Behavioral Expectations Research Articles

Exploring National Trends and Organizational Predictors of Violence and Mistreatment From Patients and Visitors.

Rising incidents of violence and mistreatment of healthcare workers by patients and visitors have been reported. U.S. healthcare workers are five times more likely to experience nonfatal workplace violence (WPV) than workers in any other profession. However, less is known about the national trends in the incidence of violence and mistreatment in healthcare. The specific organizational and individual-level factors that relate to stress arising from these occurrences specifically by patients and family members are also not fully understood. The goals of this study were to examine national trends of violence toward healthcare workers, understand which populations are most vulnerable to stress from violence and mistreatment, and explore organizational factors that are related to these occurrences. Data were collected from three sources: (1) The Bureau of Labor Statistics Intentional Injury by Another Person data for the period 2011-2020, (2) data from a large national workers' compensation claim services provider for the period 2018-2022, and (3) results from a survey distributed at a large medical center in June and July 2022. Data were represented graphically and analyzed using multivariate regression and dominance analysis to identify specific predictors of WPV and mistreatment among healthcare workers. Of the total surveyed sample, 23.7% of participants reported mistreatment from patients or visitors as a major stressor and 14.6% reported WPV from patients or visitors as a major stressor. Stress from mistreatment and WPV was most frequently reported by nurses, employees aged 18 to 24 years other than nurses, those who identified as White, and those who identified as female or a gender minority. The emergency room (ER) showed the highest percentages of stress from mistreatment (61.8%) and violence (55.9%) from patients or visitors. The top predictors of stress from WPV and mistreatment by patients or visitors among healthcare workers ranked high to low were working in the ER, working as a nurse, a lack of necessary supplies or equipment, patient or visitor attitudes or beliefs about COVID-19, and working in a hospital-based unit. In addition to protecting employees as a moral imperative, preventing WPV is critical for organizational performance. Employee productivity is estimated to decrease up to 50% in the 6 to 18 weeks following an incident of violence, while turnover can increase 30% to 40%. An effective WPV prevention plan and a proactive approach to supporting the physical and mental health conditions that may result from WPV can mitigate the potential costs and exposures from these incidents. Organizations must also set clear expectations of behavior with patients and visitors by refusing to tolerate violence and mistreatment of caregivers. The impact of WPV can remain present and active for up to 8 years following an incident. Policy-level interventions are also needed. Currently, there are no federal protections for healthcare workers related to violence, though some states have made it a felony to abuse healthcare workers.

Children's inferences of moral character across different moral subdomains.

Adults use an individual's behavior in one moral subdomain to make inferences about how they will act in another moral subdomain, reflecting a tendency to attribute underlying traits to individuals. We recruited 4- to 7-year-old children from a large city in North America to investigate their ability to generalize from one moral subdomain to another and integrate these pieces of information to form trust and friendship decisions, focusing on the subdomains of helping and fairness, given their centrality to moral cognition. In Experiment 1 (N = 131; 49% female; 38% White), children watched a protagonist help or hinder another person with their goal and then engage in either a fair or an unfair resource distribution between two novel recipients; in Experiment 2 (N = 130; 52% female; 55% White), these events were reversed. We recorded the children's surprise at the second event and their willingness to trust subsequent information provided by the protagonist and to befriend her. Children selectively generalized from the initial behavior, reporting greater surprise to fair (vs. unfair) behavior after the protagonist hindered and greater surprise to the protagonist helping (vs. hindering) after she distributed resources unfairly previously. Moreover, the presence of a single moral transgression lowered children's trust and friendship judgments to chance levels. These findings demonstrate that moral transgressions (vs. moral adherence to moral norms) provide a basis for guiding children's subsequent expectations for future behavior across moral subdomains, as well as for forming social decisions regarding whether to befriend and trust individuals, for children as young as age 4 years. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Challenges and Initiatives on Single-Use Plastics in Universities

Single- Use Plastic manufacturing and use have risen steadily since its invention, spurred by the rising urbanization of the world. Ever since its introduction, and driven by rapid urbanization, there has been an increase of plastic production and consumption. The government, organizations, and other institutions should perform various investigations to explore the many limits, in any aspects, in order to address plastic waste and its underlying problems. It involves implementing many strategies and efforts throughout the entire community, including in institutions. A meta-synthesis of the challenges and initiatives faced by schools with relation to single-use plastics is essential to providing a complete awareness of the existing situation and development of sustainable practices in educational institutions. After extensive investigation of the synthesized articles the challenges were categorized into seven themes: manpower, equipment/facility and space, administrative support, financial, lack of information dissemination, attitude/behavior, and curriculum integration. Meanwhile, the initiatives were classified into six themes: environmental goals, rewards and motivation, disciplinary measures, knowledge and awareness, educational approach, and the equipment and facilities. This meta-synthesis concluded that the various difficulties faced by universities in managing single-use plastic hinder the implementation of those solutions as well as the various initiatives employed by universities to promote the spread of environmentally conscious and responsible people. School administration and teachers collaborate in integrating the reduction of plastic waste to the teaching instruction. In addition, incentives and disciplinary actions are among the finest ways to instill routines, practices, and habits in the reduction and generation of plastic trash. To lay a solid basis for environmental education and awareness, policies that set expectations for behavior and offer direction to faculty, staff, and students are established.

Effect of typical alcohol use and expectancies on the social manipulation of drinking behavior in a virtual bar pilot study

BackgroundRecent work indicates that increasing the drinking rate of a virtual bar-goer (VB) increases the rate of drinking for participants in a virtual reality (VR) bar environment. Here, we test the hypothesis that biopsychosocial factors including typical drinking pattern and expectancy that alcohol enhances social interactions would moderate this effect. MethodsWe assessed the drinking topography (DT) of participants (N=20) in a VR environment with a programmable VB during two testing sessions: one with a fast-drinking VB (30–60s sip interval) and one in which the VB drank slowly (60–120s sip interval). In this secondary analysis, linear mixed models were used to characterize potential interactions of typical daily alcohol intake (quantity-frequency index [QFI]), maximal alcohol consumed in one bout over the past six months (maxQ), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) score, and expectancy that alcohol enhances social and physical pleasures (SPP) with time in simulation and condition on sip interval and volume. ResultsIndividuals with higher MaxQ showed a reduced effect of time on sip volume such that more intense recent binge episodes were associated with consistent drinking. Greater AUDIT scores were associated with lower sip intervals. In addition, greater SPP expectancy was associated with higher sip volumes, but only in the fast-drinking VB condition. ConclusionsGreater drinking behavior and social expectancies were associated with more rapid drinking topography. In addition, findings suggest challenging alcohol outcome expectancies related to social enhancement could reduce alcohol-related risks by slowing the rate of alcohol intake in social situations.

The Imposition of a Coerced Autonomy: Suicidal “Bad Girls,” Human Service Professionals, and Gender Bias

Through a thematic analysis of four cases of suicide by young women identified from the National Coronial Information System, I apply a gendered lens to understanding the ways in which human service professionals’ expectations of feminine behavior, led them to view these young women as “bad girls” and imposed a disempowering “coerced autonomy” framework onto them. In this framework, the girls were held responsible for factors that caused their distress but were denied self-determination in their diagnosis and/or treatment. I aim to broaden our understanding of how gendered expectations can have fatal consequences.

Vision Zero and Impaired Driving: Near and Longer-Term Opportunities for Preventing Death and Injuries

Vision Zero involves the use of a systems approach to eliminate fatal and serious injuries from motor vehicle crashes by accommodating basic human limitations that lead to crashes through fundamental behavioral expectations, together with sound vehicle and road design.Alcohol-related crashes account for a significant proportion of motor vehicle crash death and injury and can be addressed in a safe road transport system. We look at near-term policy and program interventions that are known to motivate drivers to make safe drinking and driving decisions, and possibilities for using technology over the longer term to address risks resulting from driver impairment that is either inadvertent or willful high-risk behavior.From the Vision Zero perspective,”normal driving” refers to a situation where traffic and road users are operating as desired and planned. A driver in this normal driving envelope operates at a safe speed, wears a seat belt, focuses on the driving task, and is not impaired. A safe system accommodates human errors, mistakes, and misjudgments in the normal driving envelope. However, it may not be capable of compensating for deliberate violations and rule-breaking.A critical role of behavioral programs and policies is to motivate safe decisions by drivers and other road users and keep them in the normal driving envelope where they can be protected from unintentional errors by a safe system. While much progress has been made in developing and implementing impaired driving policies and programs, much potential remains in the their ability to motivate drivers to meet the fundamental expectations required in a safe system. Examples of behavioral programs and policies that have strong evidence of effectiveness but are underutilized in the U.S. include conducting periodic sobriety checkpoints, lowering the blood alcohol concentration limit for driving, and mandating the use of ignition interlock devices. While the specific interventions may differ, it is likely that the same situation of incomplete implementation of behavioral programs and policies - and consequent unrealized value to a comprehensive safe system - applies to many other nations.To reach the goal of zero deaths, a comprehensive Vision Zero program needs to address the problem of deliberate risk-taking, which can include driver impairment from alcohol or other causes and extend to dangerous and reckless driving. Advanced safety technologies offer a range of opportunities for this purpose. Cars available today and in the future will have a plethora of sensors that monitor circumstances inside and around the car. These systems can identify whether a driver is in their safe driving envelope and respond with interventions that are appropriate for the severity and nature of the risk. Interventions could range from those that are not perceivable to the driver, such as putting driver assist systems into active mode, to stronger steps such as limiting or preventing vehicle operation.Zero fatalities or serious injuries in motor vehicle crashes is possible with a systems approach that accommodates human errors and mistakes that occur with the normal driving envelope and incorporates effective responses to deliberate risk-taking outside of this envelope.

Conflict management in Physical Education: The critical role of team-based activities in physical education to improve cooperation and wellbeing

Physical Education (PE) teachers’ responsibility is critical in supporting the development of students’ motivation, positive attitude and behaviour. . This study explored students’ conflict management styles, the most common sources of conflicts during PE, and the relationship between conflict management styles, self-perceived health and social-emotional wellbeing among high school students in Hungary. A self-administered, anonymous, cross-sectional survey was completed by students in high school (n=385, 54.8 % female Mage =16.98 yrs, SD. 1.28). Only 2.9% of the students reported applying a collaborating management style. These students also rated their health higher. However, students with competitive conflict management were more satisfied with their lives. Most students never had conflicts with the teacher, and if any, they used accommodating conflict management strategies. Behavioural expectations, extreme performance requirements, and disliking the subject were the most common sources of conflicts in PE. The conflict management strategies did not significantly correlate with the psychosomatic symptoms scale; however, students with collaborating conflict management reported fewer sleep problems. These findings underpin the significant role of conflict management skills in health and social-emotional wellbeing. Keywords: adolescent, team sports, physical education, wellbeing, conflicts

11 Sociodemographic, Cultural, and Linguistic Considerations for Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment with Japanese and Japanese American Patients in the United States

Objective:Japanese-Americans are the sixth largest Asian ethnicity in the United States. They represent a highly heterogeneous population due to their history of immigration dating back to the late 19th century. In comparison to the total Japanese-American population, there are very few neuropsychologists of Japanese descent who are familiar with the culture. The Asian Neuropsychological Association lists 16 licensed members of Japanese descent, and only 7 practice outside of Hawaii or California. These numbers suggest that unless non-Japanese neuropsychologists are knowledgeable of the culture, test translations, and appropriate norms, it would be challenging for many Japanese-Americans to receive culturally and linguistically competent neuropsychological services. The aim of the present study is to provide guidance for conducting neuropsychological assessments with Japanese-Americans with the goal of facilitating competent culturally-informed services to this population.Participants and Methods:Pertinent facets of Japanese culture as identified in the ECLECTIC framework and demographics of the U.S. Japanese-American population, and the available literature on neuropsychological tests that are translated into Japanese and normed with Japanese samples, was reviewed by authors with knowledge of Japanese language and culture. Literature published in both English and Japanese were included for review.Results:Psychological testing is a Western technology fraught with the behavioral expectations and values of the culture in which it was developed. Thus, these tests may be biased against persons coming from cultures that differ from the West. Recommendations for providing neuropsychological services to Japanese-Americans are presented with an aim of maximizing test fairness by addressing the following issues: comfort with the testing situation, test biases, accessibility, and validity. Given the emphasis on education, Japanese-Americans should be familiar and comfortable with cognitive testing, although they may experience undue pressure to perform well to avoid shame. Japanese-Americans may experience discomfort disclosing personal information during the interview, particularly if the evaluation is perceived to be psychiatric in nature, as there is a strong stigma associated with mental illness that could bring shame to the family. Japanese communication styles are indirect in nature, where the message is implied and what is “not said” is just as important as what is directly conveyed. Accessibility issues will primarily impact first generation Japanese-Americans who are native Japanese speakers. Another characteristic that may impact responding is hesitancy for guessing when unsure. Recommendations for providing culturally competent neuropsychological assessment given these considerations will be presented and expanded upon in detail. Finally, an online database of translated and normed neuropsychological tests by cognitive domain has been created and will be presented.Conclusions:Providing neuropsychological services to Japanese-Americans can be challenging as Japanese culture is significantly different from western culture. In addition, Japanese-Americans are heterogenous with salient issues of English proficiency and acculturation. Information to individualize a conceptual understanding of Japanese-Americans, translated and normed tests, and recommendations to maximize fairness in testing are presented to assist clinical neuropsychologists provide competent services to Japanese-Americans.

Symposium 09: Neuropsychological Test Translation, Adaptation, and Development Part 2: Lessons learned from Vietnam, India, Australia, and the INS Cultural SIG

Summary Abstract:The history of psychological test translation includes problems of inaccuracy and unintentional or intentional racial, ethnic, and linguistic discrimination. Methods for accurate and fair psychological test translation, adaptation, and development have advanced, but neuropsychology has been slow to implement these methods. Inadequate translations and adaptations of neuropsychological tests may substantially impact their psychometric properties for target populations, increasing risk of clinical errors and other harms.The International Test Commission's (ITC) 2017 Guidelines for Tests Translation and Adaptation summarize current technologies for tests whose constructs depend upon the semantic content of the items. This is helpful, but insufficient because many neuropsychological tests focus on cognitive, linguistic, and emotional constructs that are measured by processes other than semantic content. Neuropsychological tests may depend on word length, familiarity, written form, visual stimuli, culture-dependent behavioral expectations, or other features apart from meaning. Furthermore, the ITC Guidelines were developed primarily from experiences of translation and adaptation among European languages, with populations with a restricted range of education and cultures, hindering their generalization to more diverse populations. To make the guidelines practical for neuropsychological users, the Assessment Workgroup of the INS Cultural Neuropsychology Special Interest Group has developed neuropsychological commentary on the ITC Guidelines. The Workgroup has also sponsored a discussion group among members involved in neuropsychological test translation, adaptation, and development projects around the world. Our objectives in this symposium are to present an overview of our neuropsychological commentary on the ITC Guidelines and illustrate the relevance of these guidelines and commentaries through presentations of projects from around the world. At the 2022 INS New Orleans meeting our group presented lessons learned from Africa, Australia, Europe, South America, and South Asia. In the current Part 2 presentation we will present projects from Australia, India, and Vietnam and lessons derived from comparisons among many projects. Our panel will discuss lessons learned from these projects and outline potential future diversity strategies, including the following: The concept of universal or culture-fair tests is unrealistic, naive, and potentially harmful.The concept of culture-broad tests and test paradigms is viable but requires empirical verification in all applications.Even with viable culture-broad tests, multicultural neuropsychology requires specific cultural and linguistic knowledge, skill, and sensitivity.Drawing is a learned skill that is viable for neuropsychological testing only when baseline abilities are well-understood.Verbal fluency is a cognitive task that varies in its nature depending upon characteristics of specific languages and their writing systems as well as the nature of education.One pragmatic possible strategy for better serving speakers of relatively rare languages is to develop ways of doing neuropsychology designed for those who speak popular languages moderately well as their second language.

The Impact of the Social Classroom Contract on Students with Learning Disabilities

This study explores how social classroom contracts impact students with learning disabilities. The way that students behave and interact has a direct bearing on how they are taught and learned. The research uses a quantitative method to identify the elements influencing the formation of classroom social contracts, explore how they relate to the student code of conduct, and emphasize the beneficial effects of classroom social contracts for students with learning disabilities. The research shows that giving students a choice and a voice in establishing a social contract in the classroom empowers them to take charge of their education and recognize their potential to make a difference. The student code of conduct, a set of rules and expectations for behaviour in the school setting, is also strongly tied to the classroom social contract. Additionally, classroom social contracts give students a stronger feeling of independence and accountability, promoting a socially conscious and active learning environment. This study emphasizes the transformative potential of social classroom contracts for students with learning disabilities with the possibility of increasing their attendance, engagement, and achievement. Keywords: Achievement, Attendance, Code of Conduct, Student Engagement, Voice, and Choice.

Factors Influencing Learner Attitudes Towards ChatGPT-Assisted Language Learning in Higher Education

Concerns regarding the potential risks associated with learners’ misusing ChatGPT necessitate an extensive investigation into learner attitudes towards ChatGPT-assisted language learning. This study adopts a mixed-method approach, combining structural equation modeling techniques and interviews. It aims to examine the influencing factors of learner attitudes regarding ChatGPT-assisted language learning under the extended three-tier technology use model from an interdisciplinary perspective, including the technology acceptance model, etc. The study finds that information system quality and hedonic motivation are more significant in contributing to performance expectancy and perceived satisfaction compared to self-regulation in ChatGPT-assisted language learning. Behavioral intention is a better predictor of learning effectiveness in ChatGPT-assisted language learning than perceived satisfaction and performance expectancy. This research also examines the partial or full mediating effects of behavioral intention and performance expectancy between other variables. Although this study is limited by some aspects (e.g., the outdated version of ChatGPT-3 or ChatGPT-3.5), it holds substantial implications for future practice and research. It appeals to more attention from future developers on hedonic motivation and information services of ChatGPT and from future researchers on a more comprehensive insight into influencing factors of learner attitudes towards ChatGPT-assisted language learning.

Behavior and anxiety levels in pediatric patient: The behavioral changes and anxiety of pediatric patient in dental clinic.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavioral patterns and anxiety levels of pediatric patients in dental clinics, discern their behavioral expectations, and investigate the associations between these factors and the patient's age and gender. In this cross-sectional study, 150 pediatric patients visiting Sharjah Thumbay Dental Hospital for treatment were recruited over a study period of 23 weeks (February 12, 2022 to July 23, 2022). The patient's age ranged from 2 to 14 years. Guardians were informed about the study and their written consent was taken. Children over 14 years old, children whose guardians refused to participate in the study, and medically compromised children. Frankl's behavior rating scale, Categorical rating scale, and Venham anxiety and behavioral rating scales were used to evaluate the pediatric patient's behavior and anxiety at the end of the dental visit, the evaluation was done by the same trained dental student for all the patients. When the Mann-Whitney U test was used for gender, no significant differences were observed in behavior and anxiety between male and female patients across all scales employed in this study. Conversely, when examining various age groups for behavior and anxiety using the Kruskal-Wallis test, significant findings emerged across nearly all scales. In the categorical rating scale, the age group of 11-14 years exhibited the most notable results in subscales of crying (p = .034), cooperativeness (p = .002), and apprehensiveness (p = .003). The pediatric patients who took part in this study exhibited heightened anxiety when attending dental clinics. This study underscores the importance of understanding child behavior and utilizing effective communication with children and their guardians. Dental professionals should consider implementing strategies to manage child behavior during visits. Further research is required to develop sufficient strategies tailored to different pediatric populations, aiming to enhance dental care outcomes for pediatric patients.

Pengaruh Kecerdasan Intelektual, Kecerdasan Spiritual, Kecerdasan Emosional Dan Love Of Money Terhadap Perilaku Etis Calon Sarjana Akuntansi Di Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang

In creating professionals who have special competencies in accordance with the field of science and study, students must still be equipped with high ethics in order to achieve these goals. However, inversely proportional to the expected ethical behavior expectations, there are many acts of academic fraud that occur and little by little begin to fade ethical values in accounting students where they will become professionals in the future.The purpose of this research is to get the empirical evidence of intellectual intelligence, spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, and love of money against ethical behavior of accounting graduate candidates at Buana Perjuangan University, Karawang. The research approach in this study is a categorical approach using primary data. The sampling technique is nonprobability sampling with a purposive-sampling method. The number of samples in this study is 110 samples. The analysis technique is multiple linear regression. The results of this study show that intellectual intelligence, spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, and love of money has a positive effect on the ethical behavior of an accounting graduate candidate. The practical implications for accounting graduate candidate are that they must prepare for their ethical behavior before entering the working environment.
 Keywords: academic fraud, professionals, ethical behavior of undergraduate candidates accounting

Audit partner facial traits, gender, and career outcomes

A long line of psychology research suggests that people develop underlying behavioral trait expectations based on facial characteristics, and that these appearance-based trait inferences can influence judgments and decisions. In this study, we examine the relation between audit partners' appearances and their career outcomes. Using independent ratings of audit partners’ facial traits, we find that partners whose appearance violates common gender stereotypes have less prestigious client portfolios. Specifically, we find a negative relation between appearing “competent” and the career outcomes of females and a negative relation between appearing “warm” and the career outcomes of males. Subsequent analyses suggest that these relations are concentrated among non-Big 4 audit partners. We further consider the relation between facial traits and career outcomes and find evidence that males (but not females) whose appearance violates gender stereotypes are less likely to work for Big 4 audit firms. Together, our findings provide insights into the relations between appearance, gender, and career outcomes for public company auditors in the United States.

Higher-order comparative reward processing is affected by noninvasive stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

A crucial skill, especially in rapidly changing environments, is to be able to learn efficiently from prior rewards or losses and apply this acquired knowledge in upcoming situations. Often, we must weigh the risks of different options and decide whether an option is worth the risk or whether we should choose a safer option. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is suggested as a major hub for basic but also higher-order reward processing. Dysfunction in this region has been linked to cognitive risk factors for depression and behavioral addictions, including reduced optimism and feedback learning. Here, we test whether modulations of vmPFC excitability via noninvasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can alter reward anticipation and reward processing. In a financial gambling task, participants chose between a higher and a lower monetary risk option and eventually received feedback whether they won or lost. Simultaneously feedback on the unchosen option was presented as well. Behavioral and magnetoencephalographic correlates of reward processing were evaluated in direct succession of either excitatory or inhibitory tDCS of the vmPFC. We were able to show modulated reward approach behavior (expectancy of greater reward magnitudes) as well as altered reevaluation of received feedback by vmPFC tDCS as indicated by modified choice behavior following the feedback. Thereby, tDCS not only influenced early, rather basic reward processing, but it also modulated higher-order comparative feedback evaluation of gains and losses relative to alternative outcomes. The neural results underline this idea, as stimulation-driven modulations of the basic reward-related effect occurred at rather early time intervals and were followed by stimulation effects related to comparative reward processing. Importantly, behavioral ratings were correlated with neural activity in left frontal areas. Our results imply a dual function of the vmPFC consisting of approaching reward (as indicated by more risky choices) and elaborately evaluating outcomes. In addition, our data suggest that vmPFC activity is associated with adaptive decision-making in the future via modulated behavioral adaptation or reinforcement learning.

Revisiting the Definition of Bullying in the Context of Higher Education

AbstractThis study used a qualitative method to verify the interpersonal interactions that students consider to constitute bullying in higher education. The data came from 58 semi-structured interviews with students and administrators from two public universities in Ghana and one in Norway to show how national differences influence bullying. The broad range of behaviours identified highlighted themes like “inconveniencing”, “exclusion”, “intimidation”, “shaming”, “booing, gossiping, and teasing”, “sexual harassment and unwanted touching, fondling, and kissing”, and “ignoring or facing hostile reactions”. The study found that behaviours students identified as bullying are subtler and are intertwined with everyday interpersonal encounters, making identifying, reporting, and redressing them elusive. Students identified their limited awareness of anti-bullying structures, insufficient deterrence due to a lack of transparency in rule implementation, and noncommitment by authorities as favouring bullying. The study suggests the use of communication about behaviour expectations and a commitment to creating consciousness against bullying to ensure a positive psychosocial learning environment.

The interplay of gender and perceived sexual orientation at the bargaining table: A social dominance and intersectionalist perspective

Prior research suggests that female negotiators often obtain worse outcomes than male negotiators. The current research examines whether this pattern extends to the large subset of men and women who identify as gays and lesbians. In particular, we interweave scholarship on gender stereotypes with work on intersectionality and MOSAIC theory to develop a theoretical model that anticipates how male and female negotiators will be treated at the bargaining table based on whether they are perceived to be heterosexual or homosexual. This model predicts that homosexual women, like heterosexual men, will receive more beneficial negotiation offers and outcomes than heterosexual women and homosexual men. Additionally, it suggests that this will happen because people hold markedly different behavioral expectations for male and female heterosexual and homosexual negotiators. The results of five experimental and audit studies involving diverse samples of participants including Masters Students in the U.S. and India, individuals selling items on Craigslist, and street vendors in India provide robust support. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of considering gender and sexual orientation in tandem when studying negotiation.

Co-evolution of conditional cooperation and social norm

The co-evolution of conditional cooperation and social norms has garnered significant attention, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Social norms result from empirical expectations, individual expectations of group behavior, and normative expectations, the population's expectations of individual behavior. Aligning these expectations aids in norm formation, but diverse individual reactions to observed behavior and their sensitivity to norm conformity can be challenging. In our study, the agents are initially endowed with diverse conditional expectations, which mirror their anticipations regarding group behavior and their inherent inclination to conform to social norms, indicative of their sensitivity to psychic costs. These agents engage in a repeated public goods game, where their decisions to cooperate are shaped by their conditional expectations and the observed levels of cooperation within their group. Concurrently, free riders experience psychic costs determined by the overall level of cooperation, contribution costs, and the individual’s inclination to adhere to social norms. Remarkably, our simulations unveil that agents commencing with random conditional expectations and a propensity to conform to norms can adapt to lower conditional expectations and moderate their propensity to conform to norms when initial cooperation levels are high and the contribution cost is reduced. Interestingly, increasing contribution costs intensify the population’s response to norm enforcement, but this doesn’t always result in a corresponding increase in cooperation. By incorporating population diversity and accounting for empirical and normative expectations within our model, we gain valuable insights into the intricate relationship between conditional cooperation and the emergence of social norms.

The metaverse in supply chain knowledge sharing and resilience contexts: An empirical investigation of factors affecting adoption and acceptance

This study develops a conceptual framework based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, the network theory perspective, and metaverse characteristics. Data were gathered through questionnaires from 209 Chinese manufacturers, and covariance-based structural equation modelling was the main approach used. The results indicate that performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and establishing initial trust amongst supply chain partners can drive behavioural intention with respect to metaverse adoption for knowledge sharing to improve supply chain resilience. In addition, sensory feedback is an important characteristic of the metaverse and has a critical influence on adoption behaviour. Moreover, it has a complementary partial mediation effect on the relationship between establishing initial trust amongst supply chain partners and behavioural intention as well as a full mediating effect on the relationship between the initial trust of supply chain partners and behavioural expectations. Finally, sensory feedback moderates the relationship between behavioural intention and expectancy. Our findings contribute to the literature on metaverse adoption in the context of supply chain resilience.

Exploring Achievement Behaviors in Non-Major Statistics Course: An Expectancy-Value Perspective and Thoughts for Practice

Statistics education is increasingly important to our society with enrolment increases of 16% in introductory statistics courses and 85% in upper-level statistics courses. Research has demonstrated many factors related to students’ behaviors and outcomes in statistics courses such as past achievement, attitudes, and effort. We sought to model these factors together to better understand how introductory statistics students’ attitudes were related to students' achievement behaviors and what student characteristics mediated such relationships. Structural equation modeling with data from N=301 students in an introductory statistics course for psychology majors revealed that majors with higher GPAs had more interest, enjoyment as well as utility value for statistics, and these variables were in turn related to expectations for success or achievement behaviors. Females had lower interest in statistics, and this was related to lower expectations of success. The findings highlight the need to increase interest and enjoyment and utility value for non-majors studying statistics. Recommendations for how to adapt the statistics classroom to that end are discussed.