Existing Secure Routing Protocols Research Articles

Challenges and Developments in Secure Routing Protocols for Healthcare in WBAN: A Comparative Analysis.

The rise in life expectancy of humans, COVID-19 pandemic and growing cost of medical services has brought up huge challenges for the government and healthcare industry. Due to unhealthy lifestyle, there is an increased need for continual health monitoring and diagnosis of diseases. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is attracted attention of researchers as various biosensors can be embedded in or worn on the body of human beings for the measurement of health parameters. The patient’s health data is then sent wirelessly to the physician for health analysis. The biosensors used to measure physiological parameters have limited power due to its small size and hence smaller form factor. For the longevity of the network, it is imperative to transmit the data in an energy-efficient manner. Moreover, the health information of the patient is stringently private. Hence, the privacy and security of transmitted information needs to be ensured. It necessitates the development of effective, lightweight and secure routing protocols that provides security with minimal use of resources. This paper has identified the numerous security requirements in WBANs and has provided the extensive review on existing secure routing protocols reported in the literature. A comparative analysis of the various existing state-of-the art secure routing protocols and critical analysis based on security techniques along with different performance parameters has been presented.

A low-complexity, energy-efficient data securing model for wireless sensor network based on linearly complex voice encryption mechanism of GSM technology

A wireless sensor network is the formation of a temporary network of sensor nodes equipped with limited resources working in an ad hoc environment. Routing protocol is one of the key challenges while designing a wireless sensor network, which requires optimum use of limited resources of a sensor node, such as power and so on. Similarly, data security and integrity is another open issue that has emerged as a flash point in research community in the last decade. This article proposes a secure model for routing data from source to destination named as secure and energy-efficient routing. The proposed secure and energy-efficient routing is inherited from authentication and voice encryption scheme developed for Global System for Mobile Communications. Necessary modifications have been carried out in order to fit the Global System for Mobile Communications technology in a wireless sensor network ad hoc environment. Due to its low complexity, the secure and energy-efficient routing consumes lesser battery power both during encryption/decryption and for routing purposes. It is due to the XoR operation used in the proposed scheme which is considered as the most inexpensive process with respect to time and space complexity. It is observed through simulations that secure and energy-efficient routing can work effectively even in critical power level in a sensor network. The article also presents a simulation-based comparative analysis of the proposed secure and energy-efficient routing with two notable existing secure routing protocols. We proved that the proposed secure and energy-efficient routing helps to achieve the desired performance under dynamically changing network conditions with various numbers of malicious nodes. Moreover, in Global System for Mobile Communications, generally three linear feedback shift registers are used to fragment the key in data encryption mechanism. In this article, a mathematical model is proposed to increase the number of possible combinations of shift register in order to make the data encryption mechanism more secure which has never been done before. Due to its liner complexity, lesser power consumption, and more dynamic route updating, the secure and energy-efficient routing can easily find its use in the emerging Internet-of-Things systems.

Intelligent energy-aware and secured QoS routing protocol with dynamic mobility estimation for wireless sensor networks

In this work, a new protocol is proposed for sender-based responsive techniques on energy, mobility, and effective routing for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It addresses diverse challenges in packet routing especially, node mobility, energy optimization, and energy balancing in WSNs communication. The proposed protocol improves the basic Quality of Service (QoS) metrics such as Delay, Hop-Count, and Energy Level for each connection with multiple routes and predicts the best optimal path to develop efficient communication among them. It takes energy and performs mobility prediction and the time of connection failures. The main aim of this paper is to propose a secured and energy-efficient routing protocol using fuzzy rules and a node's trust values. Moreover, the proposed model provides an additional route and hence works without link failure. The observational result shows that the proposed protocol performs better than the existing secure routing protocols and achieves a packet delivery ratio of 20% higher than existing approaches. As per energy consumption, the proposed system obtains 15% lesser than recent approaches in secure energy-efficient routing protocols for WSNs.

Secure and Efficient Location-Aided Routing Against DDOS Attack in Manet

A wireless LAN is one in which a mobile user can connect to a local area network (LAN) through a wireless (radio) connection. There are many routing protocols used in wireless networks for transmission of message, among which, Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol is used to find the location of destination. This may be possible using Global Positioning System (GPS) in mobile. We concentrate on other malicious attacks that would have caused tremendous loss by impairing the functionalities of the computer networks. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks are two of the most harmful threats to the MANET functionality. From this point of view, LAR provides a solution against DoS and DDoS attacks. LAR does not have any security mechanism, so we propose a SE_LAR technique which includes traffic analysis methods and extended OEDA method. It is helpful to analyze the traffic, to detect an overwhelming traffic, legitimate nodes, congestion on network, and snooping attacks. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is even more vulnerable to such attacks. So, in this paper, we propose Secure Location-Aided Routing (SE_LAR). Its results are compared with existing secure routing protocols like ISE_DREAM, SE_DREAM protocols. Using the existing SE_DREAM routing protocol malicious nodes are detected by traffic analysis process which is to monitor flooding impact on MANET. The OEDA method discriminates the attacker nodes from reputable nodes by evaluating the addresses in the response signal. But, it cannot be used for dense network, and cannot detect indirect Sybil attack. So, we introduce extended OEDA method with two schemes such as by refering cache memory of neighbor node scheme, and passive Sybil node identity detection, which is incorporated with SE_LAR routing protocol. OEDA method is currently incorporated with the SE_DREAM protocol, generally better known as ISE_DREAM, to produce the route to destination substantially more robust against DDOS attack. Finally we decide using the performance parameters to find out the best alternative among the three different routing protocols. Calculation of the performance of the computation compares SE_DREAM, ISE-DREAM and SE-LAR standards, the overall performance measurements by the NS2 simulator and using the parameters. To determine the effect of network size on the total performance of these protocols, we have three different phenomena.

Toward a Taxonomy and Attacker Model for Secure Routing Protocols

A secure routing protocol represents a foundational building block of a dependable communication system. Unfortunately, currently no taxonomy exists to assist in the design and analysis of secure routing protocols. Based on the Dagstuhl Seminar 15102, this paper initiates the study of more structured approaches to describe secure routing protocols and the corresponding attacker models, in an effort to better understand existing secure routing protocols, and to provide a framework for designing new protocols. We decompose the routing system into its key components based on a functional model of routing. This allows us to classify possible attacks on secure routing protocols. Using our taxonomy, we observe that the most eective attacks target the information in the control plane. Accordingly, unlike classic attackers whose capabilities are often described in terms of computation complexity we propose to classify the power of an attacker with respect to the reach, that is, the extent to which the attacker can influence the routing information indirectly, beyond the locations under its direct control.

A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are typically formed by the collaboration of the large amount of partial sensor nodes, which are connected through a wireless medium. In wireless sensor network, security is an essential aspect because of its usage in applications like monitoring, tracking, controlling, surveillance etc. Secure communication is extremely crucial in delivering vital information accurately and on the time through resource constraint sensor nodes. In this paper, our contribution is threefold. Firstly, we have summarized the network layer routing attacks on WSNs. Secondly, we have provided a taxonomy of secure routing protocols of WSNs. Thirdly, we have provided a qualitative comparison of existing secure routing protocols. Results show that most of the existing secure routing schemes are not very efficient due to various reasons like high-energy consumption, and large communication overhead.

Secure Multicast Routing Algorithm for Wireless Mesh Networks

Multicast is an indispensable communication technique in wireless mesh network (WMN). Many applications in WMN including multicast TV, audio and video conferencing, and multiplayer social gaming use multicast transmission. On the other hand, security in multicast transmissions is crucial, without which the network services are significantly disrupted. Existing secure routing protocols that address different active attacks are still vulnerable due to subtle nature of flaws in protocol design. Moreover, existing secure routing protocols assume that adversarial nodes cannot share an out-of-band communication channel which rules out the possibility of wormhole attack. In this paper, we propose SEMRAW (SEcure Multicast Routing Algorithm for Wireless mesh network) that is resistant against all known active threats including wormhole attack. SEMRAW employs digital signatures to prevent a malicious node from gaining illegitimate access to the message contents. Security of SEMRAW is evaluated using the simulation paradigm approach.

Secure way routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network

Mobile adhoc network is dynamic in nature and it operates completely in an infrastructure-less environment. It discovers the way routes dynamically to reach the destination. Securing a dynamic way route, which is not known before establishing communication, is always a challenge in the mobile ad hoc network. Most of the existing secure routing protocols target to evade specific type of attacks or malicious behaviour of the nodes or networks. We propose a novel secure way routing protocol for securing the dynamic way routes in MANET. It provides a unique session key for each route to secure the data communication. Moreover, it authenticates the data packets using asymmetric cryptography and secures the routing field message using two-way asymmetric cryptography. The proposal is implemented and tested for assessing the protocol's performance. We have also compared the protocol with the other secure routing protocols for evaluating its performance.

Hardware Implementation of Fidelity based On Demand Routing Protocol in MANETs

With the advent of real applications in fields like defense and domestic fields, MANET is becoming more popular. MANET does not require any infrastructure, moreover it can behave as mobile networks. These features have boosted up the popularity of MANET in the community. As more and more fields get dependent on MANET, the system needs to be more robust and less expensive. For example, in defense field security is the major issue, while in the domestic field maintaining the QoS is the major issue. To commercialize MANET the routing protocols need to be lightweight, secure and the hardware on which it is to be implemented should be low cost at the same time. We propose a lightweight, secure and efficient routing model for MANETs; which uses fidelity to allocate trust to a neighbor, thereby taking the decision whether to send data via that secure neighbor or not. It also uses new packets like report and recommendation that help the protocol to detect and eliminate the malicious nodes from the network. To observe the results we implement this protocol in hardware, on the Arduino platform in ZigBee network. We observe that our protocol exhibits high packet delivery fraction, low normalize routing load and low end to end delay, compared to existing secure routing protocols. Thereby, maintaining a constant tradeoff between the QoS and the security of the network. Index Terms—Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs),

Analysis of Typical Secure Routing Protocols in WSN

This paper will first sum up the typical attacks and countermeasures in the network layer of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), then it will classify the existing secure routing protocols according to the core secure schemes used by them, and emphatically introduce and analyze the typical ones among them. Finally this paper will propose some problems on secure routing, which requires further studying.

Secure and robust multipath routings for advanced metering infrastructure

A Smart Grid is the modernization of the electricity grid using communication technology with the prime goals of reducing energy consumption as well as cost increasing reliability and creating new services for all participants. It comprises key components such as the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), which includes Neighborhood area network (NAN). When multi-hopping is considered in wireless communication, especially in WiFi and ZigBee, the range of the communication can be extended to communicate with the gateway collector in AMI network. Wireless mesh AMI network may have smart meters, a NAN gateway, and fixed as well as mobile repeaters. Though many techniques have been developed to secure on-demand routing protocols in wireless multi-hop ad-hoc networks, these protocols have shortcomings. In this paper, we propose two robust and secure multipath routing protocols for wireless mesh AMI networks. We have analyzed their robustness to various attacks. The simulation results show that the proposed protocols are better than existing secure routing protocols.

Survey of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

In this paper we represent a survey of various existing secure routing protocols for MANET's. A mobile ad hoc network is a self configuring mobile nodes network. Significant progress has been made for making mobile ad hoc network secure and dynamic. Its infrastructure less and absence of any centralized authority makes these networks more vulnerable to security attacks. Due to these security threats, there is need for development of algorithm and protocols for a secured ad hoc network. In this paper a comparative study of different routing protocols is discussed as Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector routing (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) security threats within MANET network.

An Authenticated On-Demand Routing Protocol with Key Exchange for Secure MANET

In the meantime, most secure ad hoc routing protocols based on cryptography just have assumed that pair-wise secret keys or public keys were distributed among nodes before running a routing protocol. In this paper, we raise a question about key management related to existing secure routing protocols, and then we propose an authenticated on-demand ad hoc routing protocol with key exchange by applying the ID-based keyed authenticator. In particular, we focus on providing an authentication mechanism to Dynamic Source Routing protocol combined with Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol, and then we demonstrate simulated performance evaluations. The main contribution of our work is to provide a concurrent establishment of a route and a session key in a secure manner between source and destination nodes in ad hoc networks.

Crosscheck mechanism to identify malicious nodes in ad hoc networks

AbstractRoute falsification attacks are easy to launch in mobile ad hoc networks with on demand routing protocols that employ network‐wide flooding of control packets for route discoveries. To mitigate such attacks, we propose a p‐hop crosscheck mechanism, which requires nodes p, p ≥ 2, hops apart to authenticate and verify route reply packets using pairwise shared keys. This mechanism can detect route falsification by non‐colluding malicious nodes on‐the‐fly; furthermore, it can identify a group of at most p+1 nodes that contain the malicious nodes that caused the route falsification. Unlike intrusion detection techniques, which require extensive monitoring and sampling, the proposed crosscheck mechanism is light‐weight and fast and hence can be used to augment the existing secure routing protocols and improve intrusion detection capability. We implement a two‐hop crosscheck for an on demand ad hoc network routing protocol. Using simulations, we show that the two‐hop crosscheck mitigates attacks by multiple malicious nodes with negligible impact on performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.