Exotic Carps Research Articles

Evaluation of production performance in carp polyculture with different stocking densities and species combinations

Experiments were conducted in eight ponds of 0.08 ha each for a period of 6 months to evaluate the production performance combinations of Indian major carps and exotic carps at varied stocking densities and species. The four different treatments evaluated were stocking densities of 5000 and 10 000 fingerlings/ha with three Indian major carps (catla, rohu, mrigal) and combination of three Indian major carps with three exotic carp species (silver carp, grass carp and common carp) in replicate ponds. The mean net production levels recorded in different treatments were 1791 kg/ha, 2385 kg/ha, 2532 kg/ha and 3472 kg/ha in 6 months in treatments with three species combinations at 5000/ha, six species at 5000/ha, three species at 10 000/ha and six species at 10 000/ha, respectively. Correspondingly, the mean growth, survival and feed conversion ratios recorded in four treatments were 432 g, 84.7% and 1.49; 567 g, 86.2% and 1.47; 318 g, 82.1% and 1.69; and 444 g, 80.4% and 1.67, respectively.

Effect of pig dung on water quality and polyculture of carp species during winter and summer

Theeffect of pig dung, as pond manure [at 18 and 36 tha−1 yr−1] and as fish feed ingredient[replacing traditional diet composed of solvent extracted rice bran and mustardcake (1:1) at 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels], was observed on water quality, pondproductivity and survival and growth of carp in polyculture system during winter(12–18 °C) and summer (18–36 °C)months. The studies on water quality parameters viz pH, dissolved oxygen andalkalinity revealed that pig dung even at higher levels (both as manure and /oras feed ingredient) did not deteriorate the quality of water, as all the waterparameters remained within the optimum ranges required for carps. The nutrient(phosphates and nitrates) status of water was significantly better in pondsreceiving pig dung as pond manure at 36 tha−1 yr−1. Pond productivity in terms ofplankton production (phyto and zooplankton) was also significantly higher innutrient rich water (36 tha−1 yr−1) both during winter andsummer. Further, in all the ponds (including control) phytoplankton levels weresignificantly higher during winter and zooplankton was higher during summer. Thestudies revealed 100% survival of all the fish species in all the treatments.During winter, the growth of carp was higher in treatments where pig dung wasused as feed ingredient (at 25% level), whereas during summer growth was higherwhere pig dung was used either as pond manure and/or as feed ingredient (athigher levels). Further, among carps, the growth of Indian major carps vizCatla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinamrigala was higher during summer and that of exotic carps vizCyprinus carpio and Ctenophayrengodonidella was higher during winter.

Introduction and present status of exotic carp in Africa

Introduction and present status of exotic carp in Africa

Introduction and present status of exotic carp in Africa

This paper presents a review of all introductions of various carp species: Common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.), but also major Chinese and Indian carp into Africa. The historical background of the present situation of carp culture is provided for 16 African countries. This contribution shows that, despite important efforts at aquaculture and fisheries development, carp production remains at a very low level except in Egypt. Various consequences of carp introductions are also discussed.

Growth response of indigenous and exotic carp species to different protein sources in pelleted feeds

Growth response of indigenous and exotic carp species to different protein sources in pelleted feeds

Growth response of indigenous and exotic carp species to different protein sources in pelleted feeds

Three indigenous carp species, Catla catla (Ham.), Labeo rohita (Ham.) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), and two exotic carp species, Cyprinus carpio L. and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), were stocked together at a total density of 6000 fish ha-1 in the ratio of 11:22:14:14:11, respectively. Three pelleted feeds, maize gluten (MG), cotton seed (CS) and fish meal (FM), were fed at 5% of the body weight of fish per day. The crude protein content of each feed was different. Growth rates for exotic species were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on all feeds than growth of indigenous species. The best growth for both exotic and indigenous carps was achieved on fish meal. Supplemental feeds made from locally available materials can enhance fish culture in Pakistan.

Bioactive forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the brain of an Indian major carp,Catla catla (Ham.)

Two forms of biologically active gonadotropin releasing hormones were isolated from the hypothalami ofCatla catla. Gonadotropin releasing hormone activity was studiedin vitro using enzymatically dispersed carp pituitary cell incubation system. Gonadotropin released into the medium was measured by carp gonadotropin-radio immuno assay. Acetic acid extracted hypothalamic material was subjected to acetone fractionation. Among the three protein pellets obtained at different time periods (ACI, ACII and ACIII), AC II exhibited the gonadotropin releasing hormone activity. Gel filtration of AC II through Sephadex G-25 column showed three protein peaks (SG I, SG II SGIII) and only S G II demonstrated strong gonadotropin releasing hormone activity. Elution of SG II through FPLC Mono Q column (an anion exchanger) in NaCl gradient programme showed one unadsorbed (MQ I) and three adsorbed (MQ II, MQ III and MQ IV) protein peaks. MQ III, which was eluted with 51% NaCl, exhibited gonadotropin releasing hormone activity. Surprisingly, unadsorbed fractions, MQ I, also showed gonadotropin releasing hormone activity. MQ 1 was therefore subjected to FPLC Mono S (a cation exchanger) column chromatography where a highly active gonadotropin releasing hormone enriched peak, i.e., MS III, could be eluted with 45% NaCl. These findings show thatCatla catla hypothalamus has two forms of gonadotropin releasing hormones one anionic (carp gonadotropin releasing hormone I) and another cationic (carp gonadotropin releasing hormone II). These two forms of gonadotropin releasing hormones were also active in heterologous carp species, rohu(Labeo rohita), mrigal(Cirrhinus mrigala) and an exotic common carp(Cyprinus carpio). Combined activity of two forms of gonadotropin releasing hormones was significantly greater as compared to any of the single form.

Induced spawning techniques practised at Batu Berendam, Melaka, Malaysia

Techniques of induced spawning as practised at Batu Berendam, Melaka, were developed from 1974 to 1986. Early attempts using salmon gonadotropin SG-G100 were found to be effective but very expensive. Alternatively, the technique of hypophysation, that is, injection of either homoplastic or heteroplastic pituitary gland extract, was adopted. Freshly prepared or acetone-pre-served pituitary extracts from mature bighead and silver carp were administered to bighead and silver carp spawners; the extracts were found to be effective and 30 times cheaper than SG-G100. In addition, the use of acetone-dried common carp pituitary extract produced more consistent results. Using this technique, we were able to induce spawning in local as well as exotic carps. More refined human chorionic gonadotropin administered with homoplastic or heteroplastic pituitary extract proved to be equally effective on local as well as exotic carps and catfish. Some of the dosages have been standardized, in particular for bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, local carp, Leptobarbus hoevenii, and striped catfish, Pangasius sutchi. The most recent development is the effective administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog to P. sutchi, either singly or in combination with homoplastic pituitary extract.

Introduction and cage culture of exotic carps and their impact on fish harvested in Lake Begnas, Nepal

The suitability of exotic carps namely Aristichthys nobilis (Bighead carp), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver carp), Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Grass carp), Cyprinus carpio (Common carp) and Labeo rohita (Rohu) in a sub-tropical lake was evaluated. The impact of their introduction on native fishes was also studied. After the introduction and cage culture of exotic carps the total harvest reached 92 kg·ha−1; an increase of 266% within eight years. The planktivorous bighead and silver carps were most successful. The harvest of the other three species was poor. Since the introduction of exotic carp the harvest of indigenous fishes declined by 42%. Considering the food habits of these fish, further stocking should be limited to bighead and silver carps to limit the adverse effects on the indigenous species.

Urceolariid ciliates of the genus Tripartiella invading gills of freshwater cultured carps in India

Summary Urceolariid ciliates of the genus Tripartiella have been found parasitising the gills of cultured Indian and exotic carps. The paper gives the detailed structures and measurements, affinities, seasonal incidence and pathogenicity of three ciliates viz., Tripartiella copiosa Lom from Labeo rohita and Gyprinus carpio, Tripartiella bulbosa( Davis ) from Cirrhinus mrigala and Catla catla and Tripartiella obtusa from Ctenopharyngodon idella. T. copiosa and T. obtusa are recorded for the first time from India.

Determination of the Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) and the safe Concentration for Certain Aquatic Pollutants

Abstract— The 96 h TL50 values, the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) and the safe concentrations were determined for various aquatic pollutants, viz. thiotox, chlordane, metasystox, dichlorvos, sevin and carbofuran (pesticides), phenol, pentachlorophenol and dinitrophenol (phenolic compounds), cadmium chloride and copper sulphate (heavy metal), swascofix P14, swanic 6 L and swascol 1P (synthetic detergent) using the larvae (the most sensitive stage of the life cycle) of Cyprinus carpio, a fresh water exotic carp.— The estimated MATC ranged between 0.009 and 400 μg/1 for all the pollutants;— the calculated value of the application factor (AF) ranged between 0.0096 and 0.0978.— The safe concentrations were determined for each pollutant by the lowest value of application factor worked out in the present investigation;— safe concentrations were also worked out by different formulae given by different workers. The values obtained were compared with the safe concentrations value worked out by the authors of the present study.

Sensitivity of Four Species of Carp to Selected Fish Toxicants

Abstract Methods may be needed for controlling the four species of exotic carps now in the United States—common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bighead carp (Aristichthyes nobilis), and silver carp (Hypopthalmichthyes molitrix). We determined the toxicity of four registered or candidate fish toxicants to the carps and delineated the toxicity of GD-174 (2-[digeranylamino]-ethanol) to the four species under various conditions of temperature, water hardness, and pH. The 96-hour LC 50's ranged from 0.570 to 1.00 ppb for antimycin, 1.5 to 9.35 ppb for Salicylanilide I, 0.05 to 0.08 ppm for Noxfish, and 0.05 to 0.55 ppm for GD-174. Toxicity of GD-174 to the four species was little affected by variations in water temperature and water hardness, but was increased at higher pH's. All of the test compounds were toxic to the four species; GD-174 was more toxic to common carp than to the others.

Experiments on rearing exotic carp fingerlings in composite fish culture in India

The results of four field experiments on rearing fry to fingerlings of mainly exotic carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cyprinus carpio var. communis conducted for three- and six-month periods during 1971–1975 are presented. In one experiment Labeo rohita, an indigenous species was also introduced as a compatible species. Fry were stocked at densities of 200 000 and 250 000 per hectare in the three-month period and at 100 000 and 250 000 per hectare in the six-month period. Under pond fertilization and supplementary feeding a high percentage of fingerling survival was recorded; the aggregate percentages ranging between 71.50 and 91.16 in the three-month period and 61.26 and 89.03 in the six-month period.

Parasitic Diseases of Exotic Carp in Bangladesh

Five exotic carp species viz. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cyprinus carpio var. specularis, Cyprinus idellus, Cyprinus carpio var. communis and Puntius gonionotus were examined for parasitic diseases out of which 793 fishes were infected by 3 protozoan (Trichodina sp., Ichthyophthirius sp. and Chilodonella sp.), 2 monogenean (Gyrodactylus sp., Dactylogyrus sp.), 2 trematoda (Gorgotrema sp., Metadena sp.), 4 cestoda (Rhopalothyrax sp., Marsipometra sp., Lytocestus sp. and Senga sp.), 2 nematoda (Camallanus sp., Procamallanus sp.), 3 crustacean (Argulus sp., Alitropus sp. and Lamproglena sp.) and 1 insect (Dipteran larvae) parasitic species. These parasites were isolated from body slime, gills and intestine of the infected fishes. In general species wise parasitic average prevalence was highest in Argulus sp. (20.07%) in H. molitrix and lowest in Metadena sp. (2.85%) in C. carpio var. communis. Average abundance was highest in Argulus sp. (0.70) in H. molitrix and lowest was in Lamproglena sp. (0.04) in C. carpio var. communis. Average mean density was highest in Chilodonella sp. (10.00) in C. carpio var. specularis and lowest in Procamallanus sp. (2.08) in C. carpio var. communis. Key words: Parasites, diseases, exotic carp. DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1469 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&amp;2), 127-134, June 2007

Effect of inorganic fertilizer on the fish growth and production in polyculture system of Bangladesh

A study was carried out on the optimal dose of inorganic fertilizer used in carp polyculture system over a period of 10 months. Three treatments were assigned: without inorganic fertilizer, with the application of 100 kg/ha/month inorganic fertilizer and 150 kg/ha/month inorganic fertilizer as T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Each treatment had three replications. The selected indigenous carp species were Rui (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), and exotic carp species were silver carp (Hypophthalamichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and thai sarpunti (Barbodes gonionotus). The average water area of the experimental ponds was 0.11±0.01 ha and average depth of water in all ponds was 1.26 m. The treatments showed no effect on water temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and pH. The fish production was significantly higher (P&gt;0.05) in both the treatments T2 and T3 than that of T1 where no inorganic fertilizer was used. But there was no significant difference between T2 and T3 and T2 was with lower dose inorganic fertilizer (100 kg/ha/month) than T3. Therefore, 100 kg/ha/month inorganic fertilizers may be suggested in carp polyculture system for better production. &#x0D; &#x0D; Key words: Inorganic fertilizer, optimal dose, Polyculture, Fish production. &#x0D; &#x0D; Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 26, 2007. pp. 77-80

Health condition of juvenile exotic carp Cyprinus carpio from various fish farms of Mymensingh area, Bangladesh

Clinical and histopathological studies were carried out with juvenile common carp (C. carpio) from a Government fish farm and a NGO fish farm in Mymensingh area for a period of 9 months from April 2005 to December 2005. Clinically red spots, scale loss, weak body, hemorrhage and subcutaneous lesion were noticed especially during November and December. A moderate pathological change in the investigated organs of all fishes were recorded in summer season (April-May), whereas in rainy season (June-July) pathological symptoms were significantly reduced which was again increased to some extent in the autumn season (August-September). However, marked pathological changes such as necrosis, protozoan cyst, bacterial colony, vacuum, melanomacrophase, hemorrhage, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and clubbing were recorded in all the investigated organs like skin, muscle, gill, liver and kidney in the months of October, November and December. Among the affected organs gills were more affected with the presence of numerous protozoan cysts followed by skin, liver and the less affected organ was the muscle. Clinically and histopathologically juvenile common carp of Government fish farm were more affected compare to NGO fish farm especially in colder moths of the year.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v1i4.9732 IJNS 2011 1(4): 77-81