Cell Expansion Research Articles

Reassessing Long-Term Cryopreservation Strategies for Improved Quality, Safety, and Clinical Use of Allogeneic Dermal Progenitor Cells

In regenerative medicine, ongoing advancements in cell culture techniques, including isolation, expansion, banking, and transport, are crucial for clinical success. Cryopreservation ensures off-the-freezer availability of living cells, enabling long-term storage and transport. Customizing cryopreservation techniques and cryoprotective agents (CPAs) for specific cell types is crucial for cell source quality, sustainability, safety, and therapeutic intervention efficiency. As regenerative medicine progresses, it becomes imperative that the scientific community and industry provide a comprehensive, cell-specific landscape of available and effective cryopreservation techniques, preventing trial-and-error approaches and unlocking the full potential of cell-based therapies. Open-sharing data could lead to safer, more efficient cell therapies and treatments. Two decades of dermal progenitor cell use for burn wound treatment and Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant technology transfers have highlighted the need for further cryopreservation optimization in manufacturing workflows. In this paper, we present experimental data assessing 5 different cryopreservation formulae for long-term storage of clinical-grade FE002 primary progenitor fibroblasts, emphasizing the crucial difference between DMSO-based and DMSO-free CPAs. Our findings suggest that CryoOx, a DMSO-free CPA, is a promising alternative yielding cell viability similar to that of established commercial CPAs. This research highlights the importance of secure, robust, and efficient cryopreservation techniques in cell banking for maximizing quality, ensuring patient safety, and advancing regenerative medicine.

Acute myeloid leukemia with mutated RUNX1 at the university hospitals of Strasbourg

RUNX1 is essential during human hematopoiesis. Numerous RUNX1 deregulations have been described, including translocations and germline or somatic mutations. Recurrent de novo RUNX1 mutations in acute myeloid leukemias (AML) prompted the creation of a provisional entity of AML with mutated RUNX1 in the 2016 WHO. In addition, recent genomic studies underlined rare AML patients with plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) expansion and high RUNX1 mutations frequency. To better characterized AML with RUNX1 mutations, we retrospectively investigated a cohort of 32 patients diagnosed at Strasbourg University Hospital. Detailed clinical and biological features were aggregated. The presence of a pDC contingent was assessed by cytology and flow cytometry. In our cohort, no common features were identified either in term of cytology, stage of leukemia arrest or mutational features. Based on our observations, mutated RUNX1 AMLs do not appear to be a distinct AML entity. The new 2022 WHO classification includes AML with mutated RUNX1 within AML myelodysplasia-related category. We also identified within our cohort a patient whose AML fulfilled AML-pDC criteria, a rare and newly included entity in the last WHO classification.

Unidirectional association of clonal hematopoiesis with atherosclerosis development

Clonal hematopoiesis, a condition in which acquired somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells lead to the outgrowth of a mutant hematopoietic clone, is associated with a higher risk of hematological cancer and a growing list of nonhematological disorders, most notably atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular disease. However, whether accelerated atherosclerosis is a cause or a consequence of clonal hematopoiesis remains a matter of debate. Some studies support a direct contribution of certain clonal hematopoiesis-related mutations to atherosclerosis via exacerbation of inflammatory responses, whereas others suggest that clonal hematopoiesis is a symptom rather than a cause of atherosclerosis, as atherosclerosis or related traits may accelerate the expansion of mutant hematopoietic clones. Here we combine high-sensitivity DNA sequencing in blood and noninvasive vascular imaging to investigate the interplay between clonal hematopoiesis and atherosclerosis in a longitudinal cohort of healthy middle-aged individuals. We found that the presence of a clonal hematopoiesis-related mutation confers an increased risk of developing de novo femoral atherosclerosis over a 6-year period, whereas neither the presence nor the extent of atherosclerosis affects mutant cell expansion during this timeframe. These findings indicate that clonal hematopoiesis unidirectionally promotes atherosclerosis, which should help translate the growing understanding of this condition into strategies for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in individuals exhibiting clonal hematopoiesis.

Fitting to magnetic forces improves the reliability of magnetic Moment Tensor Potentials

We developed a method for fitting machine-learning interatomic potentials with magnetic degrees of freedom, namely, magnetic Moment Tensor Potentials (mMTP). The main feature of our method consists in fitting mMTP to magnetic forces (negative derivatives of energies with respect to magnetic moments) as obtained spin-polarized density functional theory calculations. We test our method on the bcc Fe–Al system with different compositions. Specifically, we calculate formation energies, equilibrium lattice parameter, and total cell magnetization. Our findings demonstrate an accurate correspondence between the values calculated with mMTP and those obtained by DFT at zero temperature. Additionally, using molecular dynamics, we estimate the finite-temperature lattice parameter and capture the cell expansion as was previously revealed in experiment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that fitting to magnetic forces increases the reliability of structure relaxation (or, equilibration), in the sense of ensuring that every relaxation run ends up with a successfully relaxed structure (the failure may otherwise be caused by falsely driving a configuration away from the region covered in the training set).

Chemical-free fabrication of silk fibroin microspheres with silk I structure

Silk fibroin (SF) microspheres show bright prospects for biomedical applications, such as microcarriers, drug delivery, tumor embolization agents, and microscaffolds. However, the chemistry-independent preparation of SF microspheres, which is critical to biomedical applications, has been challenging. In this study, the SF microspheres with silk I crystal type were generated by using electrostatic spraying and freezing-induced assembly. The SF solution was sprayed into liquid nitrogen to form frozen microspheres with tunable size. Annealing can crystallize frozen SF to form silk I crystal type, providing a green approach to harvest water-insoluble microspheres. The SF microspheres can retain a monolithic shape in water for up to 30 days, while having a 77 % degradation ratio in PBS in 14 days, showing high stability in water and rapid degradation under physiological conditions. The biomedical application prospects of the silk I microspheres were demonstrated by cell culture and small molecule drugs (doxorubicin). The microspheres can support the growth and expansion of mammalian cells, and provide a sustainable release for DOX with 10 days. This strategy offers a green approach that avoids the use of organic solvents and cross-linkers for designing SF microsphere biomaterials.

Nanoparticles targeting immune checkpoint protein VISTA induce potent antitumor immunity

BackgroundImmune checkpoint protein V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) controls antitumor immunity and is a valuable target for cancer immunotherapy. Previous mechanistic studies have indicated that VISTA impairs...

Modulation of antigen delivery and lymph node activation in non-human primates by saponin adjuvant SMNP.

Saponin-based vaccine adjuvants are potent in preclinical animal models and humans, but their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, using a stabilized HIV envelope trimer immunogen, we carried out studies in non-human primates (NHPs) comparing the most common clinical adjuvant alum with Saponin/MPLA Nanoparticles (SMNP), a novel ISCOMs-like adjuvant. SMNP elicited substantially stronger humoral immune responses than alum, including 7-fold higher peak antigen-specific germinal center B cell responses, 18-fold higher autologous neutralizing antibody titers, and higher levels of antigen-specific plasma and memory B cells. PET-CT imaging in live NHPs showed that, unlike alum, SMNP promoted rapid antigen accumulation in both proximal and distal lymph nodes (LNs). SMNP also induced strong type I interferon transcriptional signatures, expansion of innate immune cells, and increased antigen presenting cell activation in LNs. These findings indicate that SMNP promotes multiple facets of the early immune response relevant for enhanced immunity to vaccination.

Distinctive small molecules blend: Promotes lacrimal gland epithelial cell proliferation in vitro and accelerates lacrimal gland injury repair in vivo

PurposeThis study aims to develop a novel serum-free culture strategy containing only two small molecules, Y27632 and SB431542 (2C), for in vitro expansion of mouse lacrimal gland epithelial cells (LGECs) and investigate an innovative therapeutic approach for lacrimal gland (LG) injury. MethodsLGECs proliferative capacity was assessed by cell counting, crystal violet staining, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Cell differentiation was achieved by manipulating culture conditions and assessed by qRT-PCR and AQP5 immunofluorescence. LGECs were seeded in Matrigel for three-dimensional culture and assessed by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Secretory function of the cultures was assayed by ELISA. In vivo, 2C injection verified its reparative capacity in a mouse LG injury model. Corneal fluorescein staining, phenol red cotton thread, H&E, immunofluorescence and Western blot were used to assess LG injury repair. ResultsLGECs cultured with 2C exhibited high expression of stemness/proliferation markers and maintained morphology and proliferative capacity even after the tenth passage. Removal of 2C was efficacious in achieving LGECs differentiation, characterized by the increased AQP5 expression and LTF secretion. 3D spheroids cultured with 2C demonstrated differentiation potential, forming microglandular structures containing multiple LG cell types with secretory functions after 2C removal. In vivo, 2C improved the structural integrity and function of the injured LG. ConclusionsWe present a small molecule combination, 2C, that promotes LGECs expansion and differentiation in vitro and accelerates LG injury repair in vivo. This approach has potential applications for providing a stable source of seed cells for tissue engineering applications, providing new sights for LG-related diseases treatment.

Physiological roles of Arabidopsis MCA1 and MCA2 based on their dynamic expression patterns

Determining the mechanisms by which plants sense and respond to mechanical stimuli is crucial for unraveling the detailed processes by which plants grow and develop. Mechanosensitive (MS) channels, including MCA1 and its paralog MCA2 in Arabidopsis thaliana, may be essential for these processes. Although significant progress has been made in elucidating the physiological roles of MS channels, comprehensive insights into their expression dynamics remain elusive. Here, we summarize recent advancements and new data on the spatiotemporal expression patterns of the MCA1 and MCA2 genes, revealing their involvement in various developmental processes. Then, we describe findings from our study, in which the expression profiles of MCA1 and MCA2 were characterized in different plant organs at various developmental stages through histochemical analyses and semiquantitative RT‒PCR. Our findings revealed that MCA1 and MCA2 are preferentially expressed in young tissues, suggesting their pivotal roles in processes such as cell division, expansion, and mechanosensing. Lastly, we discuss the differential expression patterns observed in reproductive organs and trichomes, hinting at their specialized functions in response to mechanical cues. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the dynamic expression patterns of MCA1 and MCA2, paving the way for future research on the precise roles of these genes in planta.

Genetic Evidence of SpGH9A3 in Leaf Morphology Variation of Spathiphyllum 'Mojo'.

Leaves play a crucial role as ornamental organs in Spathiphyllum, exhibiting distinct differences across various Spathiphyllum varieties. Leaf development is intricately linked to processes of cell proliferation and expansion, with cell morphology often regulated by plant cell walls, primarily composed of cellulose. Alterations in cellulose content can impact cell morphology, subsequently influencing the overall shape of plant organs. Although cellulases have been shown to affect cellulose levels in plant cells, genetic evidence linking them to the regulation of leaf shape remains limited. This study took the leaves of Spathiphyllum 'Mojo' and its somatic variants as the research objects. We screened four cellulase gene family members from the transcriptome and then measured the leaf cellulose content, cellulase activity, and expression levels of cellulase-related genes. Correlation analysis pinpointed the gene SpGH9A3 as closely associated with leaf shape variations in the mutant. Green fluorescent fusion protein assays revealed that the SpGH9A3 protein was localized to the cell membrane. Notably, the expression of the SpGH9A3 gene in mutant leaves peaked during the early spread stage, resulting in smaller overall leaf size and reduced cellulose content upon overexpression in Arabidopsis.

Indole-3-aldehyde Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Gut Barrier Disruption by Increasing Intestinal Stem Cell Expansion.

High-fat diet (HFD) feeding is known to cause intestinal barrier disruption, thereby triggering severe intestinal inflammatory disease. Indole-3-aldehyde (IAld) has emerged as a potential candidate for mitigating inflammatory responses and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. However, the role of IAld in the HFD-related intestinal disruption remains unclear. In this study, 48 7 week-old male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to four groups: the normal chow diet (NCD) group received a NCD; the HFD group was fed an HFD; the HFD + IAld200 group was supplemented with 200 mg/kg IAld in the HFD; and the HFD + IAld600 group was supplemented with 600 mg/kg IAld in the HFD. The results showed that dietary IAld supplementation ameliorated fat accumulation and metabolic disorders, which are associated with reduced intestinal permeability. This reduction potentially led to decreased systemic inflammation and enhanced intestinal barrier function in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, we found that IAld promoted intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHRs) in vivo and ex vivo. These findings suggest that IAld restores the HFD-induced intestinal barrier disruption by promoting AHR-mediated ISC proliferation.

B-cell intrinsic RANK signaling cooperates with TCL1 to induce lineage-dependent B-cell transformation

B-cell malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM), remain incurable, with MM particularly prone to relapse. Our study introduces a novel mouse model with active RANK signaling and the TCL1 oncogene, displaying both CLL and MM phenotypes. In younger mice, TCL1 and RANK expression expands CLL-like B1-lymphocytes, while MM originates from B2-cells, becoming predominant in later stages and leading to severe disease progression and mortality. The induced MM mimics human disease, exhibiting features like clonal plasma cell expansion, paraproteinemia, anemia, and kidney and bone failure, as well as critical immunosurveillance strategies that promote a tumor-supportive microenvironment. This research elucidates the differential impacts of RANK activation in B1- and B2-cells and underscores the distinct roles of single versus combined oncogenes in B-cell malignancies. We also demonstrate that human MM cells express RANK and that inhibiting RANK signaling can reduce MM progression in a xenotransplantation model. Our study provides a rationale for further investigating the effects of RANK signaling in B-cell transformation and the shaping of a tumor-promoting microenvironment.

Next-generation BCMA-targeted chimeric antigen receptor CARTemis-1: the impact of manufacturing procedure on CAR T-cell features.

CAR therapy targeting BCMA is under investigation as treatment for multiple myeloma. However, given the lack of plateau in most studies, pursuing more effective alternatives is imperative. We present the preclinical and clinical validation of a new optimized anti-BCMA CAR (CARTemis-1). In addition, we explored how the manufacturing process could impact CAR-T cell product quality and fitness. CARTemis-1 optimizations were evaluated at the preclinical level both, in vitro and in vivo. CARTemis-1 generation was validated under GMP conditions, studying the dynamics of the immunophenotype from leukapheresis to final product. Here, we studied the impact of the manufacturing process on CAR-T cells to define optimal cell culture protocol and expansion time to increase product fitness. Two different versions of CARTemis-1 with different spacers were compared. The longer version showed increased cytotoxicity. The incorporation of the safety-gene EGFRt into the CARTemis-1 structure can be used as a monitoring marker. CARTemis-1 showed no inhibition by soluble BCMA and presents potent antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. Expansion with IL-2 or IL-7/IL-15 was compared, revealing greater proliferation, less differentiation, and less exhaustion with IL-7/IL-15. Three consecutive batches of CARTemis-1 were produced under GMP guidelines meeting all the required specifications. CARTemis-1 cells manufactured under GMP conditions showed increased memory subpopulations, reduced exhaustion markers and selective antitumor efficacy against MM cell lines and primary myeloma cells. The optimal release time points for obtaining the best fit product were > 6 and < 10 days (days 8-10). CARTemis-1 has been rationally designed to increase antitumor efficacy, overcome sBCMA inhibition, and incorporate the expression of a safety-gene. The generation of CARTemis-1 was successfully validated under GMP standards. A phase I/II clinical trial for patients with multiple myeloma will be conducted (EuCT number 2022-503063-15-00).

Heparan Sulfate-Collagen Surface Multilayers Support Serum-Free Microcarrier Culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

The increasing cost of high-volume cultures and dependence on serum and growth factor supplementation limit the affordability of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapies. This has spurred interest in developing strategies that support adherent cell expansion while reducing raw material costs. Culture surfaces coated with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), specifically heparan sulfate (HS), are an alternative to prolong growth factor retention in cell cultures. Unlike heparin, recombinant HS (rHS) offers strong binding affinity for multiple growth factors and extracellular matrix components, such as collagen I, without undesirable anticoagulant effects or xenobiotic health risks. The potential of rHS as a factor reservoir in MSC cultures remains underexplored. This study investigated the impact of rHS on the growth and anti-inflammatory properties of undifferentiated bone marrow MSCs in both planar and microcarrier-based cultures. It was hypothesized that rHS would enable MSC growth with minimal growth factor supplementation in a sulfation level-dependent manner. Cell culture surfaces were assembled via the layer-by-layer (LbL) method, combining alternating collagen I (COL) and rHS. These bilayers support cell adhesion and enable the incorporation of distinct sulfation levels on the culture surface. Examination of pro-mitogenic FGF and immunostimulatory IFN-γ release dynamics confirmed prolonged availability and sulfate level dependencies. Sulfated surfaces supported cell growth in low serum (2% FBS) and serum-free (SF) media at levels equivalent to standard culture conditions. Cell growth on rHS-coated surfaces in SF was comparable to that on heparin-coated surfaces and commercial surface-coated microcarriers in low serum. These growth benefits were observed in both planar and microcarrier (μCs) cultures. Additionally, rHS surfaces reduced β-galactosidase expression relative to uncoated surfaces, delaying cell senescence. Multivariate analysis of cytokines in conditioned media indicated that rHS-containing surfaces enhanced cytokine levels relative to uncoated surfaces during IFN-γ stimulation and correlated with decreased pro-inflammatory macrophage activity. Overall, utilizing highly sulfated rHS with COL reduces the need for exogenous growth factors and effectively supports MSC growth and anti-inflammatory potency on planar and microcarrier surfaces under minimal factor supplementation.

Response of Auxin, Carbohydrate and Lignin Metabolism to Habitat during the Development of Ginseng Taproot

Panax ginseng taproot serves as a crucial storage organ and constitutes a significant component of Chinese herbal medicine. In China, ginseng is cultivated using two primary methods: under-forest planting and farmland planting. These methods create distinct habitats that notably influence the morphology of ginseng taproots. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms governing ginseng taproot expansion remain to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to delineate the patterns of ginseng taproot expansion by examining taproots transplanted into farmland (TCG) and forest environments (TLCG and TQCG). Our findings indicate that light intensity and soil available potassium levels in TCG plots significantly exceed those in TLCG and TQCG plots. Compared with TLCG and TQCG, the taproot diameter of TCG increased by 11.54% and 27.73%, respectively. At the same time, combined with the microstructure of the transverse section of the taproot, it showed that the expansion of the TCG taproot was closely related to cell expansion. During TCG taproot expansion, there was an increase in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content, significant starch accumulation, and a decrease in lignin content. By analyzing the expression of key genes, we found that compared with TLCG and TQCG, the expression of genes PgTPS1 and PgALDH1 was upregulated, and the expression of genes PgHCT1, PgPAL3, PgPER3, and PgPER51 were downregulated in TCG taproot. Additionally, the transcription factors PgARF18.1 and PgbHLH42 were identified as responsive to habitat changes, playing pivotal roles in taproot expansion. In conclusion, this study provides foundational insights into the regulatory mechanisms of ginseng taproot expansion, offering significant implications for enhancing the quality and value of ginseng.

Apical cell expansion maintained by Dusky-like establishes a scaffold for corneal lens morphogenesis.

The Drosophila corneal lens is entirely composed of chitin and other apical extracellular matrix components, and it is not known how it acquires the biconvex shape that enables it to focus light onto the retina. We show here that the zona pellucida domain-containing protein Dusky-like is essential for normal corneal lens morphogenesis. Dusky-like transiently localizes to the expanded apical surfaces of the corneal lens-secreting cells and prevents them from undergoing apical constriction and apicobasal contraction. Dusky-like also controls the arrangement of two other zona pellucida domain proteins, Dumpy and Piopio, external to the developing corneal lens. Loss of either dusky-like or dumpy delays chitin accumulation and disrupts the outer surface of the corneal lens. We find that artificially inducing apical constriction by activating myosin contraction is sufficient to similarly alter chitin deposition and corneal lens morphology. These results demonstrate the importance of cell shape in controlling the morphogenesis of overlying apical extracellular matrix structures such as the corneal lens.

Analysis of the morphology of Sus scrofa domesticus oocyte-cumulus complexes exposed to low and ultra-low temperatures

Relevance. The priority task of reproductive technologies in animal husbandry is the development of effective storage protocols for female gametes. One way to preserve gametes is vitrification, which reduces damage to intracellular organelles by increasing viscosity upon cooling and minimizing crystallization.Methods. Various additives to cryoprotectants are used for optimization. In our work, titanium tetrapolyethylene glycolate was used in a 10-fold molar excess of polyethylene glycol (TTPEG*10PEG), the nature of the effect of which on cells was studied during short-term storage at low (5 °С) and ultra-low temperatures (-196 °С).The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the morphology of gametes and somatic cells (cumulus) of ovarian follicles of pigs after exposure to low and ultra-low temperatures (vitrification) when included in the TTPEG*10PEG low-temperature storage and vitrification protocol.Results. Exposure to TTPEG*10PEG at 5 °С caused an increase in the level of oocytes with subsequent morphological degenerations in points with control (from 13% to 5%, р = 0.005). After vitrification with TTPEG*10PEG: the level of gametes with low cumulus cells expansion increased to 35% in terms of the proportion of control gametes (23%); the proportion of denudated gametes was reduced to 50% compared to the control 65% (р &lt; 0.05); the level of morphologically degenerated gametes corresponded to that of native oocytes (8% each) and was lower than in the control (17%), р &lt; 0.005. The obtained data indicate the protective and cryoprotective effects of TTPEG*10PEG at a concentration of 2%, which suggests the possibility of its use in the technology of intraovarian vitrification of female reproductive cells.

High-throughput analysis of topographical cues for the expansion of murine pluripotent stem cells

The expansion of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs)in vitroremains a critical barrier to their use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biochemical methods for PSC expansion are known to produce heterogeneous cell populations with varying states of pluripotency and are cost-intensive, hindering their clinical translation. Engineering biomaterials to physically control PSC fate offers an alternative approach. Surface or substrate topography is a promising design parameter for engineering biomaterials. Topographical cues have been shown to elicit profound effects on stem cell differentiation and proliferation. Previous reports have shown isotropic substrate topographies to be promising in expanding PSCs. However, the optimal feature to promote PSC proliferation and the pluripotent state has not yet been determined. In this work, the MultiARChitecture (MARC) plate is developed to conduct a high-throughput analysis of topographical cues in a 96-well plate format. The MARC plate is a reproducible and customizable platform for the analysis of multiple topographical patterns and features and is compatible with both microscopic assays and molecular biology techniques. The MARC plate is used to evaluate the expression of pluripotency markersOct4, Nanog, andSox2and the differentiation markerLmnAas well as the proliferation of murine embryonic stem (mES) cells. Our systematic analyses identified three topographical patterns that maintain pluripotency in mES cells after multiple passages: 1µm pillars (1µm spacing, square arrangement), 2µm wells (c-c (x, y) = 4, 4µm), and 5µm pillars (c-c (x, y) = 7.5, 7.5µm). This study represents a step towards developing a biomaterial platform for controlled murine PSC expansion.

MTORC1 mediates the expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells through ribosome biogenesis protein Urb2 in zebrafish

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) serves as the key sensor to control protein synthesis, cell growth, and survival. Despite mTOR is reported to regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) engraftment and multiple-lineage hematopoiesis in mice, the roles of unique mTOR complexes (mTORCs) in early HSPC development and HSPC pool formation have not been adequately elucidated. Here, we uncover that mTORC1 is essential for early HSPC expansion in zebrafish. mTORC1 signaling was highly activated in definitive HSPCs during the emerging and expanding stages. Pharmacological or genetic inactivation of mTORC1 would cause defective HSPC expansion and migration due to disrupted cell proliferation. Interestingly, mTORC2 is dispensable for early HSPC development. Ribosome biogenesis protein Urb2 was downregulated upon mTORC1 inhibition, and urb2 overexpression partially rescued the hematopoietic defects in mTORC1-deficient embryos. These data demonstrate that mTORC1 signaling regulates early HSPC expansion through Urb2, and this work will deepen our understanding of mTOR in different physiological processes.

Abstract 24: Granulocytes to Induce Donor-Derived T Cell Expansion after T Replete, Mismatched CB in Post-Transplant Relapsed and Refractory Paediatric Acute Leukaemia: Results of Grans Trial

Abstract 24: Granulocytes to Induce Donor-Derived T Cell Expansion after T Replete, Mismatched CB in Post-Transplant Relapsed and Refractory Paediatric Acute Leukaemia: Results of Grans Trial