expansion. Shortly before the peak of the radio flare, Sgr A* developed a secondary radio off-core feature at 1.5 mas toward the southeast. Even though the closure phases are too noisy to place actual constraints on this feature, a component at this scale together with a time delay of 4.5 +- 0.5 hours between the NIR and radio flare provide evidence for an adiabatically expanding jet feature.

On Theoretical Methodology of Nuclear Reactions and Outcome of Certain Physical Phenomena from Them. II. To the Space-time Description of Cross Sections and Durations of the Neutron-nucleus Scattering Near 1-2 Resonances in the C- and L-systems

It is already known the appearance of time advance (due to distortion by the non-resonant background) instead of the expected time delay in the region of a compound-nucleus resonance in the center-of-mass (C-) system. Here at the same conditions we study cross sections and durations of the neutron-nucleus scattering in the laboratory (L-) system. Here it is shown that such time advance is a virtual paradox but in the L-system the time-advance phenomenon does not occur and only the trivial time delay is observed. At the same time the transformations from C-system into the L-system appeared to be different from the standard kinematical transformations because in the C-system the motion of a compound nucleus is absent but it is present in the L-system. We analyze the initial wave-packet motion (after the collision origin) and the cross section in the laboratory (L-) system. Also here (as physical revelations of profound general methodic and in very good consistent accordance with the experiment) several results of the calculated cross sections for the neutron-nucleus in comparison with the experimental data in the L-system at the range of one or two overlapped compound resonances are presented. It is shown in the space-time approach that the standard kinematical transformations of cross sections from the C-system to the L-system are not valid because it is necessary to consider the center-of-mass motion in the L-system. Finally on a correct self-consistent base of the space-time description of the nuclear processes in the laboratory system with 3 particles in the final channel, it is shown the validity of the former approach, obtained for the space-time description of the nuclear processes with 2-particle channels earlier.

Space-Time Description of Cross Sections and Durations of Neutron-Nucleus Scattering near 1 - 2 Resonances in the C- and L-Systems

The appearance of time advance (due to distortion by the non-resonant background) instead of the expected time delay in the region of a compound-nucleus resonance in the center-of-mass (C-) system is known. Here at the same conditions we study cross sections and durations of the neutron-nucleus scattering in the laboratory (L-) system. Here there are a review of papers where it is shown that such time advance is a virtual paradox and in the L-system the time-advance phenomenon does not occur and only the trivial time delay is observed. At the same time the transformations from C-system into the L-system appear to be different from the standard kinematical transformations because in the C-system the motion of a compound nucleus is absent but it is present in the L-system. Here we analyze the initial wave-packet motion (after the collision origin) and the cross section in the laboratory (L-) system. Also here (as physical revelations of profound general methodic and in very good consistent accordance with the experiment) several results of the calculated cross sections for the neutron-nucleus in comparison with the experimental data in the L-system at the range of one or two overlapped compound resonances are presented. It is shown in the space-time approach that the standard cinematic transformations of cross sections from the C-system to the L-system are not valid because it is necessary to consider the center-of-mass motion in the L-system. Finally on a correct self-consistent base of the space-time description of the nuclear processes in the laboratory system with 3 particles in the final channel, the validity of the former approach is shown, which is obtained for the space-time description of the nuclear processes with 2-particle channels earlier.

CO2 sensors for occupancy estimations: Potential in building automation applications

It is well established that model-based controllers with an integrated control model and information about indoor climate disturbances have the ability to drastically improve the performance of building automation systems. In offices, occupancy is one of the most important disturbances to account for in this context, but the available methods for accurately determining the number of people are commonly too complex for considering at most sites. However, since model-based controllers can be made robust, input deficiencies can to a certain degree be compensated for, and in this work, a two step procedure was applied to investigate the potential of utilizing simplified estimations generated from CO2 sensor responses. First, the expected time delay and error of such estimations were derived experimentally for various occupancy changes and ventilation flow rates. Next, an office site was simulated and the occupancy information used by a model-based controller for ventilation control was stepwise subjected to various errors and time delays by considering the expected values as references. The results showed that the estimations in many case were sufficient for achieving a high control performance, but beyond a certain level, the deficiencies could only be met by an increased complexity of the controller.

On Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Collisions and Nuclear Reactions and Outcome of Certain Physical Phenomena from Them

I. Analytical structure of the non-relativistic unitary and non-unitary S-matrix is reviewed for the cases of any interactions with any motion equations inside a sphere of radius a, enclosed by centrifugal and rapidly decreasing (exponentially or by the Yukawian law or by the more rapidly decreasing) potentials. Some kinds of the symmetry conditions are imposed. The Schroedinger equation for the particle motion in the external region where r > a and the completeness of the correspondent wave functions are assumed. The connection of the obtained results with the causality is examined. Partially some analytical properties for the multi-channel S-matrix are reviewed and the sum rules for mean compound-nucleus time delays and the density of compound-nucleus levels. Sometimes (as physical manifestations of the profound general methodic and in very good consistent accordance with the experiment) observable physical effects, such as parity violation enhancement and time resonances or explosions, are appeared. Finally a scientific program of future search is presented as a clear continuation and extension of the obtained results. II. It is already known the appearance of time advance (due to distortion by the non-resonant background) instead of the expected time delay in the region of a compound-nucleus resonance in the center-of-mass (C-) system. Here at the same conditions we study cross sections and durations of the neutron-nucleus scattering in the laboratory (L-) system. Here it is shown that such time advance is a virtual paradox but in the L-system the time-advance phenomenon does not occur and only the trivial time delay is observed. At the same time the transformations from C-system into the L-system appeared to be different from the standard kinematical transformations because in the C-system the motion of a compound nucleus is absent but it is present in the L-system. We analyze the initial wave-packet motion (after the collision origin) and the cross section in the laboratory (L-) system. Also here (as physical revelations of profound general methodic and in very good consistent accordance with the experiment) several results of the calculated cross sections for the neutron-nucleus in comparison with the experimental data in the L-system at the range of one or two overlapped compound resonances are presented. It is shown in the space-time approach that the standard kinematical transformations of cross sections from the C-system to the L-system are not valid because it is necessary to consider the center-of-mass motion in the L-system. Finally on a correct self-consistent base of the space-time description of the nuclear processes in the laboratory system with 3 particles in the final channel, it is shown the validity of the former approach, obtained for the space-time description of the nuclear processes with 2-particle channels earlier.

On scattering cross sections and durations near an isolated compound-resonance, distorted by the non-resonant background, in the center-of-mass and laboratory systems

Usually the appearance of time advance (due to distortion by the non-resonant background) instead of the expected time delay in the region of compound-nucleus resonances was investigated in the center-of-mass (C-) system. Here at the same conditions we study the cross section and duration of the nucleon-nucleus scattering in the laboratory (L-) system. We show that in the L-system only the trivial time delay is observed.

Pharmacoinvasive therapy for ST elevation myocardial infarction in China: a pilot study

Most patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) cannot receive timely primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) because of lack of facilities or delays in patient transfer or catheterization team mobilization. In these patients, early routine post-thrombolysis PCI might be a reasonable, useful strategy. This study investigated feasibility and safety of early PCI after successful half-dose alteplase reperfusion in a Chinese population. Patients with STEMI received half-dose alteplase if expected time delay to PCI was ≥90min. Patients who reached clinical criteria of successful thrombolysis reperfusion were recommended to undergo diagnostic angiography within 3-24h after thrombolysis. Patients with residual stenosis ≥70% in the infarct-related artery underwent PCI, regardless of flow or patency status. Epicardial arterial flow was assessed using thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade and TIMI frame count (CTFC). Myocardial perfusion was assessed using myocardial blush grade (MBG) and TIMI myocardial perfusion frame count (TMPFC). Forty-nine patients were enrolled and underwent diagnostic angiography 3-11.3h (median 6.5h) after thrombolysis. Forty-six patients underwent PCI. No procedure-related complications occurred, except two patients who had no reflow after PCI. Twenty-two (47.8%) patients had TIMI grade 3 flow before PCI and 33 (71.7%) after PCI. CTFC was significantly improved after PCI (48.5±32.1 vs. 37.9±25.6, P=0.01). MBG and TMPFC exhibited a similar improving trend after PCI, and the best myocardial perfusion tended to be achieved 3-12h after lysis. During the 30-day follow-up, there were two deaths. The composite end point of death, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, reinfarction, and recurrent ischemia occurred in four patients. TIMI minor bleeding occurred in four patients. No TIMI major bleeding and stroke occurred. Early routine PCI after half-dose alteplase thrombolysis in Chinese population appears feasible. A larger clinical trial should be designed to further elucidate its efficacy and safety. Early PCI after thrombolysis in STEMI: The EARLY-PCI pilot feasibility study, ChiCTR-TNC-11001363.

Early percutaneous coronary intervention after thrombolysis in STEMI: the early-PCI pilot feasibility study

IntroductionPrimary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred treatment for patients with STEMI now. But few patients can receive it within 90 min recommended by the guideline in the real...

Multi-state reliability and message time delay in wireless sensor networks

Reliability is an important parameter to measure the function of a wireless sensor network (WSN). In this paper, we consider a multi-state reliability model and message time delay problems in WSNs. The message time delay between target nodes and the sink node is an important factor to measure the reliability of WSNs. By defining the expected time delay for the message transmission, we further consider the multi-state reliability as the probability that there is at least one message which can be received by the sink node within the time period ?. Furthermore, an integer programming method is used to compute the multi-state reliability. Finally, examples are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.