Exogenous Emulsifier Research Articles

Use of emulsifier and lipase in feeds for broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous emulsifier and lipase in diets on performance, digestibility, and organ biometry of broiler chickens. A completely randomised design with seven treatments and seven replications was adopted. The treatments were as follows: T1 (positive control; PC): 3000, 3100, 3200, and 3250 Kcal of metabolisable energy (ME) kg-1 of diet for phases 1 to 10, 11 to 21, 22 to 31, and 32 to 37 days, respectively; T2: PC with reduction in ME of 30 Kcal kg-1 of diet; T3: PC with reduction in ME of 60 Kcal kg-1 of feed; T4 (negative control; NC): PC with reduction in ME of 90 Kcal kg-1 of feed; T5: NC with inclusion of exogenous lipase (10 000 U kg-1); T6: NC with inclusion of emulsifier (250 g t-1); and T7: NC with inclusion of lipase (10 000 U kg-1) and emulsifier (250 g t-1) in the period from 1 to 37 days of rearing. Performance characteristics (weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion (FC)), carcass yield, cut yield, the relative weight of abdominal fat and organs (small intestine, liver, and pancreas), and relative intestinal length, in addition to dry matter digestibility (CDADM), ethereal extract (CDAEE), crude metabolisable energy (CMACE), and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of the diets, were evaluated. In the initial phase, the CDAEE was higher for the PC group than for the emulsifier + lipase group. The AME determined in the final phase for the group supplemented with an emulsifier was higher by approximately 50 Kcal (EM) than the NC group. The WG of the lipase group was similar to that of the PC group. However, the groups with emulsifier and emulsifier + lipase showed a lower WG than the PC group. The additives used did not recover the FC to the same level observed in the PC group. The reduction in ME of 90 Kcal kg-1 generated a lower WG and worse FC. The use of both an emulsifier and lipase together produced results like to the PC group. The biometrics of the organs and the carcass yield and cuts were not influenced by diets. Thus, it can be concluded that the inclusion of lipase and an emulsifier improves the performance of broilers given diets with reduced energy, although it does not improve the lipid utilisation of the diets.

Effects of different emulsifiers on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzyme activity in weanling pigs1.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of diets supplemented with sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL), polyglycerol fatty acid ester (PGFE), and combined emulsifiers (0.02% SSL and 0.08% PGFE) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and plasma lipid profiles in weaned piglets and to further evaluate the possible effects of feeding exogenous emulsifiers on digestive enzyme activities and liver bile acid (BA) metabolism. Twenty-eight barrows (age at 35 d, Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) with an initial BW of 10.13 ± 0.16 kg were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatment groups (7 pigs/treatment). Dietary treatment groups included the following: 1) basal diet (Control, CTR); 2) basal diet with 0.1% SSL (SSL); 3) basal diet with 0.1% PGFE (PGFE); and 4) basal diet with 0.08% PGFE+0.02% SSL (PG-SL). SSL diet increased ADG and ADFI of piglets during day 0 to 17 (P < 0.05) compared with the CTR treatment. Piglets fed emulsifier diets experienced a significant improvement in the digestibility of nutrients (DM, CP, ether extract, energy, calcium, and phosphorus) during the first 17 d (P < 0.05). The level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was lower in the PGFE and PG-SL treatment groups than in the CTR treatment group (P < 0.05). Feeding emulsifier diets increased the lipase activity of the pancreas when compared with the CTR diet (P < 0.05). Moreover, the emulsifier diets significantly increased the mRNA expression of FXR (P < 0.05) and decreased the mRNA expression of CYP27A1 (P < 0.05) in the liver. In conclusion, the addition of emulsifiers improved nutrient digestibility and increased the mRNA expression of FXR BA receptors while inhibiting the mRNA expression of BA biosynthesis by CYP27A1 in weanling piglets.

Synergistic interaction between exogenous and endogenous emulsifiers and its impact on in vitro digestion of lipid in crowded medium

Control of lipid digestibility by various food components has received great attention in recent decades. However, there is limited literature on investigating the synergistic effect of exogenous emulsifiers and endogenous sodium cholate (SC) on lipid digestion in a simulated physiological crowded medium. In this work, the synergistic interaction of Tween80 and SC according to the regular solution theory, and the hydrolysis of lipid emulsions containing tricaprylin, glyceryltrioleate or soybean oil in crowding medium was studied. The results show that emulsions stabilized by a combination of Tween80 and SC showed higher digestion rate and transformation than those with Tween80 or SC. The digestion rate could be increased by polyethylene glycols (PEGn) with varying crowding degree. The denaturation temperature of the lipase was increased in macromolecular crowded medium. This work allows for better understanding of the interaction between the amphiphiles and the macromolecular crowding effect on lipase digestion in the physiological environment.

Evaluation of an emulsifier blend on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood lipid profiles, and fecal microbial in growing pigs fed low energy density diet

Energy is one of the major cost components in swine diets. Improving lipid digestibility is related with saving cost. Exogenous emulsifiers could help emulsification processing in gastrointestinal tract, thereby enhancing the digestion of lipids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of an emulsifier [10.21% of glycerol polyethylene glycol ricinoleate (GPGR) and 2.2% of lysophospholipids (LPL) blend (GLB)] on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood lipid profiles, and fecal microbial in growing pigs fed a relatively low energy diet. In total, 135 female and castrated male crossbred growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average initial body weight (BW) of 20.07 ± 1.76 kg were used in a 6-wk experiment. Pigs were blocked based on BW and sex and randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 9 replication pens per treatment: CON, basal diet; RET, reduced energy treatment (50 kcal/kg); RET5, RET + 0.05% GLB. Overall, no significant result (P > 0.05) was observed between CON groups and RET groups on performance parameters, nutrient digestibility, blood lipid profiles of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and cholesterol concentrations, and fecal microbial counts. At the end of the experiment, pigs fed RET5 diet had significantly (P < 0.05) increased BW, average daily gain (ADG), dry matter (DM) and crude fat (CF) digestibility, serum HDL-C and triglyceride concentrations, and fecal Lactobacillus counts compared with those fed RET diet. Moreover, pigs in RET5 group also showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in DM and serum triglyceride concentration compared with CON groups. These results indicated that supplementation with the GPGR and LPL blended emulsifier could improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion and absorption of growing pigs fed lower energy diet.

Emulsifier as a Feed Additive in Poultry and Pigs-A review

The recent increase in feed price has prompted scientific investigation to find effective strategy to reduce feed cost without compromising the performance and health of animals. It is well documented that young animals have physiological limitation to absorb fat because of low level of natural lipase production and a low rate of bile salt production due to which fat digestibility is incomplete consequently leading to greater requirement for energy sources and therefore a hike in feed price. A particular strategy that has drawn the attention of nutritionists is the use of exogenous emulsifier. Emulsifier is a substance that stabilizes the mixture of two products such as oil and water that do not mix together and prevents the coalescence of the globules of the dispersed phase. Emulsifier can be natural or synthetic and can be used to improve fat digestibility and enhance energy efficiency thereby reducing feed cost. Various studies indicate that the selection of natural and synthetic sources of emulsifier should be based on hydrophiliclipophilic balance. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the use of emulsifier as a feed additive in poultry and pigs.

195 Comparison of 1,3-diacylglycerol and 1,2-diacylglycerol as exogenous emulsifiers on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs.

195 Comparison of 1,3-diacylglycerol and 1,2-diacylglycerol as exogenous emulsifiers on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs.

Effects of dietary fat source and supplemental lysophosphatidylcholine on performance, immune responses, and ileal nutrient digestibility in broilers fed corn/soybean meal- or corn/wheat/soybean meal-based diets

Two separate experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different fat sources and a supplemental exogenous emulsifier (lysophosphatidylcholine, LPC) on growth performance, antibody production titers, and ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chicks fed with different basal diets. A total of 288 one-day-old Ross 308 chicks were used for each trial (6 dietary treatments based on 3 × 2 factorial arrangements of treatments in both trials) with 4 replicates of 12 birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of 3 different fat sources (soy oil, SO; soy free fatty acids, SFFA; and palm fat powder, PFP) and 2 LPC levels (0 and 0.1% of diet), which were evaluated with 2 different basal diets (corn/soybean meal-based diets in Exp. 1, or corn/wheat/soybean meal-based diets in Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was increased (P < 0.01) in birds fed PFP diets compared with those fed SO or SFFA diets. Although supplemental LPC decreased (P < 0.01) ADFI, the birds fed SFFA diets had the greater ADFI at the presence of LPC (fat source × LPC, P < 0.01). Dietary supplementation of LPC caused a 4.6% improvement (P < 0.001) in average daily weight gain (ADWG) and consequently improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Supplemental LPC was more effective in increasing ADWG in SFFA-containing diets, resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) dietary fat source × LPC interaction. Dietary inclusion of LPC increased (P < 0.01) bursa weight and improved (P < 0.05) antibody production titers against sheep red blood cells and Newcastle disease virus during primary responses. Ileal digestibility of ether extract (EE) was improved (P < 0.05) in birds fed diets containing SO as compared with those fed PFP diets; dietary LPC supplementation, however, had no marked effect on ileal nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 2, ADWG was greater (P < 0.05) in birds fed SO-containing diets compared with PFP-supplemented broiler chicks. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with LPC improved (P < 0.05) FCR value by 2.1%. Relative thymus weight was greater (P < 0.05) in birds fed LPC-supplemented diets than those fed unsupplemented diets. Supplemental LPC increased (P < 0.05) Gumboro antibody titer, and the lowest antibody response was allotted to the birds fed PFP diets. The greatest (P < 0.05) EE digestibility was assigned to the birds fed SO and SFFA diets. The present findings showed that birds fed SFFA-containing diets had similar performance as SO birds, and supplemental LPC improved overall performance especially in SFFA-fed birds.

Growth performance, abdominal fat and fat digestibility in broiler chicken fed with synthetic emulsifier and natural biosurfactant

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of exogenous emulsifier on broiler performance, abdominal fat and fat digestibility. A corn-soy based broiler diet was formulated with fixed ratio 2:1 (oil-to-water), supplemented with glyceryl polyethylene glycol ricinoleate (GPGR) synthetic emulsifier and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) natural biosurfactant. One-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers (1,800) with nine treatments diet were used in this study. The treatments were T1, Basal diet with metabolizable energy (ME) 3,000 kcal/kg in starter (S) and 3,100 kcal/kg in grower (G); T2, Basal diet with ME 2,900 kcal/kg (S) and 3,000 kcal/kg (G); T3, Basal diet with ME 2,800 kcal/kg (S) and 2,900 kcal/kg (G); T4, T5 and T6 consisted of T1, T2 and T3 supplemented with GPGR; T7, T8 and T9 consisted of T1, T2 and T3 supplemented with LPC. The study was conducted 14 days for starter and another 21 days for grower phase. The results of the experiment demonstrated the effect of emulsifier on broiler performance was dependent on the ME level used in the diet formulations and ages of the bird. Emulsifier improved FCR in starter phase at higher ME level, but was not significantly improved at lower ME levels of diets. Correlation between emulsifier and low ME diet in FCR was not observed in present study. Fat digestibility at all levels of ME were higher in birds fed with emulsified diets. However, compensatory effect to recover the energy value to control level was not found. Significant reduction in abdominal fat and digesta fat was observed in birds which consumed emulsified grower diets. However, significant difference between synthetic emulsifier and natural biosurfactant was not observed.

Effect of exogenous emulsifier on growth performance, fat digestibility, apparent metabolisable energy in broiler chickens

This research was done to evaluate the effect of a commercial exogenous emulsifier (polyethylene glycol ricinoleate (PEGR)) with high hydrophilic-to-lipophilic balance (HLB) supplementation to broiler chicken diets on growth performance, digestibility of fat and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) content in week 1, 3 and 5. A total of 360 one-day-old male Cobb broiler chicks were assigned in groups of 30 to 12 battery cages. The chicks were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments, with 6 replicate cages per treatment. The diets were either standard broiler starter and finisher, with rice bran oil (RBO) as supplemented fat source or similar diets + 0.05% emulsifier (RBOV). Feed intakes of RBOV groups significantly increased compared to those of RBO groups from week 2 till 4 while body weights of RBOV diets significantly increased in week 4 and 5. Both RBOV and RBO groups had similar FCR except for week 5. Addition of this strongly hydrophilic emulsifier showed no significant difference in fat digestibility of both RC and RV groups but higher AME was noted for the treatment than for the control groups at week 5. Therefore, supplementing the exogenous emulsifier into a broiler diet enriched with rice bran oil improved body weight and AME content at week 5 with minimal effect on fat digestibility

Effect of dietary supplementation of lysophospholipids on productive performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass quality traits of broiler chickens

An experiment was carried out to evaluate productive performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass quality traits of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with an exogenous emulsifier based on lysophospholipids prepared by enzymatic conversion of soy lecithin. One thousand seven-hundred and fifty-five one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly divided into three experimental groups of nine replications each: control group (CON) fed a corn–soybean basal diet, and two groups fed CON diet supplemented with constant (1 kg/ton) or variable (1–1.5 kg/ton) level of emulsifier (CONST and VARI, respectively). At the end of the trial (42 d), birds receiving the emulsifier had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) lower feed conversion rate compared to the control. Body weight and daily weight gain were only slightly influenced by lysophospholipids supplementation, while mortality and feed intake resulted similar among the groups. No statistically significant effect of the emulsifier was observed on nutrient digestibility as well as slaughtering yields, skin pigmentation and incidence of foot pad dermatitis. The results obtained in this study suggest that the use of an emulsifier based on lysophospholipids improves feed efficiency while showed limited effect on carcass quality traits.

Do lipids influence the allergic sensitization process?

Allergic sensitization is a multifactorial process that is not only influenced by the allergen and its biological function per se but also by other small molecular compounds, such as lipids, that are directly bound as ligands by the allergen or are present in the allergen source. Several members of major allergen families bind lipid ligands through hydrophobic cavities or electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions. These allergens include certain seed storage proteins, Bet v 1–like and nonspecific lipid transfer proteins from pollens and fruits, certain inhalant allergens from house dust mites and cockroaches, and lipocalins. Lipids from the pollen coat and furry animals and the so-called pollen-associated lipid mediators are codelivered with the allergens and can modulate the immune responses of predisposed subjects by interacting with the innate immune system and invariant natural killer T cells. In addition, lipids originating from bacterial members of the pollen microbiome contribute to the outcome of the sensitization process. Dietary lipids act as adjuvants and might skew the immune response toward a TH2-dominated phenotype. In addition, the association with lipids protects food allergens from gastrointestinal degradation and facilitates their uptake by intestinal cells. These findings will have a major influence on how allergic sensitization will be viewed and studied in the future.

Effects of supplemental exogenous emulsifier on performance, nutrient metabolism, and serum lipid profile in broiler chickens.

The effects of an exogenous emulsifier, glyceryl polyethylene glycol ricinoleate, on performance and carcass traits of broiler chickens were assessed. The emulsifier was added to the diet at dose rates of 0 (control), 1 (E1) and 2 (E2) % of added fat (saturated palm oil). Live weight gain (P < .07) and feed conversion ratio (P < .05) in 39 days were higher in the E1 dietary group. Gain: ME intake and gain: protein intake during the grower phase improved quadratically (P < .05). Gross carcass traits were not affected. Body fat content and fat accretion increased (P < .05) and liver fat content decreased (P < .05) linearly with the level of emulsifier in diet. Fat excretion decreased (P < .001) leading to increased ileal fat digestibility (P < .06) in the E1 group (quadratic response). Metabolizable intake of N (P < .1) and fat (P < .05) increased quadratically due to supplementation of emulsifier in diet. Metabolism of trace elements and serum lipid profiles were not affected. The study revealed that supplementation of exogenous emulsifiers in diets containing moderate quantities of added vegetable fats may substantially improve broiler performance.

Dietary Fat and an Exogenous Emulsifier Increase the Gastrointestinal Absorption of a Major Soybean Allergen, Gly m Bd 30K, in Mice

The mechanisms by which food allergens are absorbed and sensitized via the gastrointestinal tract have not been well characterized. In this study, the gastrointestinal absorption of a major soybean allergen, Gly m Bd 30K, in young and older mice, and the effects of dietary fat and exogenous emulsifier were investigated. In Expt. 1, Gly m Bd 30K [0, 500 or 2000 mg/kg body weight (BW)] was administered orally to 24-d-old mice, and blood was sampled at various time points over a 120-min period. Plasma Gly m Bd 30K was measured by sandwich ELISA and immunoblotting. Its concentration peaked at 30 min and was dose dependent. Intact Gly m Bd 30K and its 20-kDa fragments were identified in plasma after absorption. In Expt. 2, 24-d-old mice administered soy milk containing 1 mg Gly m Bd 30K showed a steady increase in plasma Gly m Bd 30K from 60 to 120 min that was significantly higher than that in 10-wk-old mice. In Expt. 3, when corn oil (5 or 30%) was coadministered with Gly m Bd 30K (2000 mg/kg BW) to 24-d-old mice, the plasma concentration increased significantly and generally reached a plateau after 30 min. The absorption after the coadministration of 30% corn oil and 3% sucrose fatty acid ester was higher than after the administration of 30% corn oil alone. Intact Gly m Bd 30K and its fragments that were < 20 kDa survived digestion and were absorbed into the blood. We propose that absorption was enhanced by fat carrier-mediated transport.

Effects of exogenous emulsifiers and fat sources on nutrient digestibility, serum lipids, and growth performance in weanling pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to determine whether emulsifiers improve utilization of fat from diets for early-weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 96 weanling pigs (17 d old) were used in metabolism cages, with main effects of fat source (soybean oil, tallow, lard, and coconut oil) and emulsifier treatment (no emulsifier, lecithin, and lysolecithin as 10% of the added fat). Soybean oil and coconut oil were more digestible than tallow and lard (P < .001). Tallow was more digestible when lecithin and lysolecithin were added (P < .007), and pigs fed lecithin had lower serum triglycerides and cholesterol than pigs fed lysolecithin (P < .03). In Exp. 2, 270 weanling pigs (21 d old) were used in a growth assay. Treatments were 1) control diet; 2) Diet 1 with soybean oil; 3) Diet 1 with tallow; 4, 5, and 6) Diet 3 with lecithin replacing 5, 10, and 30% of the tallow, respectively; and 7, 8, and 9) Diet 3 with lysolecithin replacing 5, 10, and 30% of the tallow, respectively. At d 14 of the experiment, digestibility of tallow was improved more by lecithin than lysolecithin (P < .008). For the total experiment (d 0 to 35), the control pigs had poorer gain:feed ratio than did the pigs fed the fat sources (P < .002). In Exp. 3, 420 weanling pigs (21 d old) were used. Treatments were 1) control diet with soybean oil; 2) Diet 1 with tallow; and 3, 4, and 5) Diet 2 with 10% of the added fat as soybean oil, lecithin, or monoglyceride, respectively. Adding soybean oil, lecithin, and monoglyceride to tallow increased digestibility of total fat (P < .07). From d 0 to 14, pigs fed soybean oil gained weight faster than pigs fed the other treatments (P < .06), and pigs fed tallow without emulsifiers had the lowest ADG. Considering all experiments, addition of emulsifiers increased digestibility of nutrients but had minimal effect on growth performance.

Effect of an Exogenous Emulsifier on the Absorption of Cholesterol and Mineral Oil

Effect of an Exogenous Emulsifier on the Absorption of Cholesterol and Mineral Oil

Observations concerning the production and excretion of cholesterol in mammals. XIII. Role of chylomicra in transport of cholesterol and lipid.

ArticleObservations Concerning the Production and Excretion of Cholesterol in MammalsXIII. Role of Chylomicra in Transport of Cholesterol and LipidSanford O. Byers, and Meyer FriedmanSanford O. ByersFrom the Harold Brunn Institute, Mount Zion Hospital, San Francisco, CaliforniaSearch for more papers by this author, and Meyer FriedmanFrom the Harold Brunn Institute, Mount Zion Hospital, San Francisco, CaliforniaSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:01 Oct 1954https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1954.179.1.79MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByLipoprotein lipase and uptake of triacylglycerol, cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine from chylomicrons by mammary and adipose tissue of lactating rats in vivoBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, Vol. 487, No. 2Lipoprotein Lipase and Lipid Metabolism in Mammary GlandJournal of Dairy Science, Vol. 60, No. 4Role of capillary endothelium in the clearance of chylomicrons. A model for lipid transport from blood by lateral diffusion in cell membranes.Circulation Research, Vol. 39, No. 2The Chemistry of LymphCholesterol Turnover in ManCholesterol transport in thoracic duct lymph of the rabbitJournal of Atherosclerosis Research, Vol. 7, No. 3Origin of milk cholesterol in the rat: dietary versus endogenous sourcesJournal of Lipid Research, Vol. 7, No. 1Intravascular Red Cell Aggregation and the Chylomicron Count in Diabetes2 July 2016 | Angiology, Vol. 14, No. 8THE LIVER AND LIPID METABOLISMChylomicron: Clue to atherosclerosis and coronary diseaseJournal of Atherosclerosis Research, Vol. 3, No. 1Cholesterol metabolism: A guide toward its understandingProgress in Cardiovascular Diseases, Vol. 4, No. 5Physiologic considerations concerningcorticosteroid therapy and complications in the nephrotic syndromeThe Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 58, No. 5Metabolism of Chylomicron Proteins in the DogJournal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 234, No. 3The Origins of Plasma CholesterolThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 6, No. 6Transport and Metabolism of ChylomicraThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 6, No. 6Untersuchungen über den Mechanismus der hypocholesterinämischen Wirkung der NicotinsäureZeitschrift für Die Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin, Vol. 129, No. 6Effect of an Exogenous Emulsifier on the Absorption of Cholesterol and Mineral OilGastroenterology, Vol. 33, No. 4Studies on Exogenous Cholesterol Metabolism in Human Atherosclerosis with the Aid of Isotopes More from this issue > Volume 179Issue 1October 1954Pages 79-84 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1954 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1954.179.1.79PubMed13207390History Received 1 June 1954 Published online 1 October 1954 Published in print 1 October 1954 Metrics

Effect of Emulsifiers on Fat Absorption in the Normal Young Adult

Summary No definite alterations in the chylomicron curves or the areas beneath them were produced in normal young men when the ingested fat was supplemented with an exogenous emulsifier or replaced with split fat. This indicated a similar rate of fat absorption in the subjects under these conditions. Neither Tween 80 nor glycerol monooleate, when fed to rats as a 6 per cent supplement to a standard fat meal, appeared to influence the rate of fat absorption as measured by recovery of the unabsorbed fat. Furthermore, there was no demonstrable effect on fat splitting or gastric and intestinal motility. These emulsifiers may have improved the animals' tolerance to fat at this level of intake. In contrast to observations made on individuals in whom fat digestion is impaired, no evidence was found of any influence by Tween 80 or glyceryl monooleate on fat absorption. Hence it may be concluded from this study that conditions naturally exist in the normal young animal for the maximum absorption of normal amounts of fat, so that the use of an exogenous emulsifier to promote lipolysis and absorption does not appear to affect the absorptive processes.

Exogenous emulsifiers and fat absorption.

SummaryAs determined by changes in the blood fat levels and by recovery of fat from the intestine after an absorptive period, the rate of fat absorption in normal, orally fed rats appears to be unaffected by 6 or 20% supplements of a number of exogenous emulsifiers. The lack of changes in the degree of fat splitting and intestinal motility which could affect fat absorption are in complete agreement with the above finding. The action of lecithin in promoting fat absorption seems best explained by other than its emulsifying action.