Expansion Of Clinical Pharmacy Services Research Articles

Audit of serum drug concentration analysis for patients in the surgical intensive care unit

Serum drug concentration measurements can help the practitioner attain maximal therapeutic efficacy and minimal undesirable effects of certain medications. It is necessary, however, to obtain serum samples appropriately to assure that the result will provide useful information. In preparation for expansion of clinical pharmacy services to the surgical ICU, a study was performed to a) identify the drugs for which serum samples were requested and b) assess whether the results of the serum samples were being used appropriately to adjust doses. Currently, the pharmacy pharmacokinetics service routinely analyzes serum concentrations for antimicrobial agents, theophylline, and other drugs as requested. By the end of this year, we expect further expansion to include phenytoin, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, procainamide/NAPA, lidocaine, and digoxin.

Observational study of job satisfaction in hospital pharmacy technicians

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to job satisfaction of pharmacy technicians in two community hospitals were studied. A pharmacy student employed part-time as a pharmacy technician by one of the hospitals observed fellow technicians in a wide range of job activities for 22 months. In a second hospital, the same student conducted similar observations during one summer while posing as a social researcher. Both hospitals had technician training programs providing classroom instruction and on-the-job training. Data were gathered primarily from informal conversations with technicians and pharmacists and by recording activities through notetaking. Formal training programs, praise from pharmacists, opportunities to train other technicians, diversity of job activities, and autonomy in coordinating work with time demands were identified as factors contributing to job satisfaction of technicians. Negative aspects of the job that employers attempted to circumvent or clarify were the unchallenging nature of the work and the limited opportunities for advancement. Technicians' and pharmacists' attitudes toward job enrichment for technicians are discussed, and suggestions for improving technicians' intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction are provided. A reliable cadre of pharmacy technicians is necessary for further expansion of clinical pharmacy services under current hospital budgetary restraints. In addition to modifying job activities to promote technicians' intrinsic job satisfaction, pharmacy managers can improve extrinsic satisfaction by providing adequate salaries, job security, and flexible work schedules.