Expansion Of Citizenship Research Articles

Jus Sanguinis, “Effective Nationality” and Exclusion: Analysing Citizenship Deprivation in the UK

This article will analyse the use of genealogy in the context of race, place, and justice via the concepts of nationality/citizenship and cultural/national identity, including “imagined communities”. Analysis is undertaken through the legal concept of “jus sanguinis” and simultaneous differing interpretations of “citizen”, including the concept of “effective nationality”. The latter incorporates the Nottebohm principle “shared sentiments and interests” and is particularly relevant in “security situations. This article argues that “effective nationality” is indicative of the Anderson’s famous landmark study of nationalism, “Imagined Communities”. The legal concept of jus sanguinis draws upon genealogy: “A line of descent traced continuously from an ancestor”. However, the imagined communities to which someone perceives they belong, through ancestral lineage, or cultural, political or religious affinity are often highly contested cultural notions, not least in times of political unrest. This article will focus on the UK and show how liberal policies and criteria initially aimed at the expansion of citizenship have, in the 21st century, similarly enabled exclusion. However, I argue that the current exclusion process is the simultaneous use of jus sanguinis and cultural interpretations of “effective nationality” when applied to those who supported proscribed groups, for example ISIS in Syria. This paper uses legislation, media comment, and the legal case studies of Nottebohm and Shamima Begum.

Sociological Analysis of the Relationship between Active Citizenship and Religiosity

Gündelik hayat pratiklerinin önemli bir bölümünü yurttaşlık ilişkileri oluşturur. İnsanların yurttaşlık ilişkilerini sürdürürken ortaya koyduğu gündelik hayat pratikleri ile zihniyet yapılarından dolayısıyla da inanç dünyaları ve dindarlık durumlarından bağımsız değildir. Türkiye’de, Cumhuriyet dönemiyle birlikte somutlaşan ve hız kazanan demokratikleşme sürecinde aktif yurttaşlık her zamankinden daha fazla önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın genel amacı yetişkin bireylerin aktif yurttaşlık nitelik ve davranışları ile dindarlık düzeyli arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Bu kapsamda, katılımcıların yurttaşlık ilgileri, yurttaşlık katılım düzeyleri, karar verme süreçleri, bilgi kaynakları, yurttaşlıkla ilgili hak ve sorumluluk farkındalıkları, yurttaşlık öz-yeterlilikleri ile etkin yurttaşlık katılımcılığının önündeki sosyo-kültürel engelleri dindarlık durumu değişkeni açısından incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, nicel veri toplama tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, nicel veri toplama aracı olarak enlemesine tarama deseni kapsamında anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Anket sorularının araştırma durumunu ve soruların açıklığa kavuşturulmasını sağlayıp sağlamadığını test etmek amacıyla araştırmanın hedef katılımcıları üzerinde bir pilot çalışma yapılmıştır.

Participación política de la población afrodescendiente en los procesos de ciudadanización del estado del Cauca, 1853-1863

El presente artículo aborda las formas de participación de la población afrodescendiente en los procesos de construcción y ampliación de la ciudadanía en el estado del Cauca entre 1853-1863. El argumento central indica que los afrocaucanos, excluidos de la ciudadanía formal, participaron de los procesos de ciudadanización a través de reivindicaciones y demandas ciudadanas de tipo convencional y no-convencional. Esta población usósu capital social para salir de la sombra eincursionar en los asuntos públicos, así como disputar y configurar diversos caminos para la ciudadanización.

Authoritarian Governments and the Corrosion of the Social Protection Network in Brazil

Abstract What are the impacts of the austerity reforms on the social protection network and the legacy of Social Security, enshrined in the 1988 Constitution of Brazil? The hypothesis of this article is that Brazil’s recent political economy demonstrates the antinomy between financial capitalism and representative mass democracy, which results in the corrosion of social protection policies and the regulation of capital/labor relations. The political economy is immunized against democratic grassroots pressure in a clear dispute over public funds and the growing commodification and deregulation of lucrative private activities in the social protection arena. This movement is favored by the existence of a political and electoral system that perpetuates the various conservative elites in a reactionary coalition that hinders the progress achieved in the expansion of citizenship and economic, cultural and social rights. Through national and international studies, as well as the analysis of political measures, we seek to justify this hypothesis.

Fragmented citizenship in a religious-national democracy: homosexuals in Israel

Fragmented citizenship has been a concept describing a deficit in the rights granted to citizens, which may be subject to fluctuations. This paper suggests that the expansion of citizenship is connected to an ideational shift while fragmentation occurs when institutional structures and core values inhibit change in certain areas. The case under discussion is the status of homosexuals in Israel. The country has been described as a gay-friendly society where homosexuals enjoy a plethora of socio-economic rights on the one hand, but are denied marital rights on the other. Expansion of citizenship was made possible owing to a gradual process of liberalization and growing institutional receptivity. This however, did not conclude with the full social inclusion of Israeli homosexuals but rather with citizenship fragmentation. Granting full citizenship rights would have been incompatible with Jewish national core values backed by the institutional autonomy utilized by resistant veto actors.

A cidadania, o universalismo e a diferença

The contemporary debate on citizenship has been dominated by three theoretical currents: liberalism, communitarianism and republicanism. It reveals different ways of conceptualising citizenship and thus a diversity of proposals for the design and organization of political institutions. In this article we intend to grasp how these theories deal with the specific issue of difference and cultural diversity. The systematization of the debate was made with reference to four thematic axes: first, the relationship to be established between the public sphere and the private sphere; as a function of this joint, which identity prevails in the political community; thirdly, what is the role assigned to political participation; and, finally, the reflexes that citizenship may have on social cohesion of the political community. The existence of a core of common values and principles is essential to the stability and cohesion of the community, but it must be able to incorporate the difference in order to develop an identity that can be shared by various cultural and ethnic groups and thus prevent exclusion, marginalization and oppression. The best way to ensure quantitative and qualitative expansion of citizenship seems to be one that promotes the participation and involvement of individuals and groups in the process of (re)definition of common values and principles that ensure life together. This process also seems to involve moving away from rigid and dogmatic readings of the liberal principles and the refusal of non-liberal claims and principles, particularly those that question the freedom of individuals against the political power and social groups.

Social movements and global social change: the rising tide

1: Social Movements and Global Social Change 2: The New Republic 3: The Rise of the Republics 4: Dictatorship and Division in the Republics 5: The Democratization of the Republics 6: The Expansion of Citizenship in the United States 7: Persistent Inequalities 8: The Further Expansion of Citizenship 9: Social Movements and Global Social Change 10: Aspiring Social Movements 11: Altruistic Social Movements 12: Restrictionist Social Movements 13: Theories and Opportunities

Do público e do privado: uma perspectiva de género sobre uma dicotomia moderna

Neste texto propomos uma interpretação crítica da dicotomia histórica entre público e privado como dinâmica fundamental da modernidade. A partir de uma perspectiva de género, discutimos as fronteiras construídas entre espaço coletivo de cidadania e de sociabilidade e espaço individual de intimidade e desigualdade. Argumentamos a favor de uma relação de cumplicidade, ainda que tensa, entre as duas esferas, observando que a vida privada foi, em grande medida, moldada pelas mudanças operadas na vida pública. Recorrendo a diferentes definições de "público", notamos que, à medida que as sociabilidades tradicionais, essencialmente masculinas, estudadas entre outros por Ariès ou Sennett, sofriam uma erosão, crescia o sentimento de intimidade, aumentando igualmente a inclusão do privado no público através do alargamento da cidadania, em consequência das lutas travadas na esfera pública por vários movimentos de emancipação, como o operário ou o feminista. À medida que a pessoa era retirada da comunidade, do clã, do grupo de parentesco, em que eram "naturais" as desigualdades, no sentido aristotélico do termo, ia-se reencontrando progressivamente como indivíduo portador de cidadania. Se o espaço privado se tornou central na definição de uma identidade, ele é também crescentemente atravessado por mecanismos públicos de regulação. Nesse sentido, o movimento de ascensão do privado, que nas últimas décadas tem ocupado espaço de debate, deve ser cuidadosamente reinterpretado.

Local meanings and lived experiences of citizenship: voices from a women's organization in South Korea

This article examines how urban middle-class women in contemporary Korea understand the idea of citizenship and experience it in their lives. Focusing on the discourse of citizenship narrated by members of the People's Friendship Society (PFS), a leading women's organization with local branches, the article illuminates local meanings of citizenship and how gender and class inflect women's lived experiences of it. The analysis of the citizenship discourse shows the bottom-up process in the development of citizenship as a social status that binds individuals to a community. First, the PFS women's understanding of citizenship reveals the centrality, to citizenship, of their sense of belonging to a society where their lives are intermingled with those of others. Second, there is internal class differentiation among the PFS women in terms of how they relate to the category of citizen. Third, ambiguity shared by these women in their identification with citizen is intimately connected to the normalized view of private and public as oppositional spheres. On the basis of these findings, this article suggests that the expansion of citizenship to marginalized social groups, including but not limited to women, requires societal recognition of unpaid or underpaid reproductive labor as being critical to the maintenance of society.

Houses that Cry: Online Civic Participation in Post-Communist Romania

This essay explores the role of online communities and cyber-activism in fostering ‘real-life’ participation. It begins by revisiting a topic of controversy among citizenship studies scholars: the erosion vs. the expansion of citizenship and active participation instances in the past three decades. Arguably, participation in online communities is one of the most notable instances of reinventing active citizenship. While sceptics view the Internet and social capital as a contradiction in terms and deplore the waning of traditional communities, supporters of online participation emphasize the potential of the Internet to bring together people who would have otherwise never met in support of a cause. The second half of the essay will demonstrate that, in some cases, the actions of protest undertaken by online communities turn into “acts of citizenship” by challenging habitus, power and regulations (Isin, 2008). It will discuss the activity of Houses that Cry, a project created by architecture students in Bucharest in order to protect the architectural patrimony of the city. Their initiative can be considered an act of citizenship for two reasons: first, they shifted online protests from blogs and forums to the street, community and the media. Second, they transformed the protection of endangered historical buildings into a matter of public interest.

Desiring Citizenship: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Wells/Willard Controversy

The debate between Frances E. Willard (1839–1898) and Ida B. Wells (1862–1931) concerning the horrors of lynching in the 1890s was also, and I argue fundamentally, about the expansion of citizenship. A rhetorical analysis of this public argument, which spanned nearly a decade and took place before national and international audiences, offers a glimpse into how sexual desire, race, and gender functioned as mutually constitutive categories of identity in turn-of-the-century struggles for suffrage.

Democracia e participação na gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil

Este artigo aborda o fortalecimento do espaço público e a abertura da gestão pública à participação da sociedade civil na elaboração de suas políticas públicas. Trata, também, da sempre complexa e contraditória institucionalização de práticas inovadoras que marcam rupturas com a dinâmica predominante em áreas e setores da administração, especificamente na gestão ambiental. Apresenta uma reflexão focalizada na gestão pública compartilhada dos recursos hídricos no Brasil e nas transformações qualitativas na relação entre Estado e sociedade, como referências de inflexão e reforço das políticas públicas centradas na ampliação da cidadania. Assinala, nas conclusões, os impactos das práticas participativas, que, apesar de controversas, apontam para uma nova qualidade de vida, que abre novos espaços sociopolíticos e influencia qualitativamente na transformação do estado atual da gestão de recursos hídricos no Brasil.

Recasting citizenship: Introduction

The imposition of universal male conscription by the first French Republic in 1798 and the end of conscription by the Fifth French Republic, announced by French President Jacques Chirac in 1996, are major landmarks for the recasting of modern citizenship and the terrain covered by this collection.1 Covering over two centuries between 1780 and 1996, the essays focus on the changing structures of European citizenship-granting bodies as well as on the evolving characteristics of claim-making populations. In 1798, universal male conscription marked the culmination of the French republic's mobilization of its male citizens, the apogee of a dramatic expansion of citizenship rights won at the cost of vastly increased citizen responsibilities. In 1996, the proposed end of conscription in France (it had already been abolished in Belgium and scheduled for abolition in Holland) marked the fading away of the military rivalries that had made the continent a battlefield but also generated citizenship rights for both men and women. In fact, while overall European states were limiting access to citizenship, with the elimination of conscription, the basic state-building relationship of the revolutionary era was operating in reverse: states diminished responsibilities to recruit long-term resident migrants to citizenship. Given the aging of European populations, could such procedures indicate a new direction in the evolution of citizenship? At the same time, European states were facing new competition for citizens' loyalties. Western European states were members of a market-based European Union (EU) that brought sustained prosperity but little meaningful political participation. From Portugal, to Ireland, to Italy, a new Western European standard of living spread in the decades after World War II but, more recently, a new spirit of exclusionary nationalism has flourished in many EU nations. Could a new and deeper European union be built under such conditions?