Expected Value Model Research Articles

Hub-and-spoke network design considering multiple delivery requirements under uncertainties

To satisfy customers' personalized delivery demands and expand the application of hub location models, this paper introduces a hub location problem with multiple service levels and mixture uncertainties, in which two or more allowed delivery times are provided for shipment. In an expected cost-minimization context with delivery-time restrictions, the researched problem explicitly considers fixed hub number, single-assignment pattern from hubs to demand nodes, diversified transportation modes, and two types of real-life uncertainties (stochastic customer demand and fuzzy transportation cost). To help eliminate the mixture uncertainties in the proposed mathematical model, the expected value model and fuzzy chance constrained programming are utilized. By employing the existing fuzzy arithmetic and the newly-proposed operational law of γ-pessimistic value for functions of regular fuzzy numbers, two novel two-phase solution approaches are designed, respectively. The effectiveness of solution approaches and the necessity of uncertain parameters setting in the model are comprehensively illustrated by a series of numerical experiments based on Turkish data set.

Managing ecosystem services in oleaginous forests for bioenergy provision and climate change mitigation

Oleaginous forests provide diverse ecosystem services, including timber, seed yield (a vital feedstock for biodiesel production), and substantial carbon savings. These carbon savings encompass carbon sequestration related to timber growth and carbon savings resulting from substituting fossil fuel with biodiesel. However, oleaginous forests are vulnerable to seed wasp attacks (disservice), which significantly threaten both seed yield and carbon savings. Using an integrated ecological-economic model that includes Faustmann's Land Expectation Value model and a pest damage control model, we aim to understand the intricate relationship among multiple ecosystem services and disservices of oleaginous forests. The results reveal four distinct phases contingent on varying pesticide application rates: the pesticide under-use phase, substitution phase, complementary phase, and over-use phase. Notably, a potential avenue to minimize pest damage is identified during the complementary phase by reducing the optimal rotation age at the expense of decreased carbon sequestration and bioenergy provision, posing a challenge to climate change mitigation. These findings have implications for formulating policies to manage conflicting ecosystem services of energy forests, offering valuable insights into the intersection of sustainable forest management and climate policy.

Make it real, make it useful! The impact of AR social experience on brand positivity and information sharing

PurposeThis study investigated the impact of the perceived Augmented Reality (AR) social experience of restaurant menus on two types of prosocial behaviors: brand positivity and brand information sharing.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts the expectancy-value model as a framework, drawing on the cognitive load, self-determination, and media richness theories. Using a sample of 879 participants from the United States, the research model was tested using structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe findings indicate that the social experience derived from using AR menus significantly predicts brand positivity and brand information sharing. The perceived usefulness of AR mediates this relationship. Moreover, AR reality congruence acts as a significant mediator between perceived AR social experience and brand positivity but not brand information sharing. The positive relationship between AR social experience, brand positivity, and brand information sharing is sequentially mediated by AR reality congruence and AR usefulness.Originality/valueThis groundbreaking research pioneers a fresh perspective, delving into the impact of AR social experiences on consumers' prosocial behaviors, specifically brand positivity and information sharing. Unravels intricate mechanisms, shedding light on how and under what circumstances AR social experiences foster positive behaviors within the dynamic realm of food services and restaurant settings. This study provides valuable insights for restaurant managers and marketers to leverage AR technology to create engaging and immersive customer-dining experiences, a concept that has not been thoroughly explored in previous studies.

Student-Perceived Supervisor Motivation and Grade Pressure as Predictors of German Psychology Students’ Thesis Motivation

Writing a final thesis is an important step for many students. Many thesis programs in research-oriented fields are structured as projects in which there is a one-to-one working relationship with a supervisor. In addition, the thesis’ final grade is often perceived as particularly important. This research uses a cross-sectional survey design ( N = 217) to assess student-perceived supervisor motivation and experienced grade pressure as predictors of student motivation when writing their thesis. Derived from expectancy-value models, valence, expectancy, and instrumentality towards achieving a good thesis grade as well as stress from the thesis work are assessed as mediating variables. The results indicate that, as hypothesized, high student-perceived supervisor motivation is associated with higher motivation components and less stress. Grade pressure is associated with higher valence, but also more stress. In turn, motivational components are positively and stress negatively associated with student motivation. The mediation analysis suggests a partially mediated positive effect of student-perceived supervisor motivation and a suppressed net zero effect of grade pressure on student motivation. Although this research cannot establish causality, the results suggest that motivating supervisors may improve student motivation in thesis writing significantly. Furthermore, the negative effects of high grade pressure may not extend to student motivation.

The relationships among metacognitive strategies, acculturation, learning attitude, perceived value, and continuance intention to use YouTube to learn English

Facing cultural globalization and technological transformation, students need to learn how to continuously utilize social media for English learning. Previous studies have focused on exploring the relationship among students’ attitudes toward learning tools or platforms, but have not discussed those correlations in the context of English learning via YouTube. Moreover, limited studies have investigated the continuance intention of students in Taiwan to use YouTube to learn English from the perspective of acculturation, drawing on the expectancy-value model. To address this gap, based on situated expectancy-value theory, this study examined the associations among metacognitive strategies (MS), acculturation, learning attitude (LA) toward English, perceived value (PV) of using YouTube to learn English, and continuance intention (CI) to use YouTube to learn English. A total of 230 data were obtained from students in Taiwan. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that MS and acculturation were positively related to LA and PV; LA was positively related to PV; and LA and PV were positively related to CI. The results offer instructors valuable insights on how to purposefully regulate their English teaching behaviours, and suggest that YouTube can play a role in helping individuals learn English.

Optimization of Communication Base Station Battery Configuration Considering Demand Transfer and Sleep Mechanism under Uncertain Interruption Duration

In the communication power supply field, base station interruptions may occur due to sudden natural disasters or unstable power supplies. This work studies the optimization of battery resource configurations to cope with the duration uncertainty of base station interruption. We mainly consider the demand transfer and sleep mechanism of the base station and establish a two-stage stochastic programming model to minimize battery configuration costs and operational costs. To transform the uncertainty expression in the first stage into a deterministic model, we design the K-Means-SAA algorithm to accelerate problem-solving and to compare it with the SAA algorithm. The case study results indicate that the proposed two-stage stochastic programming model can save 17.02% of the total cost compared to the expected value model. The proposed demand transfer and sleep mechanism can reduce the total cost by 41.92% compared to no mechanism. The results of numerical experiments and sensitivity analysis also verify the superiority of the designed algorithm in terms of running efficiency and solving time. Therefore, the model and algorithm proposed in this work provide valuable application guidance for large-scale base station configuration optimization of battery resources to cope with interruptions in practical scenarios.

Optimal decisions for selling on an online group buying platform in a competitive fuzzy game environment

Online group buying platforms (OGBPs) as a new form of e-commerce, offer a new channel for vendors to provide discounts on assorted services through promotion, and attract new customers with the opportunity to experience their services. This paper is conducted based on genuine issues observed in OGBPs where a vendor decides to advertise its service by offering a discount coupon on an OGBP. Accordingly, we propose a fuzzy, dual-channel supply chain, with one OGBP and one vendor who sells her/his service through both offline and online channels. Considering the cognitive uncertainty of parameters in a supply chain, all parameters of the problem are specified as fuzzy variables based on experts’ opinions. This paper develops a demand function of online customers depending on online and offline prices, sales period on the OGBP and vendor's credibility. The vendor's credibility is also affected by service level and advertisements. Furthermore, in the competitive OGB market, two game structures, i.e., a centralized model and a decentralized model called as OGBP-leader Stackelberg, are considered under different refunding and revenue sharing scenarios of unredeemed coupons. By comparing these scenarios, the purpose of this paper is to examine the optimal approach for OGBP’s pricing strategy and vendor’s decisions. Expected value models are developed to evaluate how members decide commission price, online price, service quality, and sales period of a service in each scenario. According to the results, the vendor or OGBP that provide a full refund to the customers maximizes the expected profits compared to No-refund policy; sharing the entire revenue from the coupons sales with the vendor increases the commission price. This increases the online price and reduces the quality, sales period and expected profits; the vendor's generosity, meaning providing a refund to customers and earning revenue from redeemed coupons, is in favor of both the vendor and OGBP; and we investigate the impact of quality and credibility factors under a fuzzy environment on optimal profits.

Well-being and academic attitudes among secondary school students living in a context of life-threatening collective violence in Northern Nigeria

Collective violence limits well-being and academic achievement among the millions of young people in low- and middle-income countries who are exposed to armed conflict, terrorism, harassment, kidnapping, and other forms of communal violence. Most past research has focused on survivors or witnesses, neglecting the much larger number of young people who live under the prolonged threat of violence. This study addressed this gap by applying the Situated Expectancy-Value Model of adolescent academic achievement. This informed predictions about the relationship between well-being and adolescents’ orientation to formal education in a context of collective violence in which schools are a special target. Over the past decade, Northern Nigeria has experienced recurring terrorist attacks and large-scale abductions of school students. Students attending public secondary schools in Northern Nigeria (n = 371; male = 45.6%, age range = 16–17; mean age = 16.7 years) completed three questionnaires that assessed four domains of well-being (body image, self-esteem, a positive social orientation, and positive emotions), the perceived value of academic learning, and two behaviours strongly related to academic achievement (persistence and engagement). Multiple regression analyses found that the four domains of well-being accounted for 70.5%, 87.3%, and 88.3% of variance in the perceived value of academic learning, academic persistence, and academic engagement, respectively. Subsequent analyses revealed that the associations between multi-dimensional well-being and both persistence and engagement were partially mediated by the perceived value of academic learning. In summary, although the observational research design precluded conclusions about the direction of effect in associations between the variables, the results are consistent with the interpretation that psychological well-being allows students to appreciate the value of academic learning, and this contributes to higher academic engagement and greater persistence on academic tasks.

Affecting Task Values, Costs, and Effort in University Mathematics Courses: the Role of Profession-Related Tasks on Motivational and Behavioral States

Expectancy-value models assume that task values play an important role in engaging successfully with the learning content. However, teacher education students in mathematics only value tasks that deal with university mathematics to a low degree. Offering students profession-related tasks that uncover the connection between university mathematics and school mathematics might help increase students’ value beliefs and effort and decrease costs. Based on Eccles and Wigfield’s (2020) situated expectancy-value theory and using a sample of 133 teacher education students, we investigate whether offering profession-related tasks affects task values, costs, and effort for students with different levels of interest in school mathematics. In a within-subject design, students rated their task values, costs, and effort to solve seven mathematical tasks from number theory, which were either a profession-related task or a regular task with equal demands regarding the intended mathematical activities. Students reported higher utility value for their professional life, higher intrinsic value, and lower costs regarding profession-related tasks. No main effects were found for students’ effort. However, students with a higher interest in school mathematics reported higher effort concerning profession-related tasks than regular tasks. On the theoretical level, our findings contribute to the discussion of the interplay between personal (i.e. interest) and task-specific factors (i.e. relation to future profession) for task values, costs, and effort in university mathematics. One important practical implication of our study is the recommendation to include profession-related tasks in university mathematics courses for teacher education students.

Cultural Adaptation of the Expectancy-Value-Cost Scale for Spanish-Speaking Students

The Expectancy-Value model has been extensively used to understand students' achievement motivation. However, recent studies propose the inclusion of cost as a separate construct from values, leading to the development of the Expectancy-Value-Cost model. This study aimed to adapt Kosovich et al.’s ( The Journal of Early Adolescence, 35, 5–6, 2015) instrument for assessing achievement motivation in science and math among Spanish-speaking students aged 9–12. The psychometric evaluation encompassed examining validity, reliability, and measurement invariance for gender. The findings support the applicability of the expectancy-value-cost model in elementary school students, providing a valid and reliable tool for assessing achievement motivation in the science and math domain. However, the findings for the measurement invariance for gender are less conclusive and warrant future psychometric evaluations. This study opens avenues for future research on achievement motivation in Spanish-speaking contexts and populations.

Investigating the Influence of Factors on Attitude Towards Organic Food

<p style="text-align:justify"><a name="_Toc90920138">The purpose of the study is to determine the relationships between the factors, attitude towards food consumption and green purchase intention in organic food markets of Pakistan. A Total of 301 sample data was analyzed by SPSS and PLS-SEM. These statistical techniques were used to test the hypotheses. </a>The study was supported the theories include theory of Reasoned Action, Planned Behavior, and expectancy-value model of attitude theory. It also enhances the intention of purchase to buy organic food. The study found that environment, consciousness of health, and safeties of food have significantly direct and indirect influence on Intention of purchase while, taste of food, and exposure of media only have significantly indirect effect on Intention of purchase. The study recommended that retailers should advertise organic food via social media or channels as media persuasively increase the chances to grab the consumer attention to buy the product.</p>

Expectancy-Value Motivation and Physical Activity- and Health-Related Outcomes among At-Risk Children and Adolescents

Despite a large amount of research having been done to examine and promote physical activity and health among adolescents and children, relatively little attention has been paid attention to underrepresented populations. In this study, we investigated the relationships between expectancy-value motivation and physical activity- and health-related outcomes among a group of at-risk boys at a summer sports camp. The total participants included 107 boys (Mage = 11.78 years, SD = 1.20). The boys’ perceived expectancy beliefs (EXP), importance (IMP), interest (INT), usefulness (USE), effort (EFT), and intention for future participation (IFP) were assessed using established questions on a five-point Likert scale, and a PACER test was performed to estimate their cardiovascular fitness (CVF). Through a path analysis, we found that EXP positively predicted CVF (β = 0.19, p < 0.01), IMP positively predicted EFT (β = 0.26, p < 0.01), and INT positively predicted both EFT (β = 0.34, p < 0.01) and IFP (β = 0.28, p < 0.01), while USE had no statistically significant effect on either EFT, IFP, or CVF. We discussed the limitations and implications of the present study. We recommend including a diverse sample and employing the expectancy-value model in future research, and advocating expectancy beliefs and task values, especially importance and interest, among participants during physical activity promotion.

Digital Innovation Piracy in Online Entertainment Media in Indonesia: Determinants of Individual Planned Behavior

Aims: The study aims to identify factors that influence individual planned behavior and digital piracy intentions, specifically related to entertainment platform piracy in Indonesia, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach to better understand piracy practices. This research was conducted in Indonesia, without being limited by geographical area.
 Place and Duration of Research: This research was conducted in Indonesia between January and March 2023.
 Methodology: The data in the research was obtained from an online survey of 200 respondents. In practice, this research uses a convenience sampling technique that will be applied to respondents via Google form using the SEM analysis type used in this research is Partial Least Square or PLS-SEM.
 Results: The results showed that the Theory of Planned Behavior factors in this study (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, perceived risk and moral obligation) have a positive and significant influence on digital piracy intention. The outcome expectation related to the expectancy-value model based on a belief, an attitude, an opinion, or an expectation could be positive of negative from an individual perspective according to the theory of planned behavior. The perceived benefits or the effectiveness of the individual planned behavior should be highlighted with reference to the reduction of negative outcomes or adverse externalities or consequences that can result from the enactment of the behavior. Decision-makers involved in digital piracy on entertainment platforms may consider the overall responsibility as an organisation and their responsibility towards individual behavior while “planning” or “engaging” in a policy of both “taking advantages of digital piracy” and favoring individual planned behavior.

Expected value model of microgrid economic dispatching considering wind power uncertainty

New energy microgrid is one of the development trends of the future power grid. As there are wind turbines and other new energy equipment in the microgrid, its output is easily affected by unstable weather factors. Moreover, the complexity of dispatching caused by the storage battery in the microgrid and the non-linear factors of the diesel generator have brought great challenges to the economic dispatching of the microgrid. To tackle these problems, this paper establishes the expected value model of microgrid economic dispatching considering the uncertainty of wind power generation and the factors such as battery and diesel generator and proves that this expected value model is convex. On this basis, the piecewise linearization method is proposed to find the global optimal solution of the economic dispatch. Finally, a representative microgrid is optimized to verify the effectiveness of expected value model.

Identification of beliefs determining wrong lane riding intentions among Vietnamese adolescent two-wheeled riders: An Expectancy-Value approach

Introduction: In Vietnam, road traffic crashes are one of the leading causes of death and serious injury in adolescents, especially in the 15–19-year age group. Wrong lane riding (WLR) is seen as the most common risky behavior of adolescent two-wheeled riders. This study (a) tested the expectancy-value model held to underpin the key determinants of behavioral intention (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control) as proposed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, and (b) identified appropriate targets for road safety interventions. Method: A cluster random sample of 200 adolescent two-wheeled riders in Ho Chi Minh City participated in a cross-sectional study designed to measure the variables of interest (i.e., behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, control beliefs, and intention towards wrong lane riding). Results: The results of hierarchical multiple regression lend clear support for the expectancy-value theory as an approach to model the different belief components behind the key determinants of behavioral intention. Conclusion: Road safety interventions aimed at reducing WLR among Vietnamese adolescent two-wheeled riders would best target both the cognitive and the affective components of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Interestingly, the sample investigated in this study is rather negatively predisposed toward WLR. Practical Applications: It is recommended to further strengthen and stabilize these safety-oriented beliefs, and to develop the required implementation intentions to guarantee that the appropriate goal intentions in terms of WLR are translated into action. More research is needed to see whether the commission of WLR can also be explained in function of a reactive pathway, or is exclusively under volitional control.

An Approximation Method for Variational Inequality with Uncertain Variables

In this paper, a Stieltjes integral approximation method for uncertain variational inequality problem (UVIP) is studied. Firstly, uncertain variables are introduced on the basis of variational inequality. Since the uncertain variables are based on nonadditive measures, there is usually no density function. Secondly, the expected value model of UVIP is established after the expected value is discretized by the Stieltjes integral. Furthermore, a gap function is constructed to transform UVIP into an uncertain constraint optimization problem, and the optimal value of the constraint problem is proved to be the solution of UVIP. Finally, the convergence of solutions of the Stieltjes integral discretization approximation problem is proved.

Achievement motivation in civics courses at vocational grammar schools

This article examines achievement motivation in connection with the political knowledge of upper secondary level pupils at german vocational grammar schools. The influence of achievement motivation in civic courses has been scarcely researched so far. In the expectancy-value model, expectations of success are important determinants of action in relation to academic achievements. Pupils’ expectations of success or failure in civics courses have a behaviour-regulating function. They influence pupils’ behaviour when learning about politics. In the cross-sectional survey of 470 pupils, results show lasting effects from an approach motivation (“hope of success”) and an avoidance motivation (“fear of failure”) studied. The data of this study confirmed the influence of achievement motivation in civics courses on the school-related political knowledge. While cultural capital makes no significant difference in the extent of the motivational constructs, a migrant background showed moderate but inconsistent effects and gender had clear negative effects for the girls. In this study, it was shown that based on the theoretical foundation described, the theory of domain-specific competency can be combined with the achievement motivation in Civics.

The relevance of nurses’ self-concept in the social exchange process: a serial mediation model

PurposeDrawing on social exchange theory and the expectancy–value model, this study has two objectives. First, it sought to explore the mediating role of nurses’ self-concept and affective commitment between perceived organizational support (POS) and three different targets (organization, co-workers and patients) of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Second, it aimed to develop a better understanding of how nurses´ self-concept and affective commitment mediate the influence of POS on OCB directed toward different targets through sequential mediation.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study was conducted with 229 nurses. This sample was representative of the nursing population based on several demographic characteristics. Data analysis was performed using partial least squares analysis.FindingsThe study revealed that nurses´ self-concept plays a mediating role between POS and OCB directed toward the organization, co-workers and patients, while affective commitment has a mediating effect between POS and OCB directed toward the organization and co-workers. Finally, the indirect influence of POS on OCB through nurses´ self-concept and affective commitment was significant only at the organizational level.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the extant literature by identifying the mediating role of nurses´ self-concept among social exchange constructs such as POS, affective commitment and OCB directed toward different targets.

A risk-based decision framework for policy analysis of societal pandemic effects.

In this article, we summarize our findings from an EU-supported project for policy analyses applied to pandemics such as Covid-19 (with the potential to be applied as well to other, similar hazards) while considering various mitigation levels and consequence sets under several criteria. It is based on our former development for handling imprecise information in risk trees and multi-criteria hierarchies using intervals and qualitative estimates. We shortly present the theoretical background and demonstrate how it can be used for systematic policy analyses. In our model, we use decision trees and multi-criteria hierarchies extended by belief distributions for weights, probabilities and values as well as combination rules to aggregate the background information in an extended expected value model, taking into criteria weights as well as probabilities and outcome values. We used the computer-supported tool DecideIT for the aggregate decision analysis under uncertainty. The framework has been applied in three countries: Botswana, Romania and Jordan, and extended for scenario-building during the third wave of the pandemic in Sweden, proving its feasibility in real-time policy-making for pandemic mitigation measures. This work resulted in a more fine-grained model for policy decision that is much more aligned to the societal needs in the future, either if the Covid-19 pandemic prevails or for the next pandemic or other society-wide hazardous emergencies.

Perceived and desired outcomes of urban coyote management methods

Abstract Coyote (Canis latrans) management becomes increasingly necessary as the species' range expands, but some methods may be controversial in urban landscapes. Understanding why the public considers certain methods acceptable may help decrease conflict between residents and wildlife managers. We surveyed 4000 registered voters in New Hanover County, North Carolina, to evaluate attitudes toward three coyote management methods: no management, public education and trap/euthanasia. We used the expectancy-value model and multinomial logistic regression models to determine which public beliefs and desires regarding outcomes of each coyote management method predicted acceptance of each method. Attitudes of respondents who accepted a method differed from those who rejected the method. Positive attitudes toward no management were influenced by outcomes involving a natural death for coyotes and family, pet and personal safety. Positive attitudes toward public education were influenced by outcomes involving family safety, public participation, fewer coyotes and for coyotes to avoid an inhumane death. Positive attitudes toward trap/euthanasia were influenced by outcomes for coyotes avoiding an unnatural and inhumane death, pet safety and public participation. Understanding the public's beliefs and desires regarding coyote management methods will help wildlife managers tailor public education programs, resolve controversies regarding alternative management methods and improve future wildlife management decisions.