Exogenous Enzyme Supplementation Research Articles

Impact of mashing protocol on the formation of fermentable sugars from millet in gluten-free brewing

The production of fermentable sugars (FS) in gluten-free (GF) brewing is hindered by the high starch gelatinization temperatures of GF malts and lower diastatic power compared to barley malt. Our previous work has demonstrated that starch gelatinization was the primary hurdle, and when decoupled from a single mash phase, high concentrations of FS could be produced. However, more research was required to improve the applicability of GF brewing. In this study, millet was used as a model GF malt demonstrating that despite the low α-amylase and β-amylase activities compared to barley malt ∼ 90 % of the FS (∼110 g/L) could be produced within 40 min. Limitations to enzyme extraction and separation due to coarse milling and lautering initially limited FS by ∼ 30 g/L, requiring additional processing or exogenous enzyme supplements that improved fermentable sugar generation by ∼ 20 g/L. Overall, millet is a promising brewing ingredient, provided appropriate mashing procedures are implemented.

Arazyme in combination with dietary carbohydrolases influences odor emission and gut microbiome in growing-finishing pigs

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing feed with arazyme and dietary carbohydrolases derived from invertebrate gut-associated symbionts on the noxious gas emissions, gut microbiota, and host-microbiome interactions of pigs. Here, 270 and 260 growing pigs were assigned to control and treatment groups, respectively. The tested feed additives contained a mixture of arazyme (2,500,000 Unit/kg) and synergetic enzymes, xylanase (200,000 Unit/kg) and mannanase (200,000 Unit/kg), derived from insect gut-associated symbionts in a 7.5:1:1 ratio. The control group was fed a basal diet and the treatment group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1 % enzyme mixture (v/v) for 2 months. Odorous gases were monitored in ventilated air from tested houses. Fecal samples were collected from steel plate under the cage at the completion of the experiment to determine chemical composition, odor emissions, and bacterial communities. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of NH3 (22.5 vs. 11.2 ppm; P < 0.05), H2S (7.35 vs. 3.74 ppm; P < 0.05), trimethylamine (TMA) (0.066 vs. 0.001 ppm; P < 0.05), and p-cresol (0.004 ppm vs. 0 ppm; P < 0.05) at 56 d in treatment group compared with the control group. Moreover, fecal analysis results showed that exogenous enzyme supplementation caused a reduction in VFAs and indole content with approximately >60 % and 72.7 %, respectively. The result of gas emission analysis showed that NH3 (9.9 vs. 5.3 ppm; P < 0.05) and H2S (5.8 vs. 4.1 ppm; P < 0.05) were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared to the control group. The gut microbiota of the treatment group differed significantly from that of the control group, and the treatment group altered predicted metabolic pathways, including sulfur and nitrogen related metabolism, urea degradation. The results demonstrated that supplementing feed with arazyme with dietary carbohydrolases effectively controls noxious gas emissions and improves health and meat quality of pigs.

Rapeseed meal processing and dietary enzymes modulate excreta inositol phosphate profile, nutrient availability, and production performance of broiler chickens

This study aimed to assess the effect of rapeseed meal (RSM) processing method, where solvent extraction occurred under standard industry conditions (ST) or cold-pressed hexane extraction was employed (MT), and exogenous enzyme supplementation (phytase [PHY] and xylanase [XYL]) alone or in combination on key nutritional factors of broiler chickens. A randomized control experiment was performed using 144 male Ross 308 broilers in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Three diets including a nutritionally complete wheat-based basal diet (BD), a diet containing 200 g/kg of RSM extracted under ST and another diet containing 200 g/kg of RSM extracted under MT were produced. Each diet was then split into 4 parts and was fed as is, or supplemented with PHY at 1,500 FTU/kg or XYL at 16,000 BXU/kg, alone or in combination, resulting in 12 diets in total. Response criteria: feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), from 7 to 21 d age, AMEn, retention coefficients for dry matter (DMR), nitrogen (NR), fat (FR), and the profile of inositol phosphate esters (IP2-6) and myo-inositol (MI) in excreta. Diets containing MT had higher AMEn compared to ST diets (P < 0.05). There was RSM by PHY interaction for FI, as only birds fed MT diet responded to PHY supplementation with reduced FI and FCR (P < 0.001). Feeding XYL reduced overall FI and FCR (P < 0.05). Feeding PHY reduced IP6 and increased MI in excreta (P < 0.001). Feeding XYL and PHY in combination reduced MI in excreta compared to PHY only (P = 0.05). Compared to BD, birds fed RSM diets had an increased IP6 (P < 0.05) and MI concentration in excreta (P < 0.01). This may be due to IP ester differences in RSM and BD.

Xylanase Supplementation in Wheat-Based Diets of Laying Hens Affects the Egg Yolk Color, Carotenoid and Fatty Acid Profiles.

Wheat is rich in non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and their degradation in poultry diets is promoted by exogenous carbohydrases. The objective here was to evaluate the effect of adding an intrinsically thermostable xylanase on wheat-based diets for laying hens in yolk color, carotenoid and fatty acid profiles of eggs. A total of 128 laying hens were used for 12 weeks. They were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments with different levels of xylanase: T1: control (no xylanase), T2: 30,000 U/g, T3: 45,000 U/g and T4: 90,000 U/g, with 32 birds, 16 replicates per treatment (2 birds/replicate). At the end of the experimental period, egg yolk color index, redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) of egg yolks were found significantly higher in all the enzyme supplemented diet groups (T2, T3, T4) compared with the control (T1). Canthaxanthin levels were significantly higher in T3 than T1 (p < 0.05). Total n-3, n-6 and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) were significantly higher in T4 compared with the control (p < 0.01), while the reverse trend was evidenced for monounsaturated FAs. Additionally, total n-3 FAs were higher in the T2 than T1 (p < 0.005). Overall, the results showed that exogenous xylanase enzyme supplementation in wheat-based diets for laying hens contribute to maintaining egg yolk color. Overall, exogenous xylanase enzyme supplemented at all levels in wheat-based laying hens’ diets improved egg yolk color compared to the control diet. The enzyme supplemented at the higher level (90,000 U/g) improved polyunsaturated and reduced monounsaturated egg yolk fatty acid content.

Effect of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes Supplementation or Functional Feed Additives on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Chemically Pre-Treated Sunflower Heads

This study aims to provide possible utilization of sunflower head byproduct (SFH) as a feedstuff by implementing chemical pretreatments (4% sodium hydroxide (SFHNaOH) or 4% urea (SFHurea) and supplementation with either exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) or functional feed additive (FFA). The experimental EFE was a complex (1:1, v/v) of two enzyme products with high activity of β-1,3-1,4-glucanase and endo-1,4-β-D-xylanase and applied at 0 (SFHout), 1, 2, 5, and 10 µL/ gdry matter, while FFA was a fermentation byproduct rich in cellulase and xylanase activities, applied at 0 (SFHout), 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/g DM. SFHurea had the highest (p &lt; 0.05) crude protein (CP) content compared to other SFH substrates. Linear enhancements (p &lt; 0.05) in kinetics of gas production (GP), metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations were observed for all SFH substrates supplemented with EFE. The SFHout had the highest (p &lt; 0.05) potential GP, maximum rate (Rmax) of GP, ME, OMD and SCFAs. Supplementation of EFE was more pronounced than FFA in affecting the kinetic parameters of in vitro GP for all SFH substrates. SFHout supplemented with EFE seems to be the most promising substrate to enhance microbial fermentation in vitro.

Effect of enzymes by substitution of corn with wheat on growth performance and digestibility of broilers

Substitution of corn with wheat associated with its variable energy content and detrimental effect on broiler performance. In a case of high-cost yellow corn, several feed producers are choosing to replace yellow corn with other ingredients like wheat, barley or sorghum. The predominant Non Starch Polysaccharides (NSP) in wheat are the pentosans (arabinixylans). Nonstarch polysaccharides create a viscous environment in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens thereby interfering with the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Broilers lack endogenous enzymes to degrade arbino-xylans of wheat. Supplementation of exogenous feed grade enzymes to the cereal based diets improve the performance of broilers. Enzyme supplementation of chicken cereals based diets has resulted in improved starch and nitrogen digestibility as well as improved absorption of starch, amino acids and lipids. Supplemental enzymes such as β-glucanase, xylanase, protease and amylase break the polymeric chains of NSP into smaller pieces, thereby improving their nutritional value. The study concluded that the supplementation of NSP-degrading enzymes in wheat-based diet improve growth performance, ileal viscosity and gastric passage rate in broiler chickens.

Effect of dietary incorporation of Chlorella vulgaris and CAZyme supplementation on the hepatic proteome of finishing pigs

The combination of several factors, including an increase in world population and living standards in developing countries and world dependency on conventional crop imports drive a search for alternative feedstuffs for poultry and pig diets. This would reduce the environmental impact associated with the foreseeable increase in the demand for animal products. One of such alternatives are microalgae, a diverse group of aquatic organisms with interesting nutritional properties. Chlorella vulgaris is a green microalga with a crude protein content comparable to that of soybean meal. However, its recalcitrant cell wall prevents it from being used as a nutrient source in monogastric diets. CAZyme supplementation is a putative strategy to increase its nutritional value, aiming at disrupting the cell wall and make intracellular nutrients available for digestion. The impact of these dietary strategies on the hepatic metabolism is currently unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hepatic proteome of pigs fed with 5% C. vulgaris with or without CAZyme supplementation. Microalga inclusion has affected lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. CAZyme supplementation has caused higher oxidative stress in the liver, possibly caused by the higher digestive availability and consequent hepatic oxidation of fatty acids. SignificanceC. vulgaris, a microalga, is a novel feedstuff that is an alternative to conventional crops such as maize and soybean meal. Its recalcitrant cell wall may cause antinutritional effects when included in monogastric diets. This can be prevented by using exogenous enzyme supplementation, namely CAZymes, aimed at degrading this cell wall during digestion. Liver proteomics was used to identify the impact of these diets in finishing pig metabolism.

Molecular cloning and characterization of GLUT2 from pompano (Trachinotus ovatus), and its gene expression in response to exogenous enzymes supplementation in high carbohydrate diet

Glucose transport across membranes mediated by glucose transporter protein (GLUTs) is a momentous process in tissue glucose metabolism and blood glucose regulation. In this experiment, the glucose transporter 2 of pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (ToGLUT2) was cloned and identified. A 56-day breeding experiment was performed to study the effects of exogenous enzymes supplementation in high carbohydrate diets on the mRNA expression of ToGLUT2. The pompano (38.50 ± 0.50 g) used in this experiment were fed five diets (46% protein, 5.8% lipid), one of which was the control group (non-enzyme) and the remaining four groups were supplemented with four kinds of exogenous enzymes (amylase, glucoamylase, pullulanase and complex enzymes). The experimental results showed that the cDNA full length of 2280 bp, a 3′-UTR of 610 bp, a 5′-UTR of 32 bp, an open reading frame of 1638 bp, and a polypeptide of 546 amino acids are characteristic of ToGLUT2 (GenBank accession No: MK649830). Analysis of the phylogenetic tree revealed that the highest similarity was found between ToGLUT2 and Dicentrarchus labrax GLUT2. The results of qRT-PCR showed that ToGLUT2 gene was ubiquitously observed among tissues tested and was expressed at the highest level in the liver, closely followed by the intestine and brain. However, the poorest expression of ToGLUT2 was detected in the muscle, kidney and heart; the findings indicated that the glucokinase (GK) and 6-phosphofructo kinase − 1 (PFK-1) activities were significantly highest in the high carbohydrate group (H) (P < 0.05), followed by the amylase group (A) (P < 0.05), and finally the complex enzymes group (C) (P < 0.05); to respects of digestive enzymes, the intestinal amylase (AMS) in the amylase group (A) was not significantly difference compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P > 0.05), and was significantly lower in all other groups (P < 0.05). The trypsin (TRP) in the complex enzymes group (C) was significantly highest compared to the high carbohydrate group (H), followed by the amylase group (A), and finally in the glucoamylase group (G). The lipase (LPS) was significantly highest in the amylase group (A) compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P < 0.05), while it was significantly lower in the glucoamylase (G) and pullulanse groups (P) (P < 0.05), with no significant difference in the complex enzyme group (C) (P > 0.05). Hence, the activity of digestive enzymes can be improved by the addition of carbohydrase in feed; in terms of serum biochemical parameters, there was no significant difference in glucose concentration for all treatment groups (P > 0.05). Insulin concentration was not significant difference in the pullulanase group (P) compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P > 0.05), while it was significantly lower in all other groups (P < 0.05). Liver glycogen in the amylase group (A), glucoamylase group (G) and pullulanase group (P) was significantly higher compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P < 0.05), with no significant difference in the complex enzyme group (C) (P > 0.05). Muscle glycogen was not significantly different in the glucoamylase group (G) compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P > 0.05), while it was significantly lower in all other groups (P < 0.05); GLUT2 mRNA expression from liver and muscle was significantly up-regulated in the glucoamylase group (G) compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P < 0.05), while it was significantly lowest in the pullulanase group (P) and the complex enzyme group (C) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, GLUT2 from pompano showed the typical structure of glucose transporter protein family with high sequence homology with other species, which could improve the utilization of enhanced carbohydrates; the addition of carbohydrase to the high carbohydrate diet had different degrees of impacts on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, glucose metabolism and GLUT2 gene expression of pompano trevally, especially the glucoamylase group, which could significantly improve the utilization of carbohydrate.

Effect of supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on milk yield and composition in early lactating crossbred dairy cows

A study was conducted to examine the effect of supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) carboxymethylcellulase (CMC) and xylanase (Xy) on milk yield and composition in early lactating crossbred dairy cows fed on total mixed ration (TMR). Fifteen cows within ten days of calving were selected from University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme (ULF &amp; FRDS), Mannuthy and were randomly divided into three groups. The animals were fed with isonitrogenous TMR (3.5 per cent of body weight) for a period of 90 days and the dietary treatments included; T1 offered with the control diet (TDN - 60 per cent, CP - 13 per cent), T2 offered with control diet supplemented with EFE (CMC 3500 units/kg and Xy 16000 units/kg), and T3 given a diet lower in TDN (TDN - 55 per cent) supplemented with EFE (CMC 3500 units/kg and Xy 16000 units/kg).The results of the study revealed that milk yield remained unaffected (p&gt;0.05) with dietary treatments. Milk composition also remained similar, except for milk urea nitrogen which was lower (p&lt;0.05) in enzyme supplemented groups. Thus, it could be inferred that EFE supplementation in cows during early lactation is more beneficial in diets with low TDN since the milk yield and milk composition of cows fed with TMR having low TDN supplemented with EFE had comparable values with those offered with TMR having higher TDN.

Dietary Fiber in Poultry Nutrition in the Light of Past, Present, and Future Research Perspective: A Review

Dietary fibers (DF) largely represent carbohydrate polymers of plant origin which are able to escape endogenous enzymatic digestion in the small intestine of non-ruminant hosts like poultry. Traditionally, DF was considered as nutrient diluent, and as an anti-nutritional factor. Dietary fibers, however, have been shown to positively influence digestive system, immune function, microbiota, and also poultry behavior. After the ban of antibiotics and antibiotic growth promoters in many countries, nutritional strategies to meet the genetic potential of poultry breeds have been extensively investigated. Furthermore, increase use of unconventional or alternative feed resources to reduce the feed cost and human food competition have made the DF topic more interesting as such products are generally rich in fiber; therefore can alter the poultry performance. Thus, to produce poultry sustainably and eco-friendly, DF has to be carefully managed in poultry which further requires sound knowledge on feed formulation, source of fiber, type, subtype, form, inclusion rate, and other managerial aspects like exogenous enzyme supplementation. To sum up, this review paper has critically analyzed the dietary fiber related issues including positive and negative sides of DF in modern day’s poultry nutrition. Finally, gaps in previous researches have been also identified and future direction has been suggested to better understand the topic considering therapeutic role of DF in poultry health.

Effect of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on growth performance and nutrient utilization in Surti goat kids fed legume straw-based diet

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (EFE) supplementation on growth and nutrient utilization in Surti goat kids for a period of 90 days. Eighteen kids (4 to 5 months of age, 7.41±0.61 body weight) were allotted to three treatments (6 each), as control (T1) and supplemented (T2 and T3). The kids were fed roughages comprising green Napier hybrid and dry legume straws (Pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan) with required amount of concentrate to fulfil the nutrient requirements. Supplementation of EFE was carried out in T2 and T3 @ 1.0 lakh and 1.5 lakh IU each of cellulase and xylanase per kg dry matter intake per animal per day, respectively. Nutrient intake was comparable; however the nutrient digestibilities of nutrients and fibre fractions were improved (p<0.05) on enzyme supplementation. Nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus was positively balanced; however levels were similar (p>0.05) among the treatments. Total body weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio was significantly (p<0.05) improved in T2 and T3. Increase (p<0.01) in the concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, total N and trichloroacetic acid precipitable nitrogen was observed on enzyme supplementation. Blood biochemical characters showed an increase in glucose and total protein values with decrease in serum urea level in T2 and T3, while triglycerides and cholesterol were comparable. Daily feed cost was higher (p<0.05) on supplementation but economic efficiency (Rs./kg gain) was not affected. Thus, it was concluded that supplementation of EFE improved the digestibility of nutrients, growth and feed conversion ratio without affecting feed intake and economics of feeding.

Supplementation of exogenous β-mannanase to low-protein diets improves feed conversion efficiency in lactating dairy cows

Context Supplementation of exogenous enzymes has been used to improve nutrient utilisation and reduce environmental impacts of excess nutrient release to the environment in swine, poultry and, to a lesser extent, ruminant production systems. Aims We aimed to determine effects of supplementation with a fibrolytic enzyme, β-mannanase, on feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and milk yield in cows fed a diet relatively low in crude protein (CP) concentration. Methods Twelve mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows producing 40.5 ± 3.6 kg milk/day were assigned to three dietary treatments in a three-period crossover design. Treatment sequences were balanced using 3 × 3 Latin squares to mitigate possible carryover effects. Treatments, fed in a total mixed ration, were high CP (16.1%), low CP (14.6%), and low CP supplemented with commercially available β-mannanase at 0.1% of concentrate dry matter (DM). Key results β-Mannanase supplementation did not affect DM intake, milk yield, or milk component yield and composition. Milk urea-nitrogen was significantly lower in cows fed diets with low CP. Somatic cell counts were reduced in cows supplemented with β-mannanase compared with the other treatments. Apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter, CP, acid and neutral detergent fibre, starch and ash were unaffected by treatment. Cows receiving β-mannanase showed better FCE than those receiving high CP (13.4% improvement, P = 0.003) or unsupplemented low CP (11.0% improvement). Cows receiving β-mannanase used dietary CP more efficiently to synthesise milk protein than cows receiving high CP (milk protein:CP intake, 0.34 vs 0.30). Nitrogen intake was significantly reduced in the low CP treatments, leading to reduced fecal and urinary nitrogen excretions. Conclusion β-Mannanase supplementation at 0.1% of dietary DM improved FCE and lowered somatic cell counts of dairy cows without affecting milk yield or component yield and composition, while reducing nitrogen excretion. There were potential daily savings of US$1.03/cow compared with a high CP diet. Implications Improvement in FCE can be achieved along with reduced dietary CP content and somatic cell counts without compromising milk production through use of β-mannanase, suggesting a potential economic benefit. Furthermore, reductions in nitrogen excretions with low CP diets are beneficial to the environment.

β-Mannanase Supplementation as an Eco-Friendly Feed Strategy to Reduce the Environmental Impacts of Pig and Poultry Feeding Programs.

Little is still known about the environmental impacts of exogenous enzyme supplementation in pig and poultry feeding programs. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential environmental impacts of producing feeds for pigs and broilers by simulating the effects of β-mannanase Hemicell™ HT supplementation through energy savings during diet formulation. Life-cycle assessment standards were applied to simulate a cradle-to-feed mill gate scope. The functional units used were the production of 1 kg of the enzyme and 1 kg of feed at a feed mill gate located in Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Climate change, eutrophication, and acidification were the chosen environmental impact categories. Energy savings through β-mannanase supplementation were assessed by different metabolizable energy (ME) matrices (45 or 90 kcal of ME/kg of feed) during diet formulation in different grain production scenarios (Southern and/or Central-West origin). A total of 28 feeds were formulated based on the nutritional requirements and feeding programs described in the Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine. The least-cost formulation method was used based on real price averages practiced in a local industry over 12 months. The production of 1 kg of β-mannanase was associated with the emission of 1,800 g of CO2-eq, 4.53 g of PO4-eq, and 7.89 g of SO2-eq. For pig feeds, β-mannanase supplementation mitigated both climate change and eutrophication impacts up to 8.5 and 1.4% (45 kcal of ME/kg of feed) or up to 16.2 and 2.7% (90 kcal of ME/kg of feed) compared to control diets formulated without the enzyme. For broiler feeds, these impacts were mitigated up to 5.6 and 1.1% (45 kcal of ME/kg of feed), respectively. On the other hand, the effect of using β-mannanase on the acidification impact was not consistent among feeds/species. Overall, β-mannanase supplementation reduced the amount of soybean oil in feed formulas, which is associated with high environmental impacts. Consequently, the potential impacts of climate change and eutrophication associated with producing feeds for pigs and broilers were substantially mitigated. These results suggest that β-mannanase supplementation is an eco-friendly feed strategy to reduce the environmental impacts of pig and poultry feeding programs.

Effects of potato peels inclusion with exogenous enzymes in broiler diet on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and carcass characteristics.

The purpose of the research was to investigate the effects of including potato peels (PP) in broilers diet with exogenous enzymes supplementation on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), nutrient digestibility and carcass parameters. For this purpose, five iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous rations were formulated with different levels of PP (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%). Experimental diets were supplemented with a blend of exogenous enzymes (Xylanase, Mannanase, Protease, Cellulase). A total of four hundred male broiler chicks (day old) of 38 ± 3 gram were randomly distributed into 5 experimental groups in such a way that each group had 8 replicates and each replicate had 10 birds. Results revealed that the inclusion of PP @ 5% with exogenous enzymes had similar FI, BWG and nutrients digestibility with control. However, the inclusion of P @ of 10, 15, and 20% with exogenous enzymes in the broiler diet adversely affected the BWG, feed conversion ratio and nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05). Results of carcass parameters were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatments. Based on findings, it is concluded that 5% addition of PP with exogenous enzymes could be practiced in broiler diet without any adverse effect on the performance of commercial broilers.

51-Year-Old Man With Ascites and Abdominal Pain

51-Year-Old Man With Ascites and Abdominal Pain

In vitro Comparison of Pancreatic Enzyme Preparations Available in the Indian Market

PurposePancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) involves exogenous enzyme supplementation and is used in the treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Clinical efficacy of PERT preparations is a function of physical properties and release kinetics that vary between commercially available products. In this study, we evaluated the physical properties, in vitro dissolution, and release kinetics of commercially available pancreatic enzyme preparations available in the Indian market.MethodsPhysical properties such as particle size distribution and water content of the capsules were measured by dynamic light scattering and Karl–Fischer titration method, respectively. An analytical procedure based on the European pharmacopoeia (EP) method was used to determine lipase activity, and a modified United States pharmacopoeia (USP)–based method was used for dissolution studies. Enzyme release was ascertained under gastroduodenal conditions in buffered media.ResultsConsiderable variations in physical properties such as particle size and water content were observed between pancreatic enzyme preparations. Some preparations failed to meet the labeled lipase content as per USP standards (>90% label claim) and showed inconsistent release behavior (>5% relative standard deviation).ConclusionDifferences exist between pancreatic enzyme preparations in terms of physical properties, dissolution, and release behavior that can affect their clinical efficacy. The present study suggests, therefore, that these preparations should not be used interchangeably.

PSVI-5 Effects of Feeding Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (cDDGS) Diets with and Without Supplemental Enzymes on Growth Performance of Pigs: A Meta-analysis

Abstract A literature review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of dietary energy system (NE or ME), oil content of cDDGS, diet inclusion levels, and pig age on growth performance in pigs fed cDDGS-based diets. The mean differences (MD) of ADG, ADFI, and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were calculated and expressed as a percentage change relative to feeding corn-soybean meal (CSB)- and cDDGS-based diets to nursery (BW &amp;lt; 25kg) and growing-finishing (BW &amp;gt; 25kg) pigs. In addition, MD were determined in CSB- and cDDGS-based diets to determine the effects of supplementation of various types of exogenous enzymes with or without phytase on growth performance. A total of 27 studies with 106 growth performance observations were included in the non-enzyme supplemented dataset, and 36 studies with 84 observations for enzyme responses in CSB and cDDGS diets were in the enzyme dataset. Feeding the cDDGS diets resulted in decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) the MD of ADG (- 4.27%) and G:F (- 1.99%) for nursery pigs, and decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) the MD of ADG (-1.68%) and G:F (-1.06%) for growing-finishing pigs. Feeding high oil (≥ 10% ether extract) cDDGS-based diets to pigs resulted in a 2.96% reduction in ADFI while feeding reduced-oil (&amp;lt; 10% ether extract) cDDGS-based diets reduced G:F by 1.56% compared with pigs fed CSB diets. Supplementation of exogenous enzymes improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the MD of ADG and G:F by 1.94% and 2.65%, respectively in CSB diets and by 2.67% and 1.87%, respectively, in cDDGS diets. Proteases, enzyme cocktails, or xylanases improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADG by 7.29%, 2.64% and 2.48% in pigs fed CSB-based diet, respectively. In conclusion, cDDGS-based diets slightly reduces growth performance of nursery and growing-finishing pigs, but supplementation of xylanase or enzyme cocktail improves G:F of pigs fed cDDGS-based diets

196 Effect of Exogenous Enzyme Supplementation and Fermentation of Oilseed By-products on in vitro Digestibility and Production of Short Chain Fatty Acid

Abstract An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous enzyme supplementation and solid-state fermentation (SSF) with a mixed bacterial culture on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production of soybean meal (SBM) or rapeseed meal (RSM). A 2 × 2 factorial design was used and included the factors of 1) exogenous enzyme cocktail (supplemented and non-supplemented), 2) microbial fermentation (fermented and non-fermented) applied to SBM or RSM in vitro. The exogenous enzyme cocktail consisted of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) degrading enzymes (NSP-EZ) with phytase (10,000 FTU/kg), and the SSF were carried out using Bacillus subtilis. The fermented feed ingredients were collected after 48 h incubation at 37oC. Samples were hydrolyzed in two steps using pepsin and pancreatin to calculate IVDMD. Subsequently, the hydrolyzed residues were filtered, dried, and pooled for incubation in a buffered mineral solution with fresh swine feces. Gas production kinetics during fermentation was measured for 72 h and analyzed by fitting data to an exponential model. The fermentation residues were filtered, and the supernatant was analyzed for concentration of SCFA. The IVDMD from simulated gastric and small intestinal hydrolysis was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for SSF in both SBM and RSM. During fermentation, the hydrolysis residue from SBM treated with SSF required less time to reach half asymptote, had greater maximal gas production, and greater fractional degradation (P &amp;lt; 0.01, respectively) compared with non-fermented SBM. The IVDMD from simulated total tract digestion was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for SSF in RSM compared with SBM, while SBM had greater IVDMD for both SSF and NSP-EZ (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Production of butyric acid was greater for SSF (P &amp;lt; 0.01) compared with non-SSF in both SBM and RSM. These results suggest that SSF can improve IVDMD and produce greater amounts of butyric acid compared with NSP-EZ supplementation in SBM and RSM.

Effect of multicarbohydrase enzymes containing α-galactosidase on the growth and apparent metabolizable energy digestibility of broiler chickens: a meta-analysis

Exogenous enzyme supplementation is a valid strategy to improve nutrient availability and growth performance in broilers. Traditional carbohydrases, such as xylanase and β-glucanase, are well-researched solutions to increase the nutritional value of cereal grains, whilst reducing any negative impact of associated viscous polysaccharides. The feeding value of soybean meal and other protein rich oilcakes may not be fully exploited with traditional enzymes, as structures such as galacto-oligosaccharides and pectins require specific α-galactosidase, mannanase and other hemicellulolytic enzymes. This study aimed to summarize, in a meta-analysis, the results from independently run randomized controlled studies in various global locations that evaluated the effect of two distinct multicarbohydrase formulations, in which an α-galactosidase was combined with either xylanase (AGX) or β-glucanase (AGB). Through meta-regression analysis, the mean difference effects of AGX and AGB supplementation on broiler final body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) were calculated for each relevant study. Fixed and random-effects models were used to compute the standardized mean difference (SMD) and confidence intervals, with corrective actions taken to ensure compliance with publication bias and heterogeneity by the Egger test and the Cochran Q test. Adjusted models showed that the AGX supplementation increased broiler BW (SMD=+30 g; 95 % CI: 0.08_0.48; P = 0.006) and improved FCR (SMD=−0.01 g/g; 95 % CI: -0.51_-0.11; P = 0.002). A composite evaluation of independent studies showed increased AMEN in broilers supplemented with AGX (SMD=+58 kcal/kg; 95 % CI: 0.45_1.10; P < 0.001). Furthermore, meta-analysis confirms that AGB supplementation increased BW (SMD=+56 g; 95 % CI: 0.32_0.91; P < 0.001), improved FCR (SMD=−0.04 g/g; 95 % CI: −0.76_−0.20; P = 0.006) and increased AMEN (SMD=+49 kcal/kg; 95 % CI: 0.30_1.07; P < 0.001). Overall, this meta-analysis found that dietary supplementation of broiler diets with the multicarbohydrases containing α-galactosidase considered in this evaluation, improved broiler growth during rearing periods of 35 days or more. These improvements may be supported by increases in energy utilization, as found in this study.

Effect of adding different levels of celery seeds powder with or without supplementation of exogenous enzymes upon the cost of feed for egg production and the external and internal quality of quail eggs.

Effect of adding different levels of celery seeds powder with or without supplementation of exogenous enzymes upon the cost of feed for egg production and the external and internal quality of quail eggs.